A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wound Healing activity of Leaves & roots of Pavetta Indica Linn of by using d...BRNSS Publication Hub
Pavetta indica, which is known as kankara in Hindi, is widely distributed in the greater part of India. P. indica is a traditional medicinal plant having for various diseases. Objective: The aim of the present study to evaluate the wound healing activity on different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol) of leaves and roots of P. indica Linn. in albino rats using excision and incision wound models. Materials and Methods: The excision and incision wounds were inflicted on eight groups, each group having six albino rates and divided one group for control, six groups for test, and one group for standard treated with povidone iodine ointment. The parameter in excision observed was wound contraction and incision model was tensile strength. Result: It was noted that the effect produced by the methanolic extract of P. indica ointment showed a significant healing in both wound models. The studies indicate that the root extracts of plant have more potent healing as compared to leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results further suggest that P. indica facilitates healing by increasing the rate and extent of wound closure and increased tensile strength in wounds subject to healing.
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
Antibacterial property of Atuna racemosa Rafin. Chrysobalanaceae shell and ke...Innspub Net
This research evaluated the antibacterial potential of the aqueous, ethyl acetate, methanol, and decocted extracts of the shell and kernel of Atuna racemosa Rafin. Chrysobalanaceae (tabon-tabon). The antimicrobial screening was done against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by paper disc diffusion method. The A. racemosa shell and kernel showed resistant to intermediate antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in aqueous extracts with mean zone of inhibition of 7.7 mm and 9.8 mm, ethyl acetate extracts with 9.2 mm and 12.8 mm, methanol extracts with 9.5 mm and 13.2 mm, and decoction extracts with 7.3 mm and 11.0 mm, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts with the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli obtained minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.11375 mg/mL in shell and 2.92 mg/mL in kernel for both bacterial strains. Methanol extracts with the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus obtained minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.81375 mg/mL in shell for both test organisms, and 8.57 mg/mL for E. coli and 2.138 mg/mL for S. aureus in kernel. Overall, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. racemosa kernel showed good antibacterial potential against bacterial strains. Further investigation is needed to determine the bioactive components present in these extracts.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wound Healing activity of Leaves & roots of Pavetta Indica Linn of by using d...BRNSS Publication Hub
Pavetta indica, which is known as kankara in Hindi, is widely distributed in the greater part of India. P. indica is a traditional medicinal plant having for various diseases. Objective: The aim of the present study to evaluate the wound healing activity on different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol) of leaves and roots of P. indica Linn. in albino rats using excision and incision wound models. Materials and Methods: The excision and incision wounds were inflicted on eight groups, each group having six albino rates and divided one group for control, six groups for test, and one group for standard treated with povidone iodine ointment. The parameter in excision observed was wound contraction and incision model was tensile strength. Result: It was noted that the effect produced by the methanolic extract of P. indica ointment showed a significant healing in both wound models. The studies indicate that the root extracts of plant have more potent healing as compared to leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results further suggest that P. indica facilitates healing by increasing the rate and extent of wound closure and increased tensile strength in wounds subject to healing.
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
Antibacterial property of Atuna racemosa Rafin. Chrysobalanaceae shell and ke...Innspub Net
This research evaluated the antibacterial potential of the aqueous, ethyl acetate, methanol, and decocted extracts of the shell and kernel of Atuna racemosa Rafin. Chrysobalanaceae (tabon-tabon). The antimicrobial screening was done against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by paper disc diffusion method. The A. racemosa shell and kernel showed resistant to intermediate antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in aqueous extracts with mean zone of inhibition of 7.7 mm and 9.8 mm, ethyl acetate extracts with 9.2 mm and 12.8 mm, methanol extracts with 9.5 mm and 13.2 mm, and decoction extracts with 7.3 mm and 11.0 mm, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts with the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli obtained minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.11375 mg/mL in shell and 2.92 mg/mL in kernel for both bacterial strains. Methanol extracts with the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus obtained minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.81375 mg/mL in shell for both test organisms, and 8.57 mg/mL for E. coli and 2.138 mg/mL for S. aureus in kernel. Overall, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. racemosa kernel showed good antibacterial potential against bacterial strains. Further investigation is needed to determine the bioactive components present in these extracts.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Hydro Alcoholic Extract and Methanol Fra...paperpublications3
Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the radioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and methanol fraction (MF) of Tamarindus indica pod in mice against electron beam radiation. Animals were treated with 100 mg/Kg body weight of HAE and MF of T. indica for 15 consecutive days before exposing to 6Gy (sublethal dose) whole body EBR. The irradiation of animals resulted in an elevation in lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Irradiated group had shown micronucleus in the bone marrow cells. Treatment of mice with HAE and MF before irradiation, reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the irradiated group. Pretreated mice showed a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation followed by elevation in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. It also showed a reduction in the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells. The findings of our study indicate the protective efficacy of HAE and MF on radiation induced biochemical and chromosomal changes in mice may be due to its free radical scavenging and increased antioxidant levels. It also reveals MF, a better protective agent than that of HAE of T. indica.
