This document discusses assessing the vulnerability of rural households to lack of adequate water supply for domestic and productive needs. It proposes developing a composite vulnerability index based on 6 sub-indices: 1) water supply and use, 2) family occupation, 3) social institutions, 4) climate, 5) water resources, and 6) financial stability. The index was tested in 3 villages in India with values ranging from 2.21 to 6.58, indicating varying vulnerability among households based on their water access and livelihood factors. The study found vulnerability was highest in Kerkatta village due to water scarcity and influenced by household economy. The index could help target water supply interventions and surveillance.
Water demand and factor affecting water demandAnkit Gola
The document discusses different types of water demand - domestic, public, industrial, commercial, fire, and losses/waste. It provides estimated per capita daily demand amounts for each type according to Indian standards. Factors that affect water demand are also outlined, such as city size, climate, cost of water, distribution systems, supply systems, industries present, water quality, and living habits. Formulas to calculate firefighting water requirements based on population are also presented.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting policies and regulations. It begins by outlining the benefits of rainwater harvesting, which include providing an inexpensive water supply, augmenting drinking water supplies, reducing stormwater runoff and pollution, and reducing peak summer water demands. However, rainwater harvesting is not widely addressed by regulations and codes. The document then examines typical domestic and commercial water usage and how rainwater could be used more appropriately for non-potable uses like irrigation and toilet flushing. Key considerations for developing rainwater harvesting policies and regulations include appropriate water quality standards and treatment requirements to prevent cross-contamination based on end uses. Jurisdictions vary in their rules, with some allowing potable reuse and others limiting reuse to
1. Water demand comes from domestic, industrial, and public uses. Domestic demand includes residential use for drinking, bathing, cleaning, and outdoor uses like gardening. Industrial demand is for processes, fabrication, washing, and cooling. Public demand incorporates institutional use by places like hospitals and schools, as well as commercial needs in offices, restaurants, and other businesses.
2. Population growth and changes in lifestyle are increasing demand, especially in urban areas. Climate change may also impact water security by increasing uncertainty in supply.
3. Specific domestic uses are interior like taps and toilets, and exterior like lawns. Institutional use serves facilities. Commercial demand provides for employee and customer needs as well as special processes
The North Fort Bend Water Authority has delivered surface water to utility districts in northeast Fort Bend County more than two years ahead of schedule. This allows the Authority to earn "early conversion credits" that can be applied to future goals for reducing dependence on groundwater. The Authority has installed over 26 miles of pipeline to connect districts to the new surface water supply from the City of Houston. By beginning the conversion earlier than required, the Authority gains a buffer against potential delays in meeting groundwater reduction targets.
The document discusses the history of drought in Texas, noting that paleoclimatological evidence shows megadroughts have occurred in Texas lasting 20-40 years. It provides examples of droughts impacting Native Americans, Spanish explorers, early Texas settlers, the Civil War era, and throughout the 20th century. The most severe recent drought was in the 1950s, but the late 1980s drought was also particularly damaging, costing nearly $40 billion.
Albuquerque, New Mexico Rainwater Harvesting ManualD6Z
This document provides a guide for rainwater harvesting systems in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It discusses simple rainwater harvesting systems that consist of a catchment area, distribution system, and landscape holding area. The guide describes how to design and construct simple systems, including using roofing as a catchment, gutters and downspouts as a distribution system, and depressed planting beds as holding areas. It emphasizes using native and drought-tolerant plants suited to intermittent water supplies.
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Water demand and factor affecting water demandAnkit Gola
The document discusses different types of water demand - domestic, public, industrial, commercial, fire, and losses/waste. It provides estimated per capita daily demand amounts for each type according to Indian standards. Factors that affect water demand are also outlined, such as city size, climate, cost of water, distribution systems, supply systems, industries present, water quality, and living habits. Formulas to calculate firefighting water requirements based on population are also presented.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting policies and regulations. It begins by outlining the benefits of rainwater harvesting, which include providing an inexpensive water supply, augmenting drinking water supplies, reducing stormwater runoff and pollution, and reducing peak summer water demands. However, rainwater harvesting is not widely addressed by regulations and codes. The document then examines typical domestic and commercial water usage and how rainwater could be used more appropriately for non-potable uses like irrigation and toilet flushing. Key considerations for developing rainwater harvesting policies and regulations include appropriate water quality standards and treatment requirements to prevent cross-contamination based on end uses. Jurisdictions vary in their rules, with some allowing potable reuse and others limiting reuse to
1. Water demand comes from domestic, industrial, and public uses. Domestic demand includes residential use for drinking, bathing, cleaning, and outdoor uses like gardening. Industrial demand is for processes, fabrication, washing, and cooling. Public demand incorporates institutional use by places like hospitals and schools, as well as commercial needs in offices, restaurants, and other businesses.
2. Population growth and changes in lifestyle are increasing demand, especially in urban areas. Climate change may also impact water security by increasing uncertainty in supply.
3. Specific domestic uses are interior like taps and toilets, and exterior like lawns. Institutional use serves facilities. Commercial demand provides for employee and customer needs as well as special processes
The North Fort Bend Water Authority has delivered surface water to utility districts in northeast Fort Bend County more than two years ahead of schedule. This allows the Authority to earn "early conversion credits" that can be applied to future goals for reducing dependence on groundwater. The Authority has installed over 26 miles of pipeline to connect districts to the new surface water supply from the City of Houston. By beginning the conversion earlier than required, the Authority gains a buffer against potential delays in meeting groundwater reduction targets.
The document discusses the history of drought in Texas, noting that paleoclimatological evidence shows megadroughts have occurred in Texas lasting 20-40 years. It provides examples of droughts impacting Native Americans, Spanish explorers, early Texas settlers, the Civil War era, and throughout the 20th century. The most severe recent drought was in the 1950s, but the late 1980s drought was also particularly damaging, costing nearly $40 billion.
Albuquerque, New Mexico Rainwater Harvesting ManualD6Z
This document provides a guide for rainwater harvesting systems in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It discusses simple rainwater harvesting systems that consist of a catchment area, distribution system, and landscape holding area. The guide describes how to design and construct simple systems, including using roofing as a catchment, gutters and downspouts as a distribution system, and depressed planting beds as holding areas. It emphasizes using native and drought-tolerant plants suited to intermittent water supplies.
