China is a major actor in the world economy and international politics. It is the second biggest economy in the world and by the end of this decade it will become the biggest in the world. It is already the biggest destination for more than 130 countries exports of goods, a major investor in many developing countries, and the main lender for many of them.
Under Xi Jinping leadership China´s foreign policy has become more assertive and with Trump policy of confronting China (that to a big extent will be followed by Biden ) its competition with U.S. is seen as inevitable.
In this article a review of China’s foreign policy is given. First, its foreign policy before Xi Jinping is analyzed; Second, the current China foreign policy is reviewed; Third, China foreign policy toward Latin America is seen; and Last, some conclusions are given.
The Postulates on Russia’s Foreign Policy developed with the participation of the Russian International Affairs Council’s members and experts discuss Russia’s position in the international arena, the role of global challenges in shaping the foreign policy agenda and outline foreign policy priorities for the period from 2012 to 2018. The main purpose of the Postulates is to encourage a public discourse about new contours and orientation of Russia’s foreign policy and to devise the solutions to be protected against traditional and emerging security challenges.
The Postulates on Russia’s Foreign Policy developed with the participation of the Russian International Affairs Council’s members and experts discuss Russia’s position in the international arena, the role of global challenges in shaping the foreign policy agenda and outline foreign policy priorities for the period from 2012 to 2018. The main purpose of the Postulates is to encourage a public discourse about new contours and orientation of Russia’s foreign policy and to devise the solutions to be protected against traditional and emerging security challenges.
Theses on Russia’s Foreign Policy and Global Positioning (2017–2024)Russian Council
5 years ago, in 2012, Postulates on Russia's Foreign Policy (2012-2018) marked the beginning of RIAC’s project work. This report has become RIAC’s trademark for several years, its amendments being used in the updated Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation.
The world is now standing at a road fork, and Russia’s key task is to ensure no era of extremes, to promote comfortable and manageable international environment without limitations, conflicts, and splits.
Addressing the changed international situation, quantitative and qualitative growth of challenges for Russia’s foreign policy RIAC and Center for Strategic Research (CSR) presented Theses on Russia’s Foreign Policy and Global Positioning (2017–2024).
As part of the project, 30 interviews were conducted with RIAC members: prominent diplomats, major international relations experts, media executives and entrepreneurs. As a separate part of the project, a series of case studies were conducted with the participation of experts and RIAC members.
.
The theses were based upon the results of a parallel study conducted by a team of researchers at the Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Text: Ivan Timofeev, RIAC Director of Programs.
Edited by Andrey Kortunov, RIAC Director General and Sergey Utkin, Head of Foreign and Security Policy Department of the Centre for Strategic Research.
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Ten Year Risk from China to Your Investing – How China Got Where It IsInvestingTips
We see a ten year risk from China to your investing. How did this come about, what are the possible outcomes, and how can you adjust your investing to survive and profit.
https://youtu.be/H2bzwUQHV8s
Theses on Russia’s Foreign Policy and Global Positioning (2017–2024)Russian Council
5 years ago, in 2012, Postulates on Russia's Foreign Policy (2012-2018) marked the beginning of RIAC’s project work. This report has become RIAC’s trademark for several years, its amendments being used in the updated Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation.
The world is now standing at a road fork, and Russia’s key task is to ensure no era of extremes, to promote comfortable and manageable international environment without limitations, conflicts, and splits.
Addressing the changed international situation, quantitative and qualitative growth of challenges for Russia’s foreign policy RIAC and Center for Strategic Research (CSR) presented Theses on Russia’s Foreign Policy and Global Positioning (2017–2024).
As part of the project, 30 interviews were conducted with RIAC members: prominent diplomats, major international relations experts, media executives and entrepreneurs. As a separate part of the project, a series of case studies were conducted with the participation of experts and RIAC members.
.
The theses were based upon the results of a parallel study conducted by a team of researchers at the Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Text: Ivan Timofeev, RIAC Director of Programs.
Edited by Andrey Kortunov, RIAC Director General and Sergey Utkin, Head of Foreign and Security Policy Department of the Centre for Strategic Research.