13 isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from 13 ijtas 93-2018-hu...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The choice of host plant is of critical importance when working with endophytic fungi. The exploration of endophytic fungi is still an emerging field and all plants seem to harbour fungi with some bioactive content and activities. However, there are certain metabolites that are characteristic of certain biotopes. Thus, a rationale for selecting promising plant sources should be established. Of particular interest are the plants that are used as medicinal plants or plants that populate a unique environment. Artemisia is a widely used medicinal plant. In this research work, the endophytic mycota of Artemisia scoparia was studied. In order to isolate endophytic fungi, 155 plant segments from 20 samples of Artemisia scoparia were collected from its natural habitat in Dachigam National. This habitat is a unique environment and a protected area. Six different fungal isolates were obtained from root, leaf and stem plant parts. Among the identified isolates, the most abundant genera were Gliocladium solani followed by Penicillium melinii with a colonization frequency of 62 and 37.5% respectively. The objective of this study was to report new data regarding the endophytic fungi found in medicinal plant Artemisia scoparia. This systematic investigation revealed that traditional medicinal plants are a rich and reliable source of novel endophytic fungi.
Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Kashmir, Medicinal plant
antioxidant profiling of fungal endophytes isolated from a critically endang...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Micro-organisms living within a plant that causes asymptomatic infections entirely within the plant tissues are called as “endophytes.” These can be bacteria as well as fungi and can be isolated from different parts of plants. They have been observed to be saprophytic and are cultivable on agar. Medicinal plants had been used to isolate and characterize directly the bioactive metabolites. However, the discovery of fungal endophytes inside these plants with capacity to produce the same compounds shifted the focus of new drug sources from plants to fungi. This work is being conducted to test the hypothesis that endophytic fungi produce bioactive compounds which might have some pharmaceutical potential. This hypothesis is based on the rationale that endophytes are capable of protecting their host in adverse and diverse conditions by the production of many novel bioactive metabolites which can be a lead for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents against many diseases. When working with endophytic fungi, the choice of host plant is of critical importance. Endophytic fungi have been isolated from an endemic species (A. amygdalina) of genus Artemisia. Stems, leaves and roots of this plant were sampled for the investigation of endophytic fungal communities. Healthy and mature host plants were collected from different areas in Kashmir valley. Fresh plant material was used for isolation work using surface-sterilization technique. The fungi have been identified on the basis of their morphological and cultural characteristics using standard taxonomic keys and monographs. The fungi were cultured in appropriate media for the production of secondary metabolites. A total of twenty-seven (27) fungal endophytes were isolated from this medicinal plant found belonging to twenty-four (24) different species. Almost all the endophytic fungal metabolites tested possessed some degree of antioxidant activity.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Comparative study of phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant ...IJSIT Editor
India is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. India gave
‘Ayurveda’ the oldest golden book in herbal medicine system. Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of
new drugs. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease
but plants stood above all. Traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery. These traditions have relatively organized database, and
more exhaustive description of botanical material[1,2]. People of small village are directly in touch with herbs and plant
for treatment purpose, so we have to work together for better result. Although the herbal medicine doesn’t have side
effect but we should follow the strict quality control process. Globalization of herbal medicine system comes with the
better advancement of many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the
body. A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The
aims of this study were to evaluate in vitro phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and to
screen for phytochemical constituents of Blepharis genus. [Family Acanthaceae] Methonolic crude extract.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
Mangroves are unique group of vascular plants that occur in saline coastal habitats and are known to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Some mangrove plants are used for a wide range of conditions, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is one of the severe problems in healthcare systems of the world, and infectious diseases are the second most serious cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new drugs have to be found in order to combat such diseases and it is essential to find new compounds that have antimicrobial properties. Medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported worldwide. Mangroves are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks, and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity tests. G. Beulah | D. Divya"A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14540.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/14540/a-review-on-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-sesuvium-portulacastrum/g-beulah