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Waterfall, patricia h. (universidad de arizona) harvesting rainwaterPlan Huerta
This document provides guidance on harvesting rainwater for landscape use. It discusses the components of a rainwater harvesting system, including the water supply (rainfall), plant water demands, and the system to move water. Simple systems can direct roof runoff to landscaped areas using gutters, downspouts and berms. Proper plant selection and constructing basins and swales can maximize water storage and direct runoff. Regular maintenance is needed to keep the system functioning well.
Domestic water demand refers to the total quantity of water required for various purposes by a city. There are various types of water demand of a city including domestic water demand, which is the water required for household purposes like drinking, washing, bathing, flushing, and other sanitary uses.
Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Slide deals with Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes in Details Manner . All the Aspects Related to Source of Wate, Water Demand Calculations, Design Period Considerations has along with the population forecasting methods has been explained
The document discusses a water design plan for Dwarka, Delhi that analyzes current water issues and proposes strategies to improve surface water management through creating retention ponds and wetlands, harvesting rainwater, recharging groundwater, and implementing systems to treat and reuse greywater and blackwater to reduce potable water usage and reliance on external water sources. Diagrams show proposed systems for collection, treatment and reuse of different water streams to achieve a sustainable water balance and management approach for the area.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (Fourth Revision). Some key points from the 3-sentence summary:
The standard provides requirements for water supply, drainage, and sanitation for various types of buildings in urban areas. It specifies minimum water supply requirements per person for different types of communities and buildings. The standard also gives drainage and sanitation fixture requirements for different types of buildings including residences, offices, factories, and transportation terminals.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
Innovative participatory community managed drinking water delivery approach i...India Water Portal
The document provides an overview of WASMO's innovative community-managed drinking water delivery approach in rural Gujarat. It discusses the drinking water challenges in Gujarat including uneven availability, quality issues, and seasonal scarcity. It then summarizes WASMO's efforts to empower communities and ensure sustainable water sources through capacity building, various technological solutions, partnerships with NGOs, and a focus on water quality surveillance.
The document discusses issues faced by rural villages in India. It notes that villages are not well-maintained and villagers are often unaware of events outside their local area. Education facilities are limited. While agriculture provides income, the money earned may not be enough to support families. However, the document also argues that rural areas are the backbone of India and contribute greatly to the nation through agriculture, economy and culture. It concludes that despite challenges, villages remain India's greatest strength.
Three key points:
1) Water supply schemes must be designed to meet current and future population needs over at least 3 decades. They should account for domestic, industrial, public, and other water demands as well as losses.
2) Water demands vary based on factors like population, climate, industries, cost of water, and more. Methods are used to estimate typical per capita demands and total demands.
3) Water demands fluctuate daily, seasonally, and hourly. Peak and maximum daily demands are higher than average daily demands to ensure adequate supply during high usage periods. Water supply schemes must be designed to meet fluctuating demands.
S5c2 chapter 2-facts and figures related to irrigation.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to rain fall, scarcity of drinking water and water for irrigation (drought), poor chemical quality of the bore well water and poor microbiological quality of the surface water due to water pollution, scarcity of electricity and the solutions for the same are mentioned.
Monitoring rural and small towns water supply in Thailand: A focus on water q...IRC
The document summarizes Thailand's efforts over the past 100+ years to expand access to safe drinking water for both urban and rural populations. It discusses the various government agencies and programs involved, current drinking water sources, and initiatives to monitor and improve drinking water quality across the country through community networks, training, and public information campaigns. The ultimate goals are for all Thais to have access to safe and adequate drinking water, basic hygiene, and sanitation.
Water supply and treatment Engineering notes 18 cv46RamyaNarasimhan5
This document discusses water supply and treatment engineering. It outlines various types of water demands including domestic, industrial, firefighting, and public purposes. Domestic demand includes drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, household sanitation, private gardening/irrigation, and domestic animals. Industrial demand depends on the factory processes and presence/absence of industries affects city water demand. Fire demand is calculated based on number of streams, discharge rate, duration of fire, and simultaneous fires. Public purposes include road washing, sanitation, and ornamental uses. Factors like climate, cost, distribution pressure, population habits, industries, and metering policy affect per capita water demand.
Sprayed Away: Seven Ways to Reduce Texas’ Outdoor Water UseDanousis85z
Texas is the fastest growing state and faces increasing pressure on its limited water supplies. Outdoor water use, primarily for landscape irrigation, increases dramatically in the summer and accounts for about half of total municipal water usage. Implementing various conservation strategies like improving irrigation systems, incentivizing water-efficient landscaping, enacting watering ordinances, and expanding education programs could reduce outdoor water usage by 25% on average across 18 major Texas cities, saving over 147 million gallons per day. Doing so would benefit both utilities and customers by decreasing costs and better preserving water resources for the future.
An approach to safe drinking water 'RWH'_Subhash (water.org)_2013India Water Portal
This document discusses an approach to rainwater harvesting for water security in scarcity regions. It summarizes that women walk miles for hours to access water in these areas. Key challenges include water quality issues like fluoride in groundwater and bacteria in surface water. Traditional structures like tankas and bawaris (ponds) have been used to harvest rainwater. Over 970 household and 40 community rainwater harvesting structures have been installed serving over 16,000 people. A microfinance product was introduced to support household-level structures. User feedback indicated these structures provide water security and time savings. Mainstreaming support through government schemes and financial institutions was recommended.
Rainwater Harvesting: Frequently Asked Questions - Los Angeles CAK9T
The document is a frequently asked questions page from the City of Los Angeles about its Rainwater Harvesting Program. [1] The program offers free installations of rain barrels, downspout disconnections, or planter boxes to qualifying properties in the Ballona Creek Watershed to capture rainwater and reduce outdoor water usage and stormwater runoff. [2] Eligible properties must be located in priority neighborhoods of Jefferson, Sawtelle, or Mar Vista, or elsewhere in the watershed on a first come, first served basis. [3] The captured rainwater will be used for on-site irrigation or routed to pervious surfaces.
The WHCRWA is planning for its 2020 conversion milestone which will require bringing surface water from Houston's northeast water purification plant near Lake Houston, a more difficult route than for the 2010 conversion. Engineers are surveying and acquiring easements for a 9-mile water line from the plant and a 30-mile line crossing Harris County. The 2020 conversion will also require 75 miles of distribution lines and expansion of the northeast plant. While construction is years in the future, planning work is underway to meet the 2020 deadline of 70% surface water usage.
