Sac 201 ppt
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Time is a passive soil forming factor that takes thousands of years for soils to fully mature. Over time, soils develop distinct horizons as parent material weathers and organic matter accumulates. Younger soils have poorly developed profiles and greater fertility, while older soils are more leached of nutrients with increased clay content and acidity, making them less productive.
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Sac 201 assainment
Time is a major factor in soil formation, as it can take thousands of years for a mature soil profile to fully develop. Younger soils formed from volcanic eruptions or alluvial deposits have less developed profiles, higher fertility and productivity than older soils. As soils age over centuries, chemical weathering breaks down minerals and leaches nutrients, leading to increased clay content, more acidity, lower fertility and productivity in older soils versus younger soils. The stages of soil development by time include initial, juvenile, virile, sensile, and final as decomposition reaches completion and only the most resistant minerals survive.
weathering of Rocks and minerals
This document summarizes key concepts related to weathering and soil formation processes. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes, forming regolith. The main factors that influence soil formation are then outlined, including parent material, climate, topography, organisms/vegetation, and time. Specific weathering and soil forming processes are also defined, such as podzolization, laterization, and gleization. Key minerals and their weatherability are discussed. The role of various physical and chemical weathering agents such as water, wind, temperature changes are also summarized.
Soil formation and topography A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan Agri Expert KPK
The document discusses several key factors that influence soil formation: climate, living organisms, parent material, topography, and time. It explains how each factor affects processes of soil development like mineral weathering, organic matter decomposition, and translocation of materials. Specifically, it outlines how climate influences these processes through precipitation levels and temperature, and how topography determines drainage and microclimates. The summary emphasizes that over long periods of time, climate becomes the dominant influence on soil properties.
Eco 6 soil formation
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more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Ess 5.1 Soil formation
Soils form through slow geological processes including the weathering of rock and deposition of sediments by erosion over long periods of time. There are four main processes involved - additions, losses, translocations, and transformations. Additions include water, minerals, organic matter and nutrients. Losses include evaporation and leaching. Translocations involve the movement of materials within the soil by gravity, water, and organisms. Transformations change one component into another through processes like decomposition and rusting. Over thousands of years, soils develop distinct layers and become more different from the original parent material as these processes occur.
factors affecting soil formations
Five primary factors affect soil formation:
1. Parent material - the type of rock the soil is formed from
2. Climate - temperature and moisture characteristics
3. Living organisms - plants and animals that live in the soil
4. Time or weathering - the age of the soil and effects of climate
5. Topography - how landscape features like hills and valleys influence soil development
3 soil formation
Soil formation is a long process where rocks and minerals are broken down through weathering. Weathering can be physical, through direct contact with heat, water, ice and pressure, or chemical, where the composition of rocks changes through decomposition. This forms residual soils that remain in place or alluvial soils transported by water. Physical weathering produces cohesionless soils like sand and gravel, while chemical weathering forms clay and other compounds.
Soil formation - Factors and Processes
I have prepared the notes regarding the soil forming processes from the help of arun katyayan and University notes.
Recommended
Sac 201 assainment
Time is a major factor in soil formation, as it can take thousands of years for a mature soil profile to fully develop. Younger soils formed from volcanic eruptions or alluvial deposits have less developed profiles, higher fertility and productivity than older soils. As soils age over centuries, chemical weathering breaks down minerals and leaches nutrients, leading to increased clay content, more acidity, lower fertility and productivity in older soils versus younger soils. The stages of soil development by time include initial, juvenile, virile, sensile, and final as decomposition reaches completion and only the most resistant minerals survive.
weathering of Rocks and minerals
This document summarizes key concepts related to weathering and soil formation processes. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes, forming regolith. The main factors that influence soil formation are then outlined, including parent material, climate, topography, organisms/vegetation, and time. Specific weathering and soil forming processes are also defined, such as podzolization, laterization, and gleization. Key minerals and their weatherability are discussed. The role of various physical and chemical weathering agents such as water, wind, temperature changes are also summarized.