Burnt Weed Smoke Can Enhance Plant Growth A Proper Weed ManagementYogeshIJTSRD
Weeds are serious issue around the world causing crop yield reduction in agricultural fields. However, several studies proclaim the uses of weed plant species as plant growth enhancer because of their unique phytochemical composition present in smoke when pyrolysed. This idea has been inspired by the discovery of karrikins, a class of smoke elicitors that cues the seedling germination in several plant species. The present review is mainly aimed towards the application of weed derived smoke to regulate the plant growth in positive manner. Smoke water prepared from pyrolysed weed emerged out as more powerful in promoting the plant development of agriculturally and medicinally. The smoke technology can be one of the useful management strategies in future with cost effective and environmental friendly inputs. Shaiphali Saxena "Burnt Weed Smoke Can Enhance Plant Growth: A Proper Weed Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39954.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39954/burnt-weed-smoke-can-enhance-plant-growth-a-proper-weed-management/shaiphali-saxena
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity Of Herbal Extract And Essential Oils O...
Rwarinda U Angelo2
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Vol. 4 (4) Oct-Dec 2015 www.ijpcsonline.com 433
Research Article
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Nilotica Leaf
Extract and Its Antibacterial and Anti Oxidant Activity
S. Ravikumar1
and Rwarinda U Angelo2
1
Dean Faculty of Biotechnology Engineering, Prist University,
Puducherry, Tamil Nadu 605 007, India.
2
Prist University, Thanjavur-613 403, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT
The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using leaf extracts as reducing and stabilizing agent are
reported and evaluated for antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity. The data revealed that the
rate of formation of silver nanoparticles increased significantly in solvent with increasing
temperature. The nature of AgNPs synthesized was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray
diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The silver nanoparticles were with an average size of
20–25 nm and mostly spherical. The antibacterial potential of synthesized AgNPs was compared with
that of aqueous,acetone ethanol and methanol extracts by well diffusion method. Here the
microorganisms were used une gram negative gram positive and one fungus. Thus AgNPs showed
broad spectrum antibacterial activity at lower concentration and may be a good alternative
therapeutic approach in future, and antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Nanosilver; acacia nilotica leaf extract; Antibacterial activity;antioxidant activity.
INTRODUCTION
Since the starting of medicinal activities human being want to search new drugs for the present
diseases and based on his daily food mainly composed of vegetables, reads to the discover of
different medicinal plants. According to World Health Organization (WHO), medicinal plants would be
the best source to obtain variety of drugs. About 80% of individuals from developed countries used
traditional medicines, which have compounds derived from medicinal plants. Those plants used
should be investigated to better understand their properties, safety and efficiency. (Arunkumar and
Muthuselvam, 2009)
Medicinal plants are those plants which show antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral or insecticidal
activities. From the best known and used medicine shows the high level of usage of those plants and
while traditional medicinal plants are often cheaper, locally available and easily consumable, raw or
as simple medicinal preparations. (Cowan et al, 1999).
ACACIA NILOTICA
( KARUVELAI: Tamil name and KIKAL : Hindi name).
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM Plantae
SUBKINGDOM Tracheobionta
SUPER DIVISION spermatophyta
DIVISION Magnoliophyta
CLASS magnoliopsida
SUBCLASS rosidae
ORDER Fabales
FAMILY Fabaceae
GENUS Acacia
SPECIES nilotica
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ACACIA PLANT
Acacia known commonly as acacia, thorn tree, whistling thorn, or wattle, is a genus of shrubs and
trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, described by
the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773 based on the African species Acacia nilotica. Many non-
Australian species tend to be thorny, whereas the majority of Australian acacias are not. All species
are pod-bearing, with sap and leaves often bearing large amounts of tannins and condensed
tannins that historically found use as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
The generic name derives from (akakia), the name given by early Greek botanist-physician Pedanius
Dioscorides (middle to late first century) to the medicinal tree A. nilotica in his book Materia
Medica. This name derives from the Greek word for its characteristic thorns, The species
name nilotica was given by Linnaeus from this tree's best-known range along the Nile river.