The document discusses gender issues related to water resource management in urban and peri-urban areas of Chennai, India. Unplanned urbanization has negatively impacted groundwater resources and water bodies, exacerbating water scarcity especially for women. Women face greater challenges in accessing water for domestic use as water tables decline. Loss of water bodies impacts livelihoods, affecting women more as they are less able to migrate for work. The research found that women disproportionately suffer the impacts of water pollution and flooding. Strict enforcement of water laws and increased access to water and sanitation facilities are recommended to address these issues, with women playing a key role in achieving related goals.
This document summarizes discussions from a national conference on women-led water management in rural India. [1] Key frameworks and strategies were discussed to promote women's participation in water sustainability efforts, including policy changes, capacity building, institutional support, and ensuring economic independence. [2] Groups also discussed the roles of government institutions, civil society, and enabling an environment for women in decision-making around water management and sanitation. [3] Research needs identified included better understanding women's water roles at the community level, the link between water security and development, and developing gender-friendly sanitation technologies.
Waterfall, patricia h. (universidad de arizona) harvesting rainwaterPlan Huerta
This document provides guidance on harvesting rainwater for landscape use. It discusses the components of a rainwater harvesting system, including the water supply (rainfall), plant water demands, and the system to move water. Simple systems can direct roof runoff to landscaped areas using gutters, downspouts and berms. Proper plant selection and constructing basins and swales can maximize water storage and direct runoff. Regular maintenance is needed to keep the system functioning well.
Domestic water demand refers to the total quantity of water required for various purposes by a city. There are various types of water demand of a city including domestic water demand, which is the water required for household purposes like drinking, washing, bathing, flushing, and other sanitary uses.
Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Slide deals with Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes in Details Manner . All the Aspects Related to Source of Wate, Water Demand Calculations, Design Period Considerations has along with the population forecasting methods has been explained
The document discusses a water design plan for Dwarka, Delhi that analyzes current water issues and proposes strategies to improve surface water management through creating retention ponds and wetlands, harvesting rainwater, recharging groundwater, and implementing systems to treat and reuse greywater and blackwater to reduce potable water usage and reliance on external water sources. Diagrams show proposed systems for collection, treatment and reuse of different water streams to achieve a sustainable water balance and management approach for the area.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (Fourth Revision). Some key points from the 3-sentence summary:
The standard provides requirements for water supply, drainage, and sanitation for various types of buildings in urban areas. It specifies minimum water supply requirements per person for different types of communities and buildings. The standard also gives drainage and sanitation fixture requirements for different types of buildings including residences, offices, factories, and transportation terminals.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
Innovative participatory community managed drinking water delivery approach i...India Water Portal
The document provides an overview of WASMO's innovative community-managed drinking water delivery approach in rural Gujarat. It discusses the drinking water challenges in Gujarat including uneven availability, quality issues, and seasonal scarcity. It then summarizes WASMO's efforts to empower communities and ensure sustainable water sources through capacity building, various technological solutions, partnerships with NGOs, and a focus on water quality surveillance.
The document discusses issues faced by rural villages in India. It notes that villages are not well-maintained and villagers are often unaware of events outside their local area. Education facilities are limited. While agriculture provides income, the money earned may not be enough to support families. However, the document also argues that rural areas are the backbone of India and contribute greatly to the nation through agriculture, economy and culture. It concludes that despite challenges, villages remain India's greatest strength.
Three key points:
1) Water supply schemes must be designed to meet current and future population needs over at least 3 decades. They should account for domestic, industrial, public, and other water demands as well as losses.
2) Water demands vary based on factors like population, climate, industries, cost of water, and more. Methods are used to estimate typical per capita demands and total demands.
3) Water demands fluctuate daily, seasonally, and hourly. Peak and maximum daily demands are higher than average daily demands to ensure adequate supply during high usage periods. Water supply schemes must be designed to meet fluctuating demands.
S5c2 chapter 2-facts and figures related to irrigation.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to rain fall, scarcity of drinking water and water for irrigation (drought), poor chemical quality of the bore well water and poor microbiological quality of the surface water due to water pollution, scarcity of electricity and the solutions for the same are mentioned.
Monitoring rural and small towns water supply in Thailand: A focus on water q...IRC
The document summarizes Thailand's efforts over the past 100+ years to expand access to safe drinking water for both urban and rural populations. It discusses the various government agencies and programs involved, current drinking water sources, and initiatives to monitor and improve drinking water quality across the country through community networks, training, and public information campaigns. The ultimate goals are for all Thais to have access to safe and adequate drinking water, basic hygiene, and sanitation.
Water supply and treatment Engineering notes 18 cv46RamyaNarasimhan5
This document discusses water supply and treatment engineering. It outlines various types of water demands including domestic, industrial, firefighting, and public purposes. Domestic demand includes drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, household sanitation, private gardening/irrigation, and domestic animals. Industrial demand depends on the factory processes and presence/absence of industries affects city water demand. Fire demand is calculated based on number of streams, discharge rate, duration of fire, and simultaneous fires. Public purposes include road washing, sanitation, and ornamental uses. Factors like climate, cost, distribution pressure, population habits, industries, and metering policy affect per capita water demand.
Sprayed Away: Seven Ways to Reduce Texas’ Outdoor Water UseDanousis85z
Texas is the fastest growing state and faces increasing pressure on its limited water supplies. Outdoor water use, primarily for landscape irrigation, increases dramatically in the summer and accounts for about half of total municipal water usage. Implementing various conservation strategies like improving irrigation systems, incentivizing water-efficient landscaping, enacting watering ordinances, and expanding education programs could reduce outdoor water usage by 25% on average across 18 major Texas cities, saving over 147 million gallons per day. Doing so would benefit both utilities and customers by decreasing costs and better preserving water resources for the future.
An approach to safe drinking water 'RWH'_Subhash (water.org)_2013India Water Portal
This document discusses an approach to rainwater harvesting for water security in scarcity regions. It summarizes that women walk miles for hours to access water in these areas. Key challenges include water quality issues like fluoride in groundwater and bacteria in surface water. Traditional structures like tankas and bawaris (ponds) have been used to harvest rainwater. Over 970 household and 40 community rainwater harvesting structures have been installed serving over 16,000 people. A microfinance product was introduced to support household-level structures. User feedback indicated these structures provide water security and time savings. Mainstreaming support through government schemes and financial institutions was recommended.
Rainwater Harvesting: Frequently Asked Questions - Los Angeles CAK9T
The document is a frequently asked questions page from the City of Los Angeles about its Rainwater Harvesting Program. [1] The program offers free installations of rain barrels, downspout disconnections, or planter boxes to qualifying properties in the Ballona Creek Watershed to capture rainwater and reduce outdoor water usage and stormwater runoff. [2] Eligible properties must be located in priority neighborhoods of Jefferson, Sawtelle, or Mar Vista, or elsewhere in the watershed on a first come, first served basis. [3] The captured rainwater will be used for on-site irrigation or routed to pervious surfaces.