Soil formation and topography A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan Agri Expert KPK
The document discusses several key factors that influence soil formation: climate, living organisms, parent material, topography, and time. It explains how each factor affects processes of soil development like mineral weathering, organic matter decomposition, and translocation of materials. Specifically, it outlines how climate influences these processes through precipitation levels and temperature, and how topography determines drainage and microclimates. The summary emphasizes that over long periods of time, climate becomes the dominant influence on soil properties.
Eco 6 soil formation
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more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Ess 5.1 Soil formation
Soils form through slow geological processes including the weathering of rock and deposition of sediments by erosion over long periods of time. There are four main processes involved - additions, losses, translocations, and transformations. Additions include water, minerals, organic matter and nutrients. Losses include evaporation and leaching. Translocations involve the movement of materials within the soil by gravity, water, and organisms. Transformations change one component into another through processes like decomposition and rusting. Over thousands of years, soils develop distinct layers and become more different from the original parent material as these processes occur.
factors affecting soil formations
Five primary factors affect soil formation:
1. Parent material - the type of rock the soil is formed from
2. Climate - temperature and moisture characteristics
3. Living organisms - plants and animals that live in the soil
4. Time or weathering - the age of the soil and effects of climate
5. Topography - how landscape features like hills and valleys influence soil development
3 soil formation
Soil formation is a long process where rocks and minerals are broken down through weathering. Weathering can be physical, through direct contact with heat, water, ice and pressure, or chemical, where the composition of rocks changes through decomposition. This forms residual soils that remain in place or alluvial soils transported by water. Physical weathering produces cohesionless soils like sand and gravel, while chemical weathering forms clay and other compounds.
Soil formation - Factors and Processes
I have prepared the notes regarding the soil forming processes from the help of arun katyayan and University notes.
Processes involved in soil formation
• What is Soil Formation?
• Processes Involved in Soil Formation
1. Eluviation
2. Melanization
3. Gleization
4. Calcification
5. Podzolization
6. Laterization
SOIL FORMATION
Soil formation is influenced by several factors including climate, topography, biological activity, and the underlying parent rock. The speed of soil formation increases in warmer climates with more biological and chemical activity. Sloping landscapes result in thinner soils than flat areas. Over long periods of time, ranging from hundreds to thousands of years, the weathering of rocks and decay of organic matter creates distinct soil layers and types tailored to the local environment. In India, the major soil types include forest and mountain soils, alluvial soils, red and yellow soils, black soils, laterite soils, and arid soils. Kerala soils consist of alluvial soils, laterite soils, forest soils, and red and black soils. Conservation
Soil formation by weathering by Tasssanam Naz
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Fpt 2093 soil_science_week_6_factors_amp_processes_of_soil_formation
This document discusses the key factors and processes involved in soil formation. It describes the five main soil forming factors as parent material, climate, topography, living matter, and time. The main processes that form soil horizons are addition, losses, translocation, and transformation. Additions come from rainfall, atmosphere, organic matter decomposition, erosion, and nutrients. Losses occur through evapotranspiration, leaching, erosion, and chemical/biological processes. Translocation moves materials within the soil profile. Transformation alters the physical and chemical properties of parent materials through weathering. The interaction of these factors and processes over long periods of time leads to the development of unique soil types in different environments.
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This document provides information about soil, including its components, formation, and properties. Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that forms at the earth's surface through weathering and supports plant growth. It is a critical natural resource and habitat. The four main components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Soils form through weathering processes like temperature changes, water action, plant roots, ice expansion, and mechanical grinding that break down rocks into smaller pieces over time. Soil properties like density and drainage are important factors that influence its uses and what grows in it.
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This document discusses parent material, which refers to the unconsolidated organic or mineral material in which soils form. It describes the different types of parent material including residuum produced by weathering of rock in place, and transported materials such as alluvium deposited by water, loess deposited by wind, and glacial till deposited directly by glaciers. It provides details on the characteristics of these various parent materials and their influence on soil formation.