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Ten Year Risk from China to Your Investing – How China Got Where It IsInvestingTips
We see a ten year risk from China to your investing. How did this come about, what are the possible outcomes, and how can you adjust your investing to survive and profit.
https://youtu.be/H2bzwUQHV8s
QuoteUnquote with KK and Mohamad Younis, Kapil Khandelwal, www.kapilkhandelwa...Kapil Khandelwal (KK)
Virtual Fireside Chat between Kapil Khandelwal and Mohamad Younis on How is the Josh of Public and Employee in Reviving the Indian Economy?
Kapil Khandelwal
QuoteUnquote with KK
www.kapilkhandelwal.com
This presentation is about the new world order which is to consider China as the new superpower of the world. This presentation also talks about the reason of this order and how China is considered as the new superpower? It is also discussed that how China is emerging as a superpower. It also clarifies the Chinese perspective on this order and lastly, it discusses about how China is the fastest growing economy?
China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan Today, a lot of discussion .pdfmohammed655285
China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan Today, a lot of discussion centers on how much
economic power, political influence, and international competitiveness the People's Republic of
China (PRC) has achieved in the international marketplace in just a few decades. Culturally, such
power in the international marketplace also begs the questions of how much influence China is
likely to have moving forward, and what this means for China's influence culturally around the
world. So far, other powerful countries in the world have focused on China's economic influence,
but what about the country's influence on culture? China, along with India, Brazil, and Russia,
form the so-called BRIC countries (an acronym formulated using their initial letters), which have
been viewed as the business engines of tomorrow (especially China and India), based on their
immense economic potential. The BRICs, which cover a quarter of the world's landmass and
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increasingly marketoriented economies boast a GDP of \$37 trillion (or 22 percent of global
GDP), a figure forecast to reach $120 trillion by 2050 . Together, they control more than 43
percent of the world's currency reserves ( $4 trillion) and 20 percent of its trade. Is it too
simplistic and nave to think that the BRIC countries-especially China and Russia-only have a
focus on economic power? Clearly, Russia has engaged in at least some political activities that
have had tremendous global effects (e.g., election meddling). And what about China? Many
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that affect culture around the world also? The BRIC countries' economic size and population
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and to buy products from. These datapoints led former Goldman Sachs chief economist Jim
O'Neill to first coin the acronym BRIC to highlight the immense collective economic potential of
these four emerging markets. However, despite many countries' and companies' enthusiasm for
increased global interaction and economic exchange with the BRIC economies, especially China
and India, many have found that cultural differences hinder their ability to conduct business in
these countries. Not only is the culture different between each BRIC country and most of the
globe's remaining 191 countries, but the business and societal cultures within the BRIC countries
are also vastly different from each other. Plus, the outlook for the BRICs may not be as positive
as we have been led to believe anyway. For example, the structural transformation of China (the
main driver of the BRICs) from an export-driven economy to one relying more on domestic
consumption, has added some woes. The likelihood is that the trend of annual increases of
exports to China from much of the developed world will also slow down. We will see trad.
U.S.A-China Relations, Is China A Friend Or An Enemy?, Policy And Politics International Perspective Paper, H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Spring 2006
Background: The relation between U.S.A and China has changed since 1980’s. Today the U.S is the world’s most developed country, while China is the world’s largest developing country. There is a cooperative partnership in many fields between USA and China which is beneficial for both sides. During the last two decades China has practiced remarkable changes. These changes compromise almost all aspects of Chinese society, as well as China’s relations with outside world. Since starting to open up and reform its economy in 1978, China has averaged 9.4 percent annual GDP growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world. China has also attracted hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign investment and more than a trillion dollars of domestic nonpublic investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in China has also increased dramatically, rotating China into the 2nd most important recipient of FDI, after the US.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
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China foreign policy at present
1. China ForeignPolicyat present
Carlos Aquino*
Chinaisa majoractor in the worldeconomyand international politics. Itisthe secondbiggest
economyinthe worldand bythe endof thisdecade itwill become the biggestinthe world. It
isalready the biggestdestinationformore than130 countriesexportsof goods,amajor
investorinmanydevelopingcountries,and the mainlenderformanyof them.
Under Xi JinpingleadershipChina´sforeignpolicyhasbecome more assertiveandwithTrump
policyof confrontingChina(thattoa big extentwillbe followedbyBiden1
) itscompetition
withU.S. isseenas inevitable.