The WHCRWA is planning for its 2020 conversion milestone which will require bringing surface water from Houston's northeast water purification plant near Lake Houston, a more difficult route than for the 2010 conversion. Engineers are surveying and acquiring easements for a 9-mile water line from the plant and a 30-mile line crossing Harris County. The 2020 conversion will also require 75 miles of distribution lines and expansion of the northeast plant. While construction is years in the future, planning work is underway to meet the 2020 deadline of 70% surface water usage.
The document discusses gender issues related to water resource management in urban and peri-urban areas of Chennai, India. Unplanned urbanization has negatively impacted groundwater resources and water bodies, exacerbating water scarcity especially for women. Women face greater challenges in accessing water for domestic use as water tables decline. Loss of water bodies impacts livelihoods, affecting women more as they are less able to migrate for work. The research found that women disproportionately suffer the impacts of water pollution and flooding. Strict enforcement of water laws and increased access to water and sanitation facilities are recommended to address these issues, with women playing a key role in achieving related goals.
This document summarizes discussions from a national conference on women-led water management in rural India. [1] Key frameworks and strategies were discussed to promote women's participation in water sustainability efforts, including policy changes, capacity building, institutional support, and ensuring economic independence. [2] Groups also discussed the roles of government institutions, civil society, and enabling an environment for women in decision-making around water management and sanitation. [3] Research needs identified included better understanding women's water roles at the community level, the link between water security and development, and developing gender-friendly sanitation technologies.
This document summarizes women-led initiatives around rainwater harvesting in both urban and rural contexts in Bangalore, India. In an urban gated community called Ferns Paradise, women established 30 recharge wells, regulate water supply, and promote rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the community. In rural schools, women initiatives included storing rainwater for cooking and cleaning, maintaining RWH systems, and educating children about health and hygiene. What brought these women together to lead was their responsibility for water management, concern for children's health, belief in sustainability, and ability to find long-term solutions working with stakeholders.
1) A women-centric arsenic mitigation strategy in West Bengal's Murshidabad district proved more successful than traditional men-centric approaches.
2) Where water management was led by men, systems fell into disrepair after 6 months, but a women-led system in a neighboring district has been running continuously.
3) Benefits of the women-led system include continuous access to arsenic-safe water, health benefits, women's empowerment, fund generation for maintenance through water tariffs, and development of social infrastructure - leading to overall rural development.
The document discusses the critical role of women in water collection and management in their households and communities. It notes that women spend countless hours trekking to collect water, foregoing education, and shoulder enormous responsibility in meeting their family's water needs. However, the document highlights that women have little participation or leadership in managing water resources and decision making at the community level, where their views are often excluded, muted, or they are restricted and perceived as followers rather than leaders. It concludes that involving women is crucial for effective water management and ensuring access to water for future generations.
S5 3 urvashi prasad women and sani ppt final with photoSehgal Foundation
The document discusses the Women Led Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) led by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in India. [1] It notes that poor sanitation impacts women's health, education, safety, dignity, and privacy the most. [2] The initiative aims to create open defecation free villages through a saturation approach ensuring all households and public places have toilets. [3] It focuses on demand generation, gender perspectives, and involving women as change agents to promote sanitation and hygiene.
SEWA's water campaign aims to (1) give poor women access to reliable clean water and (2) build their capacity to own and manage local water supplies. The campaign organizes grassroots women and has established water committees in over 1,500 villages. Activities include developing new water sources, reviving old sources, upgrading infrastructure, and training women leaders. As a result, women's time and health have improved as they face less hardship obtaining water. SEWA also works to sustain these impacts through continued education, advocacy, and establishing a revolving loan fund managed by village committees.
The document discusses a lack of access to safe water, hygiene, and sanitation in India which leads to diseases and economic losses. It notes that conventional approaches to improving WASH have been ineffective and do not address women's needs. The "Pan in the Van" approach is proposed as a women-centric, mobile solution using a van equipped with audiovisual tools, demonstrations, and a resource team. The approach involves a 3-day camp providing planning, capacity building, and follow up to help communities achieve and maintain total sanitation in a cost-effective manner. Evaluation of initial camps showed improved women's participation, demand generation, and addressing supply chain issues.
India is facing a severe water crisis as over 1.1 billion people lack sufficient access to water. The crisis is caused by increasing demand from domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, limited water supply from groundwater and rivers, as well as pollution and climate change effects on water resources. The water crisis leads to numerous health issues as 80% of illnesses are caused by unsafe water, and has resulted in many deaths, especially among young children.
Environment and Health Status in Urban and Rural IndiaGAURAV. H .TANDON
Rural and urban areas in India face significant issues with water access and sanitation. In rural areas, most people lack piped water access and must collect water from sources like open wells or hand pumps, often spending significant time fetching water. Water quality is also an issue, with problems like arsenic contamination affecting millions of people. Sanitation infrastructure is similarly lacking, with most rural Indians practicing open defecation. In urban areas, piped supplies are unreliable and many cities face severe water shortages. Water theft and leakage exacerbate the problems in urban water systems. Overall, access to clean drinking water and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban India.
This document provides an introduction to water supply engineering. It discusses key topics like water demand calculation, sources of water, distribution systems, and treatment. Specifically, it outlines the following:
- Water demand is calculated based on population, per capita usage, and other factors like public/commercial/industrial needs. Formulas are used to estimate demands.
- Domestic water usage depends on lifestyle factors and climate, while institutions/commerce have their own demand calculations. Industries vary significantly based on type of production.
- Ensuring adequate water supply involves considering population growth projections, water sources, treatment requirements, and distribution networks.
- The goals of water supply engineering are planning and designing systems that provide sufficient,
Water Crisis & Solutions - RACE presentationraceforgreen
This document discusses India's water crisis and potential solutions. It outlines that water scarcity and pollution problems are exacerbated by increased population, consumption, mismanagement, and climate change impacts. Traditional water management practices like rainwater harvesting that were used in ancient civilizations are proposed as sustainable solutions along with assigning economic value to water, community-scale storage projects, reducing pollution, and public participation in management. The document advocates raising awareness and utilizing principles like the "right to water" to address India's growing water challenges.