Soil formation-processes
Four main processes shape soil formation: additions, losses, translocations, and transformations. Additions include water, minerals from dust, organic matter and nutrients from animal waste and fertilizer. Losses occur through evaporation, water runoff, and decomposition of organic matter. Translocations involve the movement of materials within the soil by gravity, evaporation, and organisms. Transformations change one component into another through processes like decomposition of leaves into humus or weathering of rock into clay. Over time, these processes cause the soil to change significantly from its original parent material in both composition and appearance.
Soil formation lectue ers iii
The document discusses various processes involved in soil formation and development, including weathering processes like physical and chemical weathering. It describes the different types of physical weathering such as freezing and thawing, wetting and drying. It also explains chemical weathering processes like hydrolysis, carbonation, hydration, oxidation and reduction. Additionally, it discusses the factors that influence soil formation like parent material, climate, topography, biota and time. Soil formation is presented as a dynamic process involving weathering of parent rocks and interaction of various soil forming factors over long periods of time.
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The document discusses soil profiles, soil genesis, and parent material classification. It defines a soil profile as the vertical cross section of soil horizons. Soil genesis refers to the evolution of soil from parent material, influenced by climate, organisms, relief, and time. Parent material is the geological material from which soil forms, and can be classified based on its mode of transportation (ice, water, wind, gravity) and degree of particle sorting. The document provides examples of different parent material types including glacial till, alluvium, loess, and residuum.
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The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It describes how soil is formed through the weathering of rock and addition of organic matter from plants and animals over thousands of years. Soil has a profile of different layers called horizons, including the top organic-rich A horizon, the leached B horizon below, and the bottom C horizon composed of partially weathered rock. The type and quality of soil depends on factors like climate, parent material, vegetation, slope, and time for development.
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This document discusses soil formation processes and factors that influence soil formation. It begins with an introduction to pedogenesis and soil genesis. The main soil forming processes discussed are translocation, organic changes, podzolization, gleying, and desilication. Translocation includes leaching, eluviation, illuviation, calcification, and salinization. The key factors that influence the pace and direction of soil formation are the parent rock material, climate, biotic activity, topography, and time. The document provides examples to illustrate each soil forming process and influencing factor. It concludes with references used.
Soil formation
The document discusses 15 key processes involved in soil formation:
1) Humification transforms raw organic matter into humus through decomposition.
2) Laterization concentrates iron and aluminum oxides in tropical soils.
3) Eluviation mobilizes and translocates constituents like clay from top to lower layers.
4) Illuviation deposits translocated materials in lower layers, forming distinct horizons.
Soil factor
Soil is formed through the weathering of parent material such as bedrock. There are different types of parent material including residual material composed of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks still located where they were formed. Transported parent material has been moved from its origin by forces like water, wind, glaciers or gravity. Soil formation breaks down parent material through weathering and adds organic matter over time to create distinct soil horizons capable of supporting plant growth.
4.2
Chemical weathering changes the makeup of a rock by altering its mineral composition. The main cause of chemical weathering is water. The three things that affect the rate of chemical weathering are temperature, the type of rock material, and the amount of water.
Soils
This document discusses the key factors that affect soil formation: climate, parent material, topography, and organic factors. Climate, especially temperature and moisture, influence chemical weathering and biological activity during soil formation. The parent material refers to the underlying rock, which affects soil properties as it weathers. Topography determines drainage and erosion patterns. Organic factors like vegetation, animals, and microorganisms also impact soil properties through leaf litter, root systems, burrowing, and decomposition.
4.2 Weathering And Soil Formation
Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and organic processes. It is composed of weathered rock particles, water, air, and organic matter. The type of soil that forms depends on the underlying rock type, climate, landforms, plant life, and soil organisms. Soil develops in horizontal layers called horizons, with the A horizon at the top containing more organic matter and the C horizon at the bottom containing larger rock particles. Climate, landforms, and the activities of organisms like plants, microbes, earthworms, and animals influence the characteristics of different soils.