The genus Acacia previously contained roughly 1,300 species, about 960 of them native to Australia,
with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres,
including Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and the Americas. However, in 2005, the genus was divided
into five separate genera under the tribe "Acacieae". The genus Acacia (sensu stricto) was retained
for the majority of the Australian species and a few in tropical Asia, Madagascar, and Pacific Islands.
Most of the species outside Australia, and a small number of Australian species, were reclassified
into Vachellia and Senegalia. The two final genera,Acaciella and Mariosousa, each contains about a
dozen species from the Americas. (Quattrocchi and Umberto,2000).
1.6 ACACIA NILOTICA SPECIES
Acacia nilotica is a shrub or tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is widely distributed in Kenya
and is widely used for medicinal purposes in both human and veterinary medicine in resource-poor
rural and urban households. The decoction of its stem barks is used against diarrhoea and eye
problems in livestock, stomachache, malaria, coughs, primary infection of syphilis, sterility, and
pneumonia in human being. (Kokwaro, 1976)
It is a low, branched tree with a more or less spherical crown. Black bark on stem becomes ash-grey
to light brown on the branches, bearing small, short, sharply hooked spines in pairs. It has a shallow
but extensive root system radiating from the crown, allowing the plant to exploit soil moisture and
nutrients from a large volume of soil. The roots rarely penetrate more than 1 m. leaves characterized
by 2 pairs of pinnulae, each with a single pair of leaflets. Leaflets elliptic 0.6-2 cm long and 0.6-1.2 cm
wide, glabrous and highly coloured beneath.
Today, traditional medicinal practices form an integral part of complementary or alternative medicine.
Although their efficacy and mechanism of action have not been tested scientifically in most cases,
these simple medicinal preparations often mediate beneficial responses due to their chemical
constituents.
The aim of this study is to assess the phytochemicals present in Acacia nilotica and examine their anti
microbial effects.
Nowadays different new diseases are developed due to resistance of causal agents; these call
researchers to get new medicine responsible of new causal agent. One of the best ways of achieving
this is the analysis of phytochemicals and study of their effects on different microbes.
One of plants is used in this study acacia nilotica which is well known and used as medicinal plant in
different areas of the world.
MEDICINAL USES OF ACACIA NILOTICA
Siddha Medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to mankind. Contemporary Tamizh
literature holds that the system of Siddha medicine originated in Southern India, in the state of Tamil
Nadu, as part of the trio Indian medicines - ayurveda, siddha and unani. Reported to have surfaced
more than 10000 years ago, the Siddha system of medicine is considered one of the most ancient
traditional medical systems. (The Hindu, 2010).
SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in
size. While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver
oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and are being incorporated
into products that range from photovoltaics to biological and chemical sensors. Examples include
conductive inks, pastes and fillers which utilize silver nanoparticles for their high electrical
conductivity, stability, and low sintering temperatures. Additional applications include molecular
diagnostics and photonic devices, which take advantage of the novel optical properties of these
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nanomaterials. An increasingly common application is the use of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial
coatings, and many textiles, keyboards, wound dressings, and biomedical devices now contain silver
nanoparticles that continuously release a low level of silver ions to provide protection against bacteria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Fresh leaves of Acacia nilotica were collected in Tamil nadu, Tanjavur district, in garden near Sarafogi
College.
The plant materials were dried until all the water molecules evaporated and plants became well dried
for grinding. After drying, the plant materials were ground well using mechanical blender into fine
powder labeling for future use.
PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACTS
Crude plant extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method. About 20 g of powdered plant
leaves was uniformly packed into a thimble and extracted with 180 ml of different solvents separately.
Solvents used were water, methanol, ethanol and acetone. The process of extraction till the solvent in
siphon tube of an extractor became colorless. After that the extracts were taken in beakers and kept
on a hot plate and heated at 30 – 40
o
C till all the solvent got evaporated. Dried extracts were kept in a
refrigerator at 4
o
C for their future use in phytochemical analysis.