The document discusses factors that determine the quantity of water required for a city's water supply system. It states that the total water quantity depends on the projected population and per capita water consumption rate. It then describes various types of water demands like domestic, commercial, industrial, firefighting, and public use. The document also discusses factors that affect per capita water consumption such as climate, consumer type, water quality, supply system, sewage facilities, charging policies, and industrial/commercial presence. It outlines methods to forecast future population growth including arithmetical, geometrical, and incremental increase approaches.
This document summarizes the efforts of Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District to improve watershed collaboration through green infrastructure programs. Key points:
- Traditional "gray infrastructure" approaches to stormwater management led to public mistrust and lawsuits in the early 2000s. A new approach focused on green infrastructure, stakeholder outreach, and partnerships.
- MMSD initiated programs for green roofs, rain barrels, bioretention gardens, and partnered with over 20 organizations on conservation, education, and water quality projects.
- This collaborative, green infrastructure focused approach led to an estimated 50% reduction in pollutant runoff over 25 years, improved science, and formed lasting partnerships and friendships across the
S5 4 dr neelima alam - water and women presentationSehgal Foundation
The document summarizes a conference presentation on empowering women through affordable water technologies in India. It discusses how women currently shoulder the burden of collecting water, which takes time away from other activities. Various water treatment technologies being implemented through DST initiatives are empowering women by making water more accessible. These include RO plants, arsenic removal, rainwater harvesting, and river bank filtration. The projects have improved health outcomes and saved time by bringing water sources closer to communities.
Poverty pocket situational analysis of gwaliorNabil Garry
This document analyzes poverty pockets in Gwalior, India. It finds that 17% of households in poverty pockets are below the poverty line. Access to water, sanitation, and waste management are major issues, with 32% practicing open defecation, 38% dumping waste openly, and 82% lacking piped water. Community toilets are in poor condition, with only 10% connected to a reliable water source. Drinking water sources are limited, with over 80% of areas receiving water for 2 hours or less each day. Improved access to basic services like water, sanitation, and waste management are needed in Gwalior's poverty pockets.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN REPORT UET LAHORE by envianMuhammad Usman
The report summarizes the design of a water distribution system for a housing society located near Upper Chanab Canal. It describes the study area, land use analysis, basics of water distribution systems, methodology using Hardy Cross and loop software, and design of the water distribution network for the housing society. The design considers grid iron layout, pumping with storage, and continuous water supply. Pipes of 225mm, 100mm and 75mm are proposed for the primary, secondary and tertiary networks respectively. The minimum residual head is set at 14m based on local criteria.
This document outlines the key topics covered in a course on Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control. The course covers water supply systems, sanitation engineering, pollution control, and their related topics. The course outcomes include illustrating water quantity and quality, water treatment and distribution systems, sewage collection and treatment, and identifying various types of pollution. The document provides details on several sub-topics within the water supply engineering unit, including water demand calculation factors, population prediction methods, and an introduction to water quantity and the need for protected water supplies.
Groundwater Quality And Human Health: Sunderrajan Krishnan, CAREWATERIndia Water Portal
Groundwater quality has a significant impact on human health in India. Several contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates are causing widespread health problems. While technologies exist to remove many contaminants, challenges remain in implementing solutions at scale and addressing the root causes of contamination. A holistic approach is needed that considers the roles of various stakeholders like health agencies and emphasizes generating awareness about the links between water quality and community well-being.
The document profiles a community in Brgy. Bonifacio Arevalo that has problems with water supply, waste disposal, food supply, and health conditions due to its location, and limited sources of income for residents. The environment is not suitable for healthy living as children suffer poor health. The government needs to give attention to relocating families to a more suitable place and developing the community with proper infrastructure and services.
This document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and sanitation in India. It proposes using silver nanoparticle water purification plants that can produce affordable drinking water. It also recommends establishing eco-sanitation toilets that reuse waste and produce fertilizer. Challenges include ensuring equal access for all villages and populations during implementation across India. Pipelines and passes may help address challenges until the systems are fully established.
This document discusses factors that influence domestic and urban water requirements. It divides water needs into 5 categories: domestic, civic/public, industrial, business, and loss/waste. For domestic use, it estimates consumption of 135 liters per capita daily for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, sanitation, animals, and gardening. Civic use includes 5 liters daily for road washing, 2-3 liters for sanitation, and 1 liter for fire demands. Industrial and business water needs vary greatly depending on the type and size of facilities. Loss and waste are estimated at 30-40% of total consumption. Climate, cost, infrastructure, habits, and presence of industries all impact total water demand.
This document discusses PRADAN's work implementing water supply projects in villages for agricultural irrigation and more recently for household use as well. It provides background on PRADAN's piped water supply projects since 2001 with support from the Japanese Embassy and other funders. The new model expands water access to homes for domestic uses like washing, bathing and sanitation in addition to agriculture. This reduces women's drudgery by bringing water closer to homes. The document also discusses considerations for focusing on quality of life beyond just income generation through the projects. It outlines concerns that need attention such as awareness raising, training, implementation methods, and ensuring long-term sustainability through community management and local funding support.
This document provides information about water sources and water demand. It discusses various sources of water including surface water sources like ponds, lakes, streams and rivers. It also discusses groundwater sources like wells, springs, and infiltration galleries. Population growth is increasing water demand which already exceeds supply in many areas. Water demand includes domestic, industrial, public, firefighting and other uses. The document discusses factors affecting demand and methods for estimating future population and related water needs.
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Similar to S5 1 niranjan women and water in vulnerable rural households-revised (20)
Empowering Rural Communities
May 3, 2016
Suri Sehgal
Development must be community-led
Strengthen community-led development to achieve positive, social and economic change across rural India.
Empowerment
Envision each person across rural India empowered to lead a more secure, prosperous, and dignified life.
The document summarizes a presentation given by Amitava Banerjee, Executive Director of Bhoruka Charitable Trust (BCT), at the 10th IDCA International Conference in Gurgaon on January 10-11, 2014. It provides information about BCT's founder and mission, geographical outreach across multiple states in India, key program areas of health, education, livelihoods, and more. Specific health projects described include initiatives focused on urban slum dwellers, maternal and child health, eye care services including cataract surgeries, mobile medical services, and wheat flour fortification. Ongoing projects in South India concentrate on HIV/AIDS awareness and treatment programs targeting high-risk groups.