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An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
This document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil profiles, horizons, and the five factors that influence soil formation: parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. Soil forming processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation are also explained. The document discusses additional soil features including color, texture, and structure.
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This document discusses the key factors and processes involved in soil formation. It describes the five main soil forming factors as parent material, climate, topography, living matter, and time. The main processes that form soil horizons are addition, losses, translocation, and transformation. Additions come from rainfall, atmosphere, organic matter decomposition, erosion, and nutrients. Losses occur through evapotranspiration, leaching, erosion, and chemical/biological processes. Translocation moves materials within the soil profile. Transformation alters the physical and chemical properties of parent materials through weathering. The interaction of these factors and processes over long periods of time leads to the development of unique soil types in different environments.
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This document provides information about soil, including its components, formation, and properties. Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that forms at the earth's surface through weathering and supports plant growth. It is a critical natural resource and habitat. The four main components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Soils form through weathering processes like temperature changes, water action, plant roots, ice expansion, and mechanical grinding that break down rocks into smaller pieces over time. Soil properties like density and drainage are important factors that influence its uses and what grows in it.
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I made this presentation for my school project after that I thought that I should upload it on any slide so I uploaded this to help others in making presentations and getting ideas.It is a class 7 project.
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This document discusses parent material, which refers to the unconsolidated organic or mineral material in which soils form. It describes the different types of parent material including residuum produced by weathering of rock in place, and transported materials such as alluvium deposited by water, loess deposited by wind, and glacial till deposited directly by glaciers. It provides details on the characteristics of these various parent materials and their influence on soil formation.
Soil formation-processes
Four main processes shape soil formation: additions, losses, translocations, and transformations. Additions include water, minerals from dust, organic matter and nutrients from animal waste and fertilizer. Losses occur through evaporation, water runoff, and decomposition of organic matter. Translocations involve the movement of materials within the soil by gravity, evaporation, and organisms. Transformations change one component into another through processes like decomposition of leaves into humus or weathering of rock into clay. Over time, these processes cause the soil to change significantly from its original parent material in both composition and appearance.
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The document discusses various processes involved in soil formation and development, including weathering processes like physical and chemical weathering. It describes the different types of physical weathering such as freezing and thawing, wetting and drying. It also explains chemical weathering processes like hydrolysis, carbonation, hydration, oxidation and reduction. Additionally, it discusses the factors that influence soil formation like parent material, climate, topography, biota and time. Soil formation is presented as a dynamic process involving weathering of parent rocks and interaction of various soil forming factors over long periods of time.
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The document discusses soil profiles, soil genesis, and parent material classification. It defines a soil profile as the vertical cross section of soil horizons. Soil genesis refers to the evolution of soil from parent material, influenced by climate, organisms, relief, and time. Parent material is the geological material from which soil forms, and can be classified based on its mode of transportation (ice, water, wind, gravity) and degree of particle sorting. The document provides examples of different parent material types including glacial till, alluvium, loess, and residuum.
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The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It describes how soil is formed through the weathering of rock and addition of organic matter from plants and animals over thousands of years. Soil has a profile of different layers called horizons, including the top organic-rich A horizon, the leached B horizon below, and the bottom C horizon composed of partially weathered rock. The type and quality of soil depends on factors like climate, parent material, vegetation, slope, and time for development.
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This document discusses soil formation processes and factors that influence soil formation. It begins with an introduction to pedogenesis and soil genesis. The main soil forming processes discussed are translocation, organic changes, podzolization, gleying, and desilication. Translocation includes leaching, eluviation, illuviation, calcification, and salinization. The key factors that influence the pace and direction of soil formation are the parent rock material, climate, biotic activity, topography, and time. The document provides examples to illustrate each soil forming process and influencing factor. It concludes with references used.
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The document discusses 15 key processes involved in soil formation:
1) Humification transforms raw organic matter into humus through decomposition.