In thisarticle a reviewof China’sforeignpolicyisgiven.First,itsforeignpolicybefore Xi Jinping
isanalyzed;Second,the currentChinaforeignpolicyisreviewed;Third,Chinaforeignpolicy
towardLatin Americaisseen;andLast, some conclusionsare given.
A. China´sForeignPolicybefore Xi Jinping
Whenthe People ´s Republicof Chinawascreated in1949 it wasa poorcountry,and its
priority wasto ensure itsindependence,andlaterwhenitbroke withthe SovietUnion, itaims
was to fightagainstthe hegemonism, bothof UnitedStates andthe SovietUnion.
By the endof 1969, Chinahad establisheddiplomaticrelationswithmore than50 countries,
double of whatithad in 1955.
It established 5principlesof peaceful coexistence thathave guidedmuchof itsforeignpolicy.
They include: “mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-
aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit,
and peaceful coexistence”2,
In the decade of the 1970s when itsaw the opportunityofferedbythe UnitedStates, China
establishedrelationswiththiscountryandwithmanyothersinthe West,tocounterbalance
the SovietUnion. InOctober1971 Chinaregainsitsseatinthe UnitedNationsandas a
memberof the five countrySecurityCouncil.
It alsohad as the cornerstone of itsforeignpolicythe maintenance of itsterritorialintegrity
(thatas many countries aspossible recognize thatTaiwanispartof China).
ChinainDecember1978 decidedtoundertake reformsandopen itseconomytogetout of the
backwardnessinwhichithadbeen,especially comparedwith countriessuchasJapan and
SouthKorea.
Under DengXiaopingleadershipChinaleavesbehind itsplannedeconomysystemtotake
advantage of the capital, know-how,andmarketsof the West.
1 See US White House: “Interim National Security Strategic Guidance”, march 2021:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf
2 China´s MOFA website: The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:
https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1179045.shtml#:~:text=They%20in
clude%3A%20mutual%20respect%20for,mutual%20benefit%2C%20and%20peaceful%20coexistence .
2. To ensure itsgrowth,China soughtto expandrelationswithmanycountries, consideringthe
provisionof natural resources,whichitdoesnothave inabundance comparedtoitsneeds.
Chinese economicgrowthsince 1979 is spectacular.In2010 it became the secondlargest
economyinthe worldsurpassingJapan.
DengXiaopingarguedthatChinese foreignpolicyshouldbe characterizedby"hidingstrengths
and waiting","hidingweaknesses",andnot"takinga leadershipposition".He arguedtokeepa
lowprofile (taoguangyanhui 韬光养晦)ininternational affairs.
The prioritywaseconomicgrowthand Chinashouldnotbe distractedfromthisgoal.
Chinasoughtto resolve itsproblemswithitsneighborssothatthisdoesnotdistract it from its
goal of economicdevelopment. Atthe endof the 1980s Chinasettleditsproblemswiththe
SovietUnion(whobecame Russia) andwithSouthKoreaestablisheddiplomaticrelationsin
1992 for example.
B. China ForeignPolicyin the present
It issaid thatChinaforeignpolicy haschanged fromDengXiaopingpolicyof “hide your
capacities,bide yourtime”toXi assertive foreignpolicy.Xi assumedpowerin 2012.
But thingsbeganto change before Xi became leaderof China.Bythe endof the 2000s, the
outcome of the great international financial crisisof 2008-2009 beganto change how China
saw the worldandits positioninit.The Chinese economycontinuedtogrow while many
countries,especiallyinthe West,sufferedeconomiccrisis.The Chinese feltmore confidentin
itseconomic,andpolitical system.
Besidesthis, Chineseeconomicgrowthbegantogenerate some apprehensionabroad,
althoughChinaemphasizedthatitsrise will be peaceful,thatitwill be a responsible
superpower,thatitwill seektodemocratizeinternational relations,andthatitwill support
multilateralism.
In fact, Chinapresence begantobe feltall overthe world.Bythe beginningof the XXI century,
it became the engine of the worldeconomy,anditsinfluence onthe movement of the price of
raw materials became evident. Itisinthisscenario that Xi Jinping,the mostpowerfulleader
that Chinahas hadsince Mao Zedong(Xi was electedSecretaryGeneral of the Communist
Party of ChinainNovember2012 and Presidentof the countryinMarch 2013) tookoffice.In
March 2018 the National People'sCongressremovedtermlimitsforthe PresidentandVice
President,sopavingthe wayforXi to remain inpowerif he wishestodoso (andmany thinkhe
wishthat).