ETHANOLIC EXTRACT
It was prepared by packing 20g of powdered plant leaves into a thimble and 180 ml of ethanol was
used as extract. Liquid extract obtained was dried on petri dish.
METHANOLIC EXTRACT
It was prepared by separating funnel where 20g of plant material was used by dissolving it into 180 ml
of methanol. After two days extract was obtained and kept for future analysis.
ACETONE EXTRACT
It was prepared by using 20g of plant material which dissolved into 180ml acetone by using
separating funnel. After two days extract was obtained and kept for future analysis.
Extracts were filtered and concentrated at room temperature. After completion of solvent these
extracts are kept for future uses.
ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY
MICRO ORGANISMS
In this study both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Eschelichia coli)
bacteria were used to determine antibacterial activity of different alcoholic extracts of plant Acacia
nilotica.
INNOCULUM PREPARATION
Bacteria broth was prepared by dissolving 1.3 g of nutrient broth in 100 ml of distilled water. Then,
took loopful of bacteria culture from the slant and inoculate bacteria into broth medium. Incubation
took place for 18-24 hrs at 37o
c.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
During this study antibacterial activity of Acacia nilotica extracts were carried out by a modified well
agar method. Mueller Hinton agar plates were swabbed with 24 hrs old broth culture of selected
bacteria. Consequently, using sterile borer, well of 0.6 cm diameter was made into each Mueller
Hinton agar 4 wells were made and 40 micro liter of each extract was filled into the well.
The control antibiotic (Tetracycline) was used to compare each extract activity, and then the plates
were incubated for 24 hrs at 37 o
c. Results were recorded by measuring the diameter of inhibitory
zone by using a transparent meter rule at the end of 24 hrs.
ANTIFUNGAL STUDY
MICRO ORGANISM
For this study, fungal strain, Aspergillus niger fungi was used to determine antifungal activity of
different extracts of plant Acacia nilotica.
INNOCULUM PREPARATION
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Potato dextrose broth was prepared by dissolving 3.9g of potato dextrose broth into 100 ml of distilled
water. Took a loopful of fungal culture from the slant and inoculate fungi in broth medium. Then
incubate the culture broth for 48 hrs at 37
o
c.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
In study antifungal activity of Acacia nilotica extracts was carried out by a modified well agar method.
Mueller Hinton agar plates were swabbed with 24 hrs old broth culture of selected fungi strain
(Asperigullus niger). Consequently, using sterile borer, well of 0.6 cm diameter was made into each
Mueller Hinton agar 4 wells were made and 40 micro liter of each extract was filled into the well.
The control antibiotic (Clotrimazole) was used to compare each extract activity, and then the plates
were incubated for 24 hrs at 37 o
c. Results were recorded by measuring the diameter of inhibitory
zone by using a transparent meter rule at the end of 24 hrs
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSAY
To determine the reducing power assay of Plant Sample by Yildrim et al., Method, 2001.
Reagents Required
Phosphate buffer, Potassium Ferric Cyanide, Trichloro acetic acid and Ferric Chloride
Procedure
Take different concentration of plant extract was mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 ml 0.2 M, pH 6.6)
and potassium ferricyanide (2.5 ml). The mixture was incubated at 50
o
C for 20 minutes. A portion (2.5
ml) of Tricholoroacetic acid (10%) was added to the mixture, which was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm
for 10 min. The upper layer of solution (2.5ml) was mixed with distilled water (2.5ml) and Ferriccloride
(0.5ml, 0.1%) and read the absorbance measured at 700nm. Increased absorbance of the reaction
mixture indicates stronger reducing power. The activity was compared with ascorbic acid standard.
Calculation
Percentage scavenging activity =
control test
control
A A
100
A
Where Acontrol is the absorbance of the control Atest is the absorbance in the presence of the sample.
SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS
During this study plant extract was used to reduce silver nitrate in order to get silver nanoparticles.
Aqueous extract was prepared by boiling 25 g of plant leaves with 100 ml of distilled water during 20
min color change indicate the formation of extract, the obtained extract was filtered by using whatman
filter paper number one. This is followed by centrifugation to remove heavy biomolecules.