2) Laterization concentrates iron and aluminum oxides in tropical soils.
3) Eluviation mobilizes and translocates constituents like clay from top to lower layers.
4) Illuviation deposits translocated materials in lower layers, forming distinct horizons.
Soil factor
Soil is formed through the weathering of parent material such as bedrock. There are different types of parent material including residual material composed of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks still located where they were formed. Transported parent material has been moved from its origin by forces like water, wind, glaciers or gravity. Soil formation breaks down parent material through weathering and adds organic matter over time to create distinct soil horizons capable of supporting plant growth.
4.2
Chemical weathering changes the makeup of a rock by altering its mineral composition. The main cause of chemical weathering is water. The three things that affect the rate of chemical weathering are temperature, the type of rock material, and the amount of water.
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This document discusses the key factors that affect soil formation: climate, parent material, topography, and organic factors. Climate, especially temperature and moisture, influence chemical weathering and biological activity during soil formation. The parent material refers to the underlying rock, which affects soil properties as it weathers. Topography determines drainage and erosion patterns. Organic factors like vegetation, animals, and microorganisms also impact soil properties through leaf litter, root systems, burrowing, and decomposition.
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Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and organic processes. It is composed of weathered rock particles, water, air, and organic matter. The type of soil that forms depends on the underlying rock type, climate, landforms, plant life, and soil organisms. Soil develops in horizontal layers called horizons, with the A horizon at the top containing more organic matter and the C horizon at the bottom containing larger rock particles. Climate, landforms, and the activities of organisms like plants, microbes, earthworms, and animals influence the characteristics of different soils.
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The document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil formation factors such as parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. It also examines soil processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation. Key terms are explained, like soil horizons, soil texture, and different types of humus. Soil features including color, structure, and drainage properties are also covered.
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The document discusses the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition and soil formation. It explains that weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports eroded material to new locations where deposition occurs. Over time, deposited materials break down further and combine with organic matter to form soil, which provides nutrients for plant growth. Soil profiles vary in composition with depth and soil color, such as the red color of much Georgia soil, provides clues to its composition.
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4-Weathering-Soil-Formation-Development.pptx
Weathering, Soil Formation and Development
Weathering is the process of alteration and breakdown of soil and rock materials at and near the Earth's surface by physical, chemical and biotic processes. Types of weathering include physical, chemical and biological processes. Physical weathering occurs everywhere through exfoliation and unloading reactions. Chemical weathering reactions include dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis. Weathering causes rocks to breakdown, and the weathered rocks are then transported downhill in the process of erosion, contributing to soil formation over long timescales and the development of fully-formed soils.
me grp soil.pptx
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is influenced by several key factors:
Climate, especially temperature and precipitation, determines the rate of weathering and types of organic materials. Time is also important, as soils take many years to fully form and may change types over centuries. The parent material and topography impact drainage and erosion patterns during soil development. Biological factors like plants, animals, microbes, and humans also influence soil formation through their physical interactions and chemical exchanges with the soil.
ORIGIN OF CLAY AND CASE STUDY..
This case study analyzed clay occurrences around Kutigi Central Bida Basin in Nigeria. Detailed field mapping identified two hills near Kutigi town containing clay deposits. Laboratory analysis of samples from the hills using X-ray diffraction found them to be composed primarily of kaolinite and quartz minerals. Kaolinite alone constituted about 43.64% of the samples, while quartz constituted around 54.55%. This study characterized the geology and mineralogical composition of clays in this region of Nigeria.
pedogenic processes-ppt 604.ppt
The document summarizes pedogenic processes, stability, and weathering sequence. It begins with an introduction to pedogenic processes and soil formation. It then classifies pedogenic processes into fundamental processes like humification, eluviation, and illuviation. Specific zonal processes include calcification, decalcification, and podzolization. Intrazonal processes involve gleization, salinization, and alkalization. It concludes with an explanation of stability series and factors influencing mineral weathering resistance based on silicon to oxygen ratios.
