pharmaceutical presentation for sedative-hypnotics drugs for physiology lecture .

1. SEDATIVE-
HYPNOTICS
DRUGS
MADE AND DESIGNED AND PRESENTED BY : KAWA DLIR OMAR
IN ASSOCIATION WITH :
1-MOHAMMAD SHERKO 2-DIYARE ABDELKARIM 3-SARA KAMARAN
4-NIYAN SATTAR
Al-Kitab university
College of pharmacy

2. DISCLAIMER
• Because of all the hard work and time
I put in this presentation from finding
the subject to designing the
presentation and preparing
everything else , I thought it will be
fair to make a shootout to me (kawa
Dlir Omar) for making everything …
and also I think it wouldn’t be fair to
me to get the same marks as the
other 4 collogues with me .
Thanks

3. PRESENTATION KEYNOTES
Introduction
01
What are Sedative
Hypnotics?
02
Uses for Sedative
Hypnotics
03
Side Effects of the
Sedative Hypnotic
Class of Drugs
04
Sedative Hypnotic
Drugs
05

4. SEDATIVE HYPNOTIC
CLASS OF MEDICATIONS
chemical substance used to reduce tension
and anxiety and induce calm (sedative
effect) or to induce sleep(hypnotic effect).
Most such drugs exert a quieting or
calming effect at low doses and a sleep-
inducing effect in larger doses. Sedative-
hypnotic drugs tend to depress the central
nervous system. Since these actions can
obtained with other drugs, such as opiates,
the distinctive characteristic of sedative-
hypnotics is their selective ability to
their effects without affecting mood or
reducing sensitivity to pain.

5. sedative refers to a
substance that moderates
activity and excitement while
inducing a calming effect
hypnotic refers to a
substance that causes
drowsiness and facilitates the
onset and maintenance of
natural sleep

6. HISTORICAL INFORMATION
1800s
The first substance introduced specifically as
a sedative and as a hypnotic was a liquid
solution of bromide salts, which came into
use in the 1800s.
1869
Chloral hydrate, a derivative of ethyl
alcohol, was introduced in 1869 as
a synthetic sedative-hypnotic; it was used
notoriously as “knock-out” drops
1880s
Paraldehyde was introduced into
clinical medicine in the 1880s and was
followed by the synthesis of barbital in 1903.
1912
Phenobarbitalbecame available in 1912 and
was followed, during the next 20 years, by a
long series of other barbiturates.
20th century
In the mid-20th century new types of
sedative-hypnotic drugs were synthesized,
chief among them the benzodiazepines

7. INSOMNIA &
SLEEP. . .
Treatment of insomnia is most important
for the use of sedative and hypnotics.
• REM Sleep: rapid eye movement
• NON-REM sleep: non rapid eye movement
• Sleep: It is an architecture cyclic process. The following
are stages of sleep.
• Stage 0: (awake) 1-2%
• Stage 1: (dosing) 3-6%
• Stage 2: (un equivocal) 40-50%
• Stage 3: (deep sleep transition) 5-8%
• Stage 4: (cerebral sleep) 10-20%

8. WHAT ARE SEDATIVE
HYPNOTICS?
Sedative hypnotics are
benzodiazepines or barbiturates that
work upon specific neurotransmitters
in the brain. These drugs suppress the
central nervous system. The
benzodiazepines and barbiturates are
addictive and not recommended for
long term use. Sedative hypnotics act
on the GABA A receptors in the brain.
Researchers believe that GABA A
receptors are responsible for reducing
fear and anxiety created when other
neurons are overexcited.

9. USES FOR SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS
These drugs are commonly used to calm people
who are anxious or who are withdrawing from
stimulants in drug rehab facilities. They can be used
to help induce sleep as a short term solution. Short
term acting benzodiazepines are sometimes used
to treat jet lag. There are non-benzodiazepines
which are also used primarily as sleep aid
medications.

10. SIDE EFFECTS OF THE SEDATIVE HYPNOTIC CLASS OF
DRUGS
• Tolerance can develop
• Memory impairment
• Confusion
• Sleepiness
• Drowsiness

11. SEDATIVE HYPNOTIC DRUGS
• Benzodiazepines
• Klonopin
• Phenobarbital
• Ativan
• Xanax
• Librium
• Valium
• Tranxene
• Phenobarbital
• Lunesta

12. BENZODIAZEPINE
any of a class of therapeutic agents capable of producing a calming, sedative
effect and used in the treatment of fear, anxiety, tension, agitation, and related
states of mental disturbance.
The benzodiazepines are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world.
The first benzodiazepine to be developed was chlordiazepoxide(Librium),
followed by a large variety of agents, including diazepam(Valium) and alprazolam
(Xanax), each of which has slightly different properties.
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the action of the neurotransmitter
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which inhibits anxiety by reducing certain
nerve-impulse transmissions within the brain.

13. REFERENCE
• Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Michael H. Nelson, Ph.D., R.Ph. Pharmacy 725:
Principles of Drug Mechanisms Wingate University School of Pharmacy
Spring 2006
• contrast with modern drugs
– In psychopharmacology
• drug use and abuse
– In drug use: Barbiturates, stimulants, and tranquilizers
• production
• In pharmaceutical industry: New classes of pharmaceuticals