The document summarizes three program domains of the LetzDream Foundation (LDF): 1) The Youth Livelihood Development Program (YLDP) which empowers youth with skills to ensure sustained income for disadvantaged households; 2) The Integrated Development Program in Alwar (IDP) which comprehensively addresses social and economic challenges of a developing society; and 3) Boutique Programs which support past partner organizations and new interesting projects in various areas. It then provides details on the YLDP and IDP programs, including their objectives, implementation approach, partnerships, results and scale. It concludes with an overview of the Boutique Programs and LDF's role in co-investing, fundraising support,
This document summarizes agricultural issues and projects in rural India. It discusses key issues like land degradation affecting 50% of land, widespread water shortage, and need to ensure stable productivity of key crops like wheat and rice. It also notes the widening gap between food production and population growth. The Krishi Jyoti project aims to address these challenges by improving practices in 30 villages through soil testing, balanced fertilizers, and advice. It achieved increases in wheat, mustard, and millet productivity and household incomes. The NABARD-supported project expanded these efforts through additional demonstrations, trainings, and technologies.
This document summarizes the Himayat scheme in Jammu and Kashmir, which provides vocational training and job placement assistance to unemployed youth. The objectives are to equip youth with marketable skills and help them secure employment. It discusses the multi-stage process involving pre-training, training, pre-placement counseling, placement, and post-placement support. Various fields of employment like hospitality, IT, and automotive are covered. Current achievements include training over 10,000 youth out of a target of 55,890, with a 63.3% placement rate. The program has had positive impacts such as financial benefits, social gains, and personal growth for participants.
eCompliance is an electronic treatment monitoring system that uses biometric fingerprint scanning to ensure accuracy and adherence in tuberculosis (TB) treatment. It aims to curb the growth of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) by preventing missed and unsupervised doses. Field tests in India and Uganda found death and default rates reduced to zero compared to over 16% previously. eCompliance creates an indisputable record of each patient visit and drug dose taken by requiring fingerprint scans. This eliminates human errors in record keeping and gaps in treatment supervision that can lead to drug resistance. Initial results found it improved treatment motivation and outcomes while increasing health worker productivity by 30%.
Community radio can play an important role in education in rural India. Alfaz-e-Mewat 107.8 MHz was set up in Mewat, Haryana to serve over 180 villages with limited access to mainstream media and challenges like low literacy. The radio station aims to connect, educate and entertain the community through various educational programs. These include radio school for out-of-school children, programs in local dialects to promote primary education, and discussions on important issues. The community radio has increased awareness, supported effective local institutions, and allowed cross-sharing of educational ideas and content between schools.
This document summarizes the work of EKAL, an organization working to bridge social disparities through inclusive education. It provides education to children in rural villages, with over 51,717 schools as of 2013 benefiting over 26 lakh children. The schools are run by local female teachers with matric-level education. EKAL also provides health care education and promotes self-reliance through programs on health, hygiene, and organic farming. An independent study found EKAL has positively impacted villages through reduced liquor consumption, increased social harmony, education awareness, and empowerment. EKAL's goal is to reach 100,000 villages and further promote self-governance as envisioned by Mahatma Gandhi
1) The document discusses water scarcity issues in Mewat region of India such as depleting groundwater, encroachment of saline water, and lack of access to safe drinking water.
2) The Institute of Rural Research and Development has implemented various "ridge to valley" water management interventions like check dams, recharge wells, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater recycling to recharge groundwater levels and improve access to water.
3) As a result, over 1.3 million kiloliters of water is being harvested annually, benefiting over 141 villages. Groundwater levels and quality have improved significantly, reducing women's drudgery and improving health.
Bhoruka Charitable Trust (BCT) was founded in 1962 by Late Shri. Prabhu Dayal Agarwal to support socio-economic development in rural India, especially weaker groups. BCT operates in several states, focusing on health, education, water and sanitation, livelihoods, and art promotion. Key projects include constructing over 45,000 low-cost toilets in Rajasthan, building water supply infrastructure helping over 300 villages, and supporting government efforts to make Churu district open defecation free. BCT also implements programs on integrated water resource management, rainwater harvesting, and supporting village committees to maintain water supply operations.
The document summarizes the activities of the International Development and Cooperation Association (IDCA) in promoting poverty eradication efforts in India. It discusses IDCA's vision of developing India free of poverty and disparities. It outlines how IDCA raises funds and supports projects in areas like water, sanitation, education, healthcare, agriculture and livelihoods. It also provides summaries of conferences, seminars and visits to partner organizations held from 2003-2013 to facilitate networking, collaboration and learning between organizations. It highlights upcoming activities in 2014 and encourages participation in IDCA's efforts.
IRRAD is an institute that works to empower rural communities in India through community participation and sustainable development programs. It focuses on improving agriculture, water access, rural governance, sanitation and health. IRRAD's initial work is located in Mewat District, Haryana, where it aims to build capacity of local institutions, raise awareness of citizens' rights, increase access to water, and promote modern farming practices. It measures its impact through community engagement, leader training, infrastructure development and use of its community radio station.
IRRAD's partnerships showcase, Guidestar NGO exhibition, Mumbai, 2013Sehgal Foundation
The presentation highlights the key aspects for partnerships and learnings to turn challenges into opportunities by working together to empower rural India.
1) The document discusses women-led water governance and irrigation management in West Bengal, India.
2) It outlines various traditional human-powered irrigation techniques commonly used by women farmers in the region, such as swinging baskets and treadle pumps.
3) However, women's participation in irrigation governance is still limited, and the document recommends establishing quotas for women in water user groups to promote greater involvement in decision making.
This document reviews gender and capacity building initiatives in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programs in India. It finds that [1] training programs do not adequately cover gender and equity issues and there is a gap between policies and practices. It also finds that [2] training participants and trainers are mostly men, with limited female participation. Finally, it finds that [3] training content is gender blind and does not include dedicated content on gender sensitization or issues like menstrual hygiene. It recommends a thorough review of training curricula from a gender and equity perspective to make capacity building more inclusive.
S5 3 urvashi prasad women and sani ppt final with photoSehgal Foundation
The document discusses the Women Led Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) led by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in India. [1] It notes that poor sanitation impacts women's health, education, safety, dignity, and privacy the most. [2] The initiative aims to create open defecation free villages through a saturation approach ensuring all households and public places have toilets. [3] It focuses on demand generation, gender perspectives, and involving women as change agents to promote sanitation and hygiene.
This document analyzes women's participation in the Jalswarajya water project in Maharashtra, India. It finds that while the project mandated 50% women's participation, their involvement was often superficial and did not meaningfully empower women or address gender inequalities. Rural elites still controlled project information and resources. Women's roles were often proxies for their caste groups rather than representatives advocating for women. The project failed to sustain women's empowerment activities after implementation or address underlying power imbalances around caste and class. It concludes that true gender equality in water governance requires more than quotas and must directly confront social norms that exclude women.