38. soil mechanics by Allah Dad Khan
Soil is formed through the interaction of various factors over long periods of time. A soil profile consists of horizontal layers called horizons, with the topsoil A horizon and subsoil B horizon typically showing the most development. Key processes in soil formation include weathering, decomposition, humification, leaching, and translocation of minerals between horizons. The type of parent material, climate, vegetation, topography, and time all influence soil development.
5 weathering and erosion
This document discusses a lecture on weathering and erosion given by Dr. Shahid Ullah. It covers the main topics of the lecture including definitions of weathering and the processes involved, physical and chemical agents that cause weathering, factors affecting the rate of weathering, the products of weathering, erosion and factors influencing erosion rates. The document provides detailed explanations and examples of various weathering and erosion concepts.
Eh2 unit checks questions
This document contains several unit checks or practice questions related to Earth's history and climate. The questions cover various topics like the layers of the Earth, factors that affect the atmosphere, and methods scientists use to study the atmosphere and climate of the past. Possible answers are provided for multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank questions.
Review A 08
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts in soil science, including:
1) Soil is composed of minerals, organic materials, air and water that provide a medium for plant growth and habitat for organisms.
2) The five factors of soil formation are climate, living organisms, relief, parent material, and time.
3) Soil texture, structure, porosity and water holding capacity are influenced by mineral composition, organic matter, and soil development over time.
4) Water movement through soil is affected by pore size distribution and forces like gravity and capillary action.
63027 02
This document summarizes key aspects of soil formation processes. It discusses how the variety of materials encountered by geotechnical engineers ranges from hard rock to soft organic deposits. Soil identification and evaluation of properties is important for analysis and design. The document then provides an overview of processes involved in soil formation, including weathering of rock, erosion, transportation, deposition, and post-depositional changes. It discusses the composition and structure of the earth's crust and continental plates. Rocks and minerals are broken down through these natural processes over geological time to form the variety of soil types.
GTE 1.pdf
This document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics. It discusses the formation of soils through weathering and transportation processes. Soils are formed from the breakdown of parent rocks by physical and chemical weathering. They are then transported and deposited in new locations by various agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity. The document outlines different types of soils including residual soils formed in place and transported soils deposited elsewhere. It provides details on soil classification systems and properties relevant to geotechnical engineering applications.
Soil mechanics notes
This document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics concepts across 5 lectures. It discusses the origin and formation of soils, soil classification systems, phase relationships in soils, permeability, consolidation, shear strength, and soil stabilization techniques. Key topics covered include soil composition, index properties, stress conditions in soil, seepage analysis, compaction, shear strength determination methods, and mechanical and chemical stabilization methods. Real-world engineering applications of soil mechanics are also mentioned.
Still the Biggest Control Knob : Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Climate "History"
Still the Biggest Control Knob : Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Climate "History"SERC at Carleton College
Carbon dioxide has been the primary driver of temperature changes throughout Earth's climate history. Three key points:
1) Changes in CO2 levels strongly correlate with temperature changes over both short and long time periods in the past. Nothing else can explain most features of climate history as well as the role of CO2.
2) The physical properties of CO2 and its role as a greenhouse gas are well established and have been confirmed by observations of Earth and other planets. CO2 is able to warm the planet due to its absorption of infrared radiation.
3) A rock weathering feedback loop has acted over long time scales to regulate Earth's temperature by sequestering more CO2 in rocks during warm periods andStill the Biggest Control Knob : Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Climate History
Still the Biggest Control Knob : Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Climate HistorySERC at Carleton College
This document summarizes a presentation by Richard Alley on factors that control Earth's climate and temperature. It finds that changes in carbon dioxide levels have been the primary driver of climate changes in Earth's history based on several lines of evidence: correlations between CO2 and temperature in the geological record; the physical properties of CO2 as a greenhouse gas; and CO2 providing the best explanation for major climate shifts like Snowball Earth periods and warm periods when the sun was less bright. The presentation discusses how CO2 levels are regulated by geological processes like volcanism and rock weathering over long time scales. It also reviews evidence of very high CO2 levels during past warm periods like the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.06 Chapter
The document discusses weathering, soil formation, and erosion. It describes two types of weathering - mechanical and chemical - that break down rock. Soil forms over time from weathered rock and decayed organic matter. Soil has distinct layers or horizons. Factors like climate and vegetation affect soil development and erosion risks. The document outlines various human activities and natural processes that can cause erosion, and methods to reduce erosion like contour farming, terracing, and no-till agriculture.