Chinabeganto strengthenitspresence inthe world,especiallyinitsimmediatearea,EastAsia.
Its disputeswithJapan,Vietnam,and itsgreaterpresence inthe SouthChinaSeaare proof of
this.
Chinawantsto achieve adevelopedcountrystatusby2049. Itaims to reachthe rejuvenation
of the nation,andthe Chinese dream(proposedin2013: to achieve astrong,civilized,
harmonious,beautifulChina).Chinawantstoregainthe place ithad before itsforcedopening
to the world at the middle of the XIXcentury.For mostof the last2000 yearsChinawas the
biggestandmostadvancedeconomyinthe world,evenrightbefore itsforcedopeningwith
the Opiumwar of 1839-1840.
3. Chinawantsto have a greatervoice ininternational affairs.Itwouldlike tocontribute more
fundsto the WorldBank, the International MonetaryFund,butthe USwill notletit (as thiswill
meana major voice of Chinaon those organizations,withthe correspondingdecrease of
influenceof the US).
Anyway, Chinaisalsocreatingmechanismsto have agreaterfinancial presence inthe world,
to make betteruse of its huge international reserves,and(throughinstitutionssuchasthe
AsianInfrastructure InvestmentBank,the New DevelopmentBank,the SilkRoadFund),etc.,
participate inthe financingof developmentandinfrastructure of developingcountries.
It has plansto improve itsindustrial structure withMade inChina2025 (revealedin2015),and
the Beltand Road initiative (announcedin2013, whichhasfive priorityareasof cooperation:
policycoordination,connectivityof infrastructure,trade facilitation,financial cooperation,and
people-to-peopleexchange).
Chinawantsto establishitself asthe championof multilateralism(asopposedtoTrump's
unilateralism,somethingthatthe new Bidenadministration saidwillreverse). Chinastandsas
the standard-bearerof globalization,asithas beenthe greatestbeneficiaryof it.
It has a win-winproposal,of South-Southcooperation, andcontinuestopresentitself asthe
olderbrotherof developingcountries.
Trump's rise presentedachallengeforChina.Trumpisgone butthe majorguidelinesof its
foreignpolicywillcontinue,withthe difference thattoface Chinathe Bidenadministrationhas
saidthat it will workwithitsalliesand like-mindedparties.
In fact, Chinapresents amajor challenge toUS hegemony,the onlytrulyone uptonow.The
SovietUnionwasconsideredachallengerbutinfact itcouldnot winthat competition.Evenif
inmilitarytermsitachievedsome paritywithUS ineconomictermsitwas neveracompetitor.
At some pointinthe 1980s evenJapanwasconsideredbysome peopleachallengertoUS in
economictermsbutwiththe burst of itsbubble economyatthe beginningof the 1990s that
was notthe case. Japanlackedtwothingsto have challengedthe US.It direlylacks natural
resourcesandmilitarystrength(beingdependentinthe USfor itssecurity).
Chinaisdifferent.Itwill become the biggesteconomy,amongotherreasonsthankstoitshuge
internal market,anditsmilitarystrengthisincreasingwithtime.Butstill isbehindthe USin
some advancedtechnologieslike semiconductors,AI,nanotechnology,etc.
Withthe BidenadministrationUSispreparingtokeepaheadinthe advantagesthatstill have
visa vis China,and thiswill assure competition betweenthem,willpersist.The questionfor
some isif thiscompetitionwillescalate andbecome amilitaryone.Somesee ChinaandUS
fallingintothe calledTrapof Thucydides, wherethe hegemonstrugglestopreserve itsposition
againstan emergingpower(aswasthe case of Sparta againstGreece).
AlreadyChinainfluenceisbiggerinsome places,like inAfrica,andisbecomingbiggerinEast
Asia,andLatin America.Let´sfocusinLatin Americaregion.
C. China foreignpolicyin Latin America.
Chinapresence inLatin Americaisbecomingbiggerbythe time. WithoutconsideringMexico,
that have a strong relationshipwithUS, Chinaalreadyisthe biggesteconomicpartnerof the
region,one of the maininvestorsand the mainlender.