Silver nitrate solution was prepared and adjusted to 1x10
-3
M, 100 ml of solution was mixed with 5ml of
plant extract, after 12hrs show color change.
For analysis and characterization of formed nanoparticules UV visible spectrophotometer was used to
characterize transiformation and stability of nanoparticles, fourier transform infra red was used to
determine the stability of nanoparticles also scanning electron microscope was used to determine the
shape of nanoparticles.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
The bacteria culture of E. coli and staphylococcus aureus in petriplates were incubated along with
were checked for growth inhibition zones of organism after 24 hrs, the antibacterial activity of
ethanolic, methanolic and acetone extracts of plant Acacia nilotica was studied. Antibacterial activity
of dried leaves extract and their efficiency were quantitatively assessed using agar well diffusion
methods by measuring the diameter of growth of inhibition zone.
Antibacterial activity of extracts and their efficiency were assessed using agar well diffusion methods
by measuring the zone of inhibition diameter. The results showed that ethanolic extract is more
powerful than other extracts, where it was most active against E.coli and staphylococcus aureus. The
antifungal culture of Aspergillus niger in petriplate was along with the test were checked for growth
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inhibition zone of organisms after 48 hrs, the fungal activity of ethanolic, methanolic and acetone
extracts of plant Acacia nilotica were studied.
The ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica show the maximum zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger
which is 13mm while the acetonic extract show the minimum one which is 10mm.
The minimum inhibition zone was evaluated using ethanolic extract with different concentrations here
30%, 50% and 80% were chosen to be used. The 80% concentration showed maximum zone of
inhibition in both E. coli and staphylococcus aureus wich is 34 mm.
When we compare all extracts ethanolic extracts showed high zone of inhibition against methanolic
and acetone.
The culture of Aspergillus Niger was used for the antifungal activity test where the zone of inhibition
was evaluated after 48 hrs, in all extracts here ethanolic extract showed high zone of inhibition which
is 16 mm. different concentrations were used to evaluate the minimum zone of inhibition where 80%
concentration of ethanolic extract show high zone of inhibition 28 mm. and 30% show the minimum
one 20%.
The comparison in strain shows that in gram negative E. coli the minimum zone of inhibition was
observed on acetonic extracts which is 23mm while the maximum was 25mm on methanolic extract,
in gram positive Staphylococcus aureus the minimum zone of inhibition was observed on methanolic
extract and was 13mm and the maximum one was 18mm on ethanolic extract. When compared to the
ethanolic, methanolic and acetonic extracts, ethanolic extract showed the highest zone of inhibition
among the organisms, as presented in figure 11 and 12 as well as in table 2.
Fig. 1: Antibacterial activity
Fig. 2: Ethanolic extract with different concentrations
Table 1: Antimicrobial Activity
S NO NAME OF ORGANISM
ZONE OF INHIBITION(mm)
S 30% 50% 80%
1 E.coli 38 28 32
2 Staphylococcus aureus 38 29 32 34
3 A.niger 30 20 25 28
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MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION
The present study indicates that the ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica significantly suppress the
growth of selected bacteria. The ethanolic extract of acacia nilotica was most active against the
microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The maximum inhibition zone was obtained in
E. coli 26 mm and the minimum inhibition zone was methanolic extract found in staphylococcus
aureus which is 1 mm.
The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts of Acacia nilotica against various pathogens was
performed. The MIC of ethanol extract was low [2.5mg./ml] as compared to other extracts [10
mg/ml].The lower MIC is an indication of high effectiveness of extract. As showed in table: 3.
Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against pathogens
S. no Name of organism
MIC(mg/ml)
Ethanolic extract Methanolic extract Acetone extract
1 E. coli 2.5 mm 9 mm 4 mm
2 Staphylococcus aureus 5 mm 10 mm 7 mm
3 A.niger 3 mm 10 mm 8 mm
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSAY
Antioxidant is a substance that prevents or slows the breakdown of others substance by oxygen, they
are chemical substances that donate an electron to the free radicals and convert it into harmless
molecules.
Natural antioxidants that are present in different plants and spices are responsible for inhibiting or
preventing the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. Spices and plants contain free radical
scavengers like polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. In the present study, we have
evaluated the free radical scavenger activity of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica with different
concentrations.