This document discusses the experiences of the Andhra Pradesh Farmers Managed Groundwater System (APFAMGS) Project in fostering women's participation in water resource management. Key points:
1) The project worked to make women equal partners in local water institutions, giving them 50% membership and requiring 50% female attendance for decisions.
2) Over 4,000 women and men were trained to collect technical water data that was then used to forecast risks and plan water usage.
3) At annual workshops, women analyzed data and prioritized more sustainable solutions over commercial or political interests, bringing a new perspective to water governance.
4) Involving women in decision-making and technical roles
The document discusses women facing issues related to water management in rural areas. They spend many hours collecting water from distant sources, resulting in lost productive time and negative health impacts. If women, as the primary water users, are not involved in water management, its sustainability cannot be ensured. The Institute of Rural Research and Development (IRRAD) implements various interventions to address women's drudgery related to water, such as water reservoirs, rainwater harvesting, wells, and awareness programs. These interventions have led to improved water access and availability, saving of productive hours, increased school attendance, and reduced health risks for women.
This document discusses women-led total sanitation efforts in Madhya Pradesh, India that have saved lives and improved dignity. It provides examples from two blocks where women-centered community-led total sanitation (CLTS) was adopted. Through participatory planning and empowering women to take a lead role, 20 villages achieved open defecation free status without subsidies. Women emerged as natural leaders and voiced the importance of self-respect. Their efforts have been scaled up through the state's MARYADA policy, which emphasizes a women-centered sanitation movement based on CLTS.
S5 1 niranjan women and water in vulnerable rural households-revised
1. Women and Water in Vulnerable
Rural Households:
Assessing the Vulnerability of Rural Households to Problems
of Lac k of Water for Domestic and Productive Needs
Yusuf Kabir, Niranjan Vedantam and M. Dinesh Kumar
Email: niranjan@irapindia.org
2. Background
Traditionally water supply surveillance generates data on safety
and adequacy of drinking water supply for protection of the
human health
Most current models of water supply surveillance come from
developed countries and have significant shortcoming if directly
applied in a developing country context
Natural, physical, social, human, economic, financial,
institutional factors are influencing the vulnerability of the rural
population to problems associated with inadequate supply of
water for domestic and productive needs
A Well designed and implemented water supply surveillance in
relation to domestic and productive needs is required
3. Rationale
An assessment of water supply at the household level, based on the
old norms worked out on the notion of water supplies that serve
human health and hygiene needs would be grossly in appropriate
The monitoring of rural water supply is based on simplistic
considerations, involving data on No. of HHs covered by different
types of water supply systems
The data gathered through such surveys are silent on the amount of
water actually consumed by the population
4. Rationale (Contd..)
Extensive review of international literature shows the following could be
the factors that influence the vulnerability of household to problems
associated with lack of water for domestic and productive needs
1. Degree of access to water supplies for human consumption, personal
hygiene and productive uses
2. Social Profile and family Occupation
3. Social Institutions and Ingenuity
4. Condition of Water Resources
5. Climate Factors
6. Financial condition
(based on Lloyd and Bartram, 1991; Cairncross and Kinnear, 1992; Hunter, 2003; Nicole,
2000; DFID, 2001; Sullivan, 2002; WHO, 2002).
There is a need to develop a composite index which takes into account
the above complex factors in assessing the vulnerability of rural
households and make the surveillance more targeted
5. Methods
All these parameters are factored in six broad sub-indices
1. Water supply and use
2. Family occupation and social profile
3. Presence of social institutions and ingenuity
4. Climate and drought-proneness
5. Water resources endowment
6. Financial stability
The composite index of “MUWS vulnerability” will have a maximum
value of 10.0, meaning zero vulnerability; lower values of the index
meaning higher vulnerability.
6. Selected field locations
Village Varoshi, • Located at foothill of Western Ghats
District Satara • Characterized by high rainfall
• Plenty of local streams flowing down from
high altitudes fed by base flows from hilly
aquifers
Village Kerkatta, • Located in hard rock plateau areas
District Latur • Low to medium rainfall
• Rural water supplies heavily dependent on
the limited groundwater resources in the
Deccan trap formations
Village Chikhali, • Located in plains
District Chandrapur • Moderate to high rainfall
• Endowed with tanks/ponds, but replenished
by canal water releases
7. Water sources for multiple needs
Number of Families (only majority) Depending on Various Sources
Varoshi Kerkatta Chikhali
Various
Water Needs Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer
Drinking & 64-Public 63- 85-Farm 58- 58- 55-Farm 63- 63- 63-
Cooking Bore-well Public well Individual Individu well Individual Individu Individual
Bore- tap al tap tap al tap tap
well connection connection connection
Other 65-Public 30- 85-Farm 60- 59- 51-Farm 68- 68- 68-
Domestic Bore well Common well Individual Individu well Individual Individu Individual
Uses Stand- tap al tap tap al tap tap
including post connection connection connection
Washing,
Bathing &
Sanitation
Homestead 10-Other 10-Other 10-Other 11- 12- 9-Farm well 7-Other 12-Other 11-Other
Gardens sources sources sources Individual Individu sources sources sources
tap al tap
Livestock 27-Public 28- 39-Farm 20- 21- 23-Farm 34-Other 33-Other 44-
Bore-well Public well Individual Individu well sources sources Individual
Bore- tap al tap tap
well connection
Small Scale 1- Common 1- 1- 1-Individual 1- 1-Open Well - - -
Enterprise Stand- post Common Common tap Individu
Stand- Stand- al tap
post post
8. Findings
In case of Varoshi , the value of the Index was
found to be varying from 3.31 – 6.58.
The computed values of multiple use vulnerability
index for the sample households in Kerkatta
village of Latur varies from 2.21 to 6.32.
The computed values of multiple use vulnerability
index for the sample households in Chikhali village
of Chandrapur district 3.15 to 6.37.
9. Findings (Contd..)
In all the villages, water use for domestic and productive
needs was found to be influenced by the overall economy
of the households.
From water scarcity point of view, Kerkatta had the
maximum percentage of household vulnerable to
problems associated with inadequate water supply for
multiple uses.
10. Conclusions
A demand responsive approach to water supply requires
that the livelihood needs of the communities are taken
care of. rather than mere human consumption and
sanitation requirements.
This also means that the considerations for assessing the
vulnerability of rural communities to problems associated
with lack of adequate water supplies (in terms of quality,
quantity and reliability) at the household level would
change significantly from those used in the past.