Exploration in the new Millennium 5th Decennial International Conference on M...
This document summarizes a workshop on exploration geochemistry concepts. It discusses the basic principles of exploration geochemistry, including the geochemical cycle, primary and secondary environments, background ranges and anomalous thresholds. It also covers target and pathfinder elements, geochemical halos, and the secondary geochemical environment involving physical and chemical weathering. The key topics covered are the fundamental geochemical concepts that exploration geochemistry relies on, such as how element distributions are influenced by their chemical properties and mobility.
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39. soil formation and topography by Allah Dad Khan
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Still the Biggest Control Knob : Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Climate "History"
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Exploration in the new Millennium 5th Decennial International Conference on M...
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Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
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Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
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Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
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mitigated, at least in part.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
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fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Sac 201 ppt
- 1. PASSIVE SOIL FORMING FACTORS BY TIME V.KALAISELVAN 2013004030
- 2. Passive soil forming factors by time
- 3. Soil formation factors and processes The soil formation is the process of two consecutive stages. 1. The weathering of rock (R) into Regolith 2. The formation of true soil from Regolith The evolution of true soil from regolith takes place by the combined action of soil forming factors and processes. Ø The first step is accomplished by weathering (disintegration & decomposition) Ø The second step is associated with the action of Soil Forming Factors
- 4. Weathering Factors Dokuchaiev (1889) established that the soils develop as a result of the action of soil forming factors S = f (P, Cl, O) Further, Jenny (1941) formulated the following equation S = f (Cl, O, R, P, T, …) Where, Cl – environmental climate O – Organisms and vegetation (biosphere) R – Relief or topography P – Parent material T- Time
- 5. Two groups Passive : i) Parent material, ii) Relief, iii) Time Active : iv) Climate, v) Vegetation & organism
- 6. 3. Time Soil formation is a very slow process requiring thousands of years to develop a mature pedon. The period taken by a given soil from the stage of weathered rock (i.e. regolith) up to the stage of maturity is considered as time. The matured soils mean the soils with fully developed horizons (A, B, C). It takes hundreds of years to develop an inch of soil. The time that nature devotes to the formation of soils is termed as Pedologic Time. It has been observed that rocks and minerals disintegrate and/or decompose at different rates; the coarse particles of limestone are more resistant to disintegration than those of sandstone. However, in general, limestone decomposes more readily than sandstone (by chemical weathering).
- 7. Weathering stages in soil formation Stages Characteristic 1 Initial: Un weathered parent material 2 Juvenile: Weathering started but much of the original material still un weathered 3 Virile :Easily weatherable minerals fairly decomposed; clay content increased, slowly weatherable minerals still appreciable 4 Senile :Decomposition reaches at a final stage; only most resistant minerals survive 5 Final: Soil development completed under prevailing environments
- 8. Final Soil development completed under prevailing environments The soil properties also change with time, for instance nitrogen and organic matter contents increase with time provided the soil temperature is not high. CaCO3 content may decrease or even lost with time provided the climatic conditions are not arid In humid regions, the H+ concentration increases with time because of chemical weathering.
- 9. Time• Young soils • Volcanic or alluvial in origin • Have greater fertility • Have poorly developed profiles • Usually they are highly productive.
- 10. Time• Old soils • Have well developed soil profiles • Have an increased clay content • More acid pH • Nutrients are leached • Lower fertility & productivity than younger soils.