Reducing power assay method is based on the principle that substances, which have reduction
potential, react with potassium ferricyanide (Fe3+) to form potassium ferrocyanide (Fe2+), which then
reacts with ferric chloride to form ferric ferrous complex that has an absorption maximum at 700 nm.
In the present study antioxidant activity was performed ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica using
different concentrations (30%, 50% and 80%) and different quantity of ascorbic acid. (0.5And 1.0 ml).
Etahonolic extract at 30% of concentration with 1.0 ml shows high antioxidant activity compare to
other extracts and concentrations, as presented in table: 4 and figure 13.
Table 3: In-Vitro Antioxidant activity of Plant extract
by Reducing Power Scavenging Activity
Sample Extracts
Inhibition values in %
0.5 ml 1.0 ml
30% Ethanolic extract 53.2 91.6
50% Ethanolic extract 54.3 69.3
80% Ethanolic extract 37.4 61.4
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In-Vitro Antioxidant activity of Plant extract by
Reducing Power Scavenging Activity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30% 50% 80%
Concentration of extract
Valuesin%
1.0 ml
0.5 ml
Fig. 3: in-vitro antioxidant activity by reducing
power scavenging activity
SILVER NANOPARTICLES SINTHESIS
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their utilization in diverse areas become an area of research
and investigation during the last two decades because of their unique optical, physical, chemical and
magnetic properties compare to the bulk sold. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticals shows the rapid
and eco friendly advantages compare to the other methods. During this study aqueous extract of
Acacia nilotica was used to reduce silver nitrate (AgNO3) into silver nanoparticles. The results are
presented in figure 14 to 16.
Fig. 4: plant extracts Fig. 5: silver nitrate solution
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Fig 6: silver nanoparticles solution
UV-visible absorbance study showed that the addition of Acacia nilotica leaf extract to silver nitrate
solution resulted in color change of solution from transparent to brown-black due to the production of
silver nanoparticles (Figure: 6).
The SPR of silver nanoparticles produce a peak centred at 300 nm, (figure: 7). This indicates the
reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles . it was observed that the reduction started at the start
of the reaction and continue rapidly till the end of reaction, and showing the rapid biosynthesis of
silver nanoparticles.
Fig. 7: UV- vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles
Results of FT-IR study of biosynthesis silver nanoparticles using Acacia nilotica extract showd sharp
absorption peak located 3421, 2922, 2361, 1624, 1384 and 1060 cm
-1
as showed on figure 8 the peak
on1624 cm
-1
may be assigned to the amide I bond of proteins arising from carbonyl stretching in
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proteins and the peak 3421 cm
-1
is arising to OH stretching in alcohols and phenolic compounds. The
absorption peak at 1624 cm
-1
is close to that reported for native proteins, which suggests that proteins
are interacting with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and also their secondary structure was not
affected during reactionwith Ag+
ions or after binding with Ag0
nanoparticles. This spectroscopic study
confirms that the carbonyl group of amino acid residues has a strong binding ability with silver,
suggesting the formation of layer covering silver nanoparticles. These results confirm the presence of
possible proteins acting as reducing and stabilizing agents.
SAMPLE NAME :FT-3978 FT-IR SPECTRUM Date: 3/13/2014
warinda,prist university,FT-3978-030314.pk
warinda,prist university,FT-3978-030314.007 3601 4000.00 400.00 45.42 48.25 4.00 %T 25 0.50
REF 4000 48.25 2000 46.99 600
3421.57 45.42 2922.48 45.99 2361.03 46.33 1624.75 45.52 1384.02 45.65
1060.15 45.43 494.17 46.97
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
45.00
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.50
cm-1
%T
3421.57
2922.48
2361.03
1624.75
1384.02
1060.15
494.17
Fig. 8: FT-IR spectrum of silver nanoparticles
SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles shows uniformly distributed AgNPs on the surface of the cells;
silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size range 10 to 50 nm. The larger one may
be due to the aggregationof the smaller ones. Figure 9(A to D) shows the results of SEM with
different resolutions were presented.