11. Conclusions (Contd..)
The development of an index that helps assess vulnerable
rural population and pockets within is useful to target data
collection in water supply surveillance.
Computing the household level vulnerability index can
assist a utility in targeting MUWS interventions into
communities and strategies where public health gains are
likely to be greatest.
13. Sr. No Parameters Quantitative criterion for measurement Method of data
collection
A Water Supply and Use
1 Access to water supply source Vulnerability decreases with improved access. Access is Interviews of
(primary) an inverse function of the distance. The index is a sample
function of the distance to the source from ‘0” within households
the dwelling to a maximum of 1km and above in
gradations of 0.20
2 Frequency of water supplies Vulnerability increases with decrease in frequency of Do
water delivery.
3 Ownership of alternative water Ownership of an alternative water source would Do
sources increase the overall access and reduce the vulnerability.
4 Distance to the alternative source Distance to the alternative source, would increase the Do
“owned” vulnerability. Often, the alternative sources are farm
wells, which are located outside the village.
5 Access to other alternative sources Vulnerability decreases with no. of alternative sources. Do
6 Capacity of domestic storage Vulnerability to lack of regular water supplies decreases Do
systems with increase in volume of storage systems in place
7 Quantity of water used The vulnerability increases with decrease in quantum of Do
water used against the requirement. The vulnerability
can be treated as zero when all the requirements in the
household are fully met
8 Quality (chemical, physical and Poor quality of drinking water increases vulnerability; Lab test results/
bacteriological) of domestic water Bacteriologically, physically & chemically pure is the perceptions
supplies best water
9 Total monthly water bill as a Vulnerability increases with increasing % of total family Interviews of
percentage of monthly income income spent on water. An expenditure level of 10% of sample
monthly income is treated as highest and most households
vulnerable9
14. Sr. No Parameters Quantitative criterion for measurement Method of data
collection
B Family Occupation and Social Profile
1 Family Occupation Vulnerability will be low for families having regular source of Interviews of sample
livelihood that are not dependent on water. Those who are dependent households
on irrigated crop production are considered to be not vulnerable. But,
those who are dependent on dairying will be vulnerable. The
vulnerability will reduce if they depend on wage labour and other
sources of livelihood that do not require water.
2 Social Profile Vulnerability is also a function of the social profile. The families Interviews of sample
having school going children are more vulnerable to inadequate households
quantity, quality and reliability of water supplies. So, is the case with
families having office-going adult. But, The vulnerability would reduce
with the presence of surplus labour availability.
C Social Institutions and Ingenuity Community’s vulnerability to the problems associated with lack of Primary survey (but
water increases in the absence of social/community institutions; qualitative to be
social ingenuity. The value can range from “0” for the absence of obtained from
social institutions or ingenuity to 0.50 for presence of either of these discussions)
to 1.0 for the presence of both. Social institutions would include:
WATSAN committees (Y=0.50; No=0).
Social ingenuity would include: existence of water sharing traditions
between households during crisis (Y=0.25; No =0.0) and practice of re-
using water in households--using bathing/washing water for toilet
flushing, use of sand & ash for cleaning utensils etc. (Y=0.25; No-0.0).
D Climate and Drought Proneness
1 Climate (whether semi arid/arid/hyper-arid The vulnerability to lack of water for environmental sanitation is a Secondary data on
or sub-humid/humid function of climate. It increases from hot & arid to hot & semi-arid to climate
hot & sub-humid to hot & humid to cold & humid. The value ranges
from “0.0” for cold & humid to “1.0” for hot & arid with increments
of “0.20”.
2 Aridity and drought proneness The vulnerability due to lack of water for domestic uses, livestock Secondary data on
increases with increase in aridity as it would increase the demand for climate
water for washing, bathing, livestock drinking and irrigation of
vegetables and fruit trees. Aridity areas are also drought prone.
The value ranges from “1.0” for cold & humid to “0.0” for hot & arid
with reduction of “0.20”
15. Sr. No Parameters Quantitative criterion for measurement Method of data
collection
E Condition of Water Resources
1 Surface and groundwater availability in the A renewable water availability of 1700 m3 per capita per annum is Secondary Data
area considered adequate for a region or town, estimated at the level of
river basin in which it is falling.
The value of the index is computed by taking the amount of
renewable water as a fraction of the desirable level of 1,700m3.
2 Variability in resource condition Higher the variability, greater will be vulnerability. Secondary Data
The index is computed an inverse function of the coefficient of
variation in the rainfall variability in that basin/sub-basin (1-x/100);
where x is the coefficient of variation in rainfall.
3 Seasonal variation Regions which experience high seasonal variation in water availability Secondary Data
are highly vulnerable. For alluvial areas, the value of this index is
considered as 1. For hard rocks, the value is considered as 0.3. For
sedimentary and alluvial deposits, the value is considered as 0.65.
4 Vulnerability of the resource to pollution or Surface water is more vulnerable to pollution than groundwater. Secondary Data
contamination Shallow aquifer is more vulnerable than deep confined aquifer.
F Financial Stability Overall financial stability of the family would influence the From Primary Survey
vulnerability. This is different from the earnings from current
occupations. The savings in banks/post office; ownership of
productive land, which is not mortgaged.
The family having 1.0 ha of productive land member in a semi arid,
water-scarce region, or 0.5 ha of productive land per member in a
water-rich area are considered to be financial stable, with zero
vulnerability, and the vulnerability is assumed to increase gradually
with reducing size of land owned, with highest vulnerability for
landless.
Again, the lack of ownership of land can be compensated by income
savings, with a total saving of Rs. 20,000 equivalent to 0.5 ha in
water-rich area and 1.0 ha in a water-scarce area.
16. WSVI for Varoshi Village
Figure 1: Multiple Use Vulnerability Index for Sample
7.000
Households, Varoshi, Satara
Vulnerability index of HHs
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
WSVI Range: 3.31 – 6.58 and Highly Vulnerable HHs: 67
17. WSVI for Kerkatta Village
Figure 2: Multiple Use Vulnerability Index for Sample
7.000 Households,
6.000 Kerkatta, Latur
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
WSVI Range: 2.21 – 6.32 and Highly Vulnerable HHs: 81
18. WSVI for Chikkali Village
Figure 3: Multiple Use Vulnerability Index for Sample
Households, Chikkali, Chandrapur
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
5
9
17
21
25
49
53
77
81
85
13
29
33
37
41
45
57
61
65
69
73
89
93
97
WSVI Range3.15– 6.37 and Highly Vulnerable HHs: 30