4. The People´s Republicof Chinabeganestablishingdiplomaticrelationswithmostof Latin
Americacountriesinthe 1970s afterrecoveringitsseatinthe UnitedNations.Buteconomic
relationswere stillweak,anditbegantoincrease afterthe 1990s.
At firstChinawasputtingemphasisinhavingLatin Americancountriesswitchrecognitionfrom
Taiwan. Of the 16 countries inthe world recognizingTaiwan,several of them (andthe biggest
ones),are inLatin America,like ParaguayandNicaragua.
EconomicrelationsbetweenChinaandLatinAmericabeganincreasingfromthe 1990s, thanks
to the growingappetite of Chinafornatural resourcesof the region.SpeciallyinSouth America
countrieshave plentyof copper(Chile andPeru),iron(Peru,Brazil),oil (Ecuador,Colombia,
Venezuela),soybeans(Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil),etc.Also,cheapmanufacturedgoodsfrom
Chinawere demandedfromthe region.
The regionbenefitedspeciallyfromthe increase inthe price of manyprimarygoodsthat
occurredbetween2002-2003 to 2011-2012. Chinastrongdemandforthose goodswas the
reason.Inthisway Chinabecome the biggestexportmarketof severalof them, beginningwith
Peruand Chile,where more thanhalf itscopper(itsmainproductexported) goestoChina.
Also, fromthe 1990s andspeciallyfromthe 2000s onward,Chinabeganto investinthe
extractionof natural resources,especiallyiron,copper,andoil.
But Chinaalsobecame importantforcountrieslike Venezuela,Ecuador,and Argentina,that
afterlosingaccessto the international capital markets,beganreceivingloansfromChina.
In thiswayChinabecome the majorexportdestinationformanyLatinAmericancountries,one
of itsmaininvestors,andforseveral of themtheirmajor,andunique lender. Moreover,upto
now,19 countriesinthe regionhave joinedChinaBeltandRoadinitiative (BRI).
Chinahave triedto workwithLatinAmericancountriesthroughthe China-CELACforum, butit
has notbeeneasy.The firstforumof the China and the Communityof LatinAmericanand
CaribbeanStates(CELAC) wasin2015 inBeijing,butthe regiondoesnothave acommon voice
visa visChina.That is why, mostof the relationsbetweenChinaandthe regionisdone
bilaterally.
Giventhe economicstructure of the region,dependentinthe exportof primarygoods,its
economicreliance inChinawillincrease. Also,asChinainvestsmore ininfrastructureprojects
and the regionisinmuch needof thiskindof investment,Chinainvolvementinthe regionin
thisaspectwill increase,helpedbythe BRIto whichmostof the countrieshave joined.
Also, the COVID-19pandemicsinasense isgettingChinaclosertothe regionas manyof them
will relyinthe Chinese vaccines.ChinaSinopharmandSinovac,two of itscompanies
manufacturingthem, are becomingmainproviders of the vaccines3
forsome countries,like
Peru.
Chinagrowingpresence inLatinAmericarose suspicion inthe US as the regionisconsideredits
backyard. One area of possibleconflictwill be whenthe countriesinthe regionadoptthe 5G
technology.UShas pushedothercountries,like UnitedKingdomandAustralia,toexclude
3Latin America turns to China and Russia for COVID-19 vaccines:
https://www.axios.com/russia-chinese-vaccines-latin-america-us-mexico-86a9daf5-4d39-421b-958a-40a457513e1c.html
5. Chinese companieslikeHuawei,fromparticipatinginthe nationals5Gnetwork. Ecuadorunder
Leningovernmentgotaloanform the US to prepaidChinese loanwiththe conditionthatit
excludesChinesetechnologyinthisfield4
.Butitseemsthatthe nextPresidentof Ecuador
couldbe a protégé of formerPresidentRafael Correa,AndresArauz,agoodfriendof China,
and thingscouldreverse.
*CarlosAquinoisDirectorof CEAS
4
FinancialTimes: US development bankstrikes deal tohelpEcuador pay China loans.
https://www.ft.com/content/affcc432-03c4-459d-a6b8-922ca8346c14