(A: X 100000 resolution)
(B: X 75000 resolution)
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(C: X 50000 resolution) (D: X10000 resolution)
Fig. 9: SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles in different resolutions
5.5 DISCUSSION
Medicinal plants show their capacity to heal different infection and this was achieved by using
different solvent in order to assess the phytochemicals, Extraction methods used pharmaceutically
involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant tissues from the inactive/inert
components by using selective solvents (Kumar, 2011). During extraction, solvents diffuse into the
solid plant material and solubilize compounds with similar polarity. In this study three solvents ware
used (ethanolic, methanolic and acetone).
Secondary metabolites are the classes of compounds which are known to show curative activity
against several ailments in man, and therefore could explain the use traditional of medicinal plant for
the treatment of some illnesses.
There are a chemical compounds (phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, quinones,
saponins, etc) with complex structures and with more restricted distribution than primary metabolites.
They are not indispensable for the plant that contains them; at least their metabolic functions have not
been discovered yet.
According to Yaole(2010), phenolic compounds is one of the most numerous groups of substances in
plant kingdom ranging from simple molecules, such as phenolic acids, to complex compounds, such
as tannins. Large groups of phenolic compounds comprises: simple phenols (catechol, resorcinol,
etc..), phenolic acids, stilbene (resveratrol, etc..), flavonoids (quercetin, cyanidin, etc..), biflavonoids
(ormocarpine, etc..), proanthocyanidins (epicatechin), tannins, coumarins and anthraquinones. In this
study selected phytochemicals were evaluated using standard techniques and the results were
presented in table: 1 those compounds are known as phytochemicals.
Acacia nilotica has a wealth of medicinal uses. It is used for stomach upset and pain, the bark is
chewed to protect against scurvy, an infusion is taken for dysentery and diarrhea. The pods are
desirable as fodder for cattle, and the leaves, young shoots and young pods are thought to aid milk
production. As reported by WHO, here it was selected to be used in this study.
This study shows minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against various pathogens used in
this study. The MIC of ethanol extract was low [2.5mg./ml] as compared to other extracts [10
mg/ml].The lower MIC is an indication of high effectiveness of extract. It shows also antimicrobial
effect on gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as antifungal activity.
In this study plant extract shows antioxidant activity, these results suggest that the level of antioxidant
activity in Acacia nilotica varies to a great extent. It also suggests that phenolics in this plant provide
substantial antioxidant activity. Upon achievement of this survey, and using more samples, appears to
be a rich and interesting source for supplementary ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies.
In recent years, like other technology developments,nanotechnology also expected to grow based on
their demand and its wider applications and the number of research being conducted in this field is
rapidly growing throughout the world as reported in different scientific journals. Nanotechnology deals
with the development of nanometer sized materials. In the field of nanotechnology different concepts
of engineering, electronics, and material science are applied in molecular or submicron level. Particles
with a size up to 100 nm are usually referred as nanoparticles and they exhibit completely new
properties based on their size, distribution and morphology. In the nanoscale level the properties of
the materials are different from that of their bulk materials and the increased surface area of these
nanoparticles is mainly responsible for their different chemical,optical, and mechanical properties as
showed by Satyavani (2011).
The extract of Acacia nilotica used in this study show the capacity of reducing some compounds and
formation of nanoparticles the one formed is silver nanoparticles. The formation of stable silver
nanoparticles from AgNO3 gave mostly spherical particles with a diameter ranging from10 to 50 nm.
11. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005
Vol. 4 (4) Oct-Dec 2015 www.ijpcsonline.com 443
CONCLUSION
Plants have been evaluated as rich source of medicines due to their production of wide range of
bioactive molecules which are classified as secondary metabolites or phytochemicals, most of which
act as chemical defense against predation and infection.
Acacia nilotica is commonly known as medicinal plant in different area of the world.
Different extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves showed presence of essential phytochemicals
where the test shewed positive results on alkaloids,steroids, saponnins and terpenoids
In the different three extracts (ethanolic, methanolic and acetone) ethanolic extract of Acacia
nilotica leaves showed maximum zone of inhibition effect than methanolic and acetone
extracts of acacia nilotica leaves.
The 80% concentration of ethanolic extract exhibited high effect against bacteria and fungi
than 30% and 50 % ethanolic extract.
Ethanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves showed high antioxidant activity in the
concentration of 30%.
Plant extract shows the antioxidant activity with different concentrations.
Plant extract show capacity of reducing different compounds and give formation of
nanoparticles.
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