Running Head: RESEACH PAPER 1 SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGNS 4 5 Plan to Address Health Issue Name Institutional Affiliation Date Introduction Evidence-based practice refers to the integration of clinical expertise, research evidence, and application of patient values during the process of making decisions for the care of clients and patients. The practices have been tested and studied comprehensively to ensure that they are conscientious and explicit for the provision of the best care to the patients (Baker & Tickle-Degnen 2014). In the case of the two previously exposed campaigns, project action and teens stopping AIDS in Sacramento there is need to assess the strategies put forward and evaluate whether they are in line with evidence-based practice. A comparison and contrast of the campaign strategies with evidence-based practice The strategies which were employed by the two campaigns have some similarity as well as differences in different perspectives. The campaign strategies were divided into phases which are similar to the evidence-based practice. For example, in teens stopping Aids campaign, the first phase is to describe the problem which had led to the conduction of the campaign (Fisher et al., 2014). Similarly, in evidence-based practice, the first thing which is done is to ask a question which provides the problem of the patient or client. Other similar phases include evaluation, planning, and selection of the best interventions. On the other hand, there is some difference between the campaign's strategies and evidence based care. The two campaigns are employing a group of people who are involved in decision making who represent many groups in the population of interest. However, the nurse for example in evidence-based care is the one who uses their expertise and refers to the documented scientific evidence and then decide what is best for the patient but of course in collaboration with the patients who are being cared for (Rundle, 2014). Adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the strategies proposed Prevention of Aids transmission is not a simple task and therefore comprehensive and suitable strategies needed to be adopted, implemented and ensure that they remain active and in use in preventing further cases of infection. The primary focus strategy of the two campaigns was behavioral change. This aspect is supreme in determining whether the policies proposed will be adopted, implemented and maintained in the community or not (Kalichman, 2014). Through heavy campaigning, the aim was to provide information about the disease, reduce stigma, enhance the accessibility of services, delaying the first onset of sex, reducing the number of sexual partners among others all of which are part of the behavior that needed to be changed. Other than that, provision of comprehensive information was vital to ensuring that the strategies were adopted and maintained by the community (Cordner, 2014). This was done by making ...

1. Running Head: RESEACH PAPER 1
SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGNS 4
5
Plan to Address Health Issue
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Introduction
Evidence-based practice refers to the integration of clinical
expertise, research evidence, and application of patient values

2. during the process of making decisions for the care of clients
and patients. The practices have been tested and studied
comprehensively to ensure that they are conscientious and
explicit for the provision of the best care to the patients (Baker
& Tickle-Degnen 2014). In the case of the two previously
exposed campaigns, project action and teens stopping AIDS in
Sacramento there is need to assess the strategies put forward
and evaluate whether they are in line with evidence-based
practice.
A comparison and contrast of the campaign strategies with
evidence-based practice
The strategies which were employed by the two campaigns have
some similarity as well as differences in different perspectives.
The campaign strategies were divided into phases which are
similar to the evidence-based practice. For example, in teens
stopping Aids campaign, the first phase is to describe the
problem which had led to the conduction of the campaign
(Fisher et al., 2014). Similarly, in evidence-based practice, the
first thing which is done is to ask a question which provides the
problem of the patient or client. Other similar phases include
evaluation, planning, and selection of the best interventions.
On the other hand, there is some difference between the
campaign's strategies and evidence based care. The two
campaigns are employing a group of people who are involved in
decision making who represent many groups in the population
of interest. However, the nurse for example in evidence-based
care is the one who uses their expertise and refers to the
documented scientific evidence and then decide what is best for
the patient but of course in collaboration with the patients who
are being cared for (Rundle, 2014).
Adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the strategies
proposed
Prevention of Aids transmission is not a simple task and
therefore comprehensive and suitable strategies needed to be
adopted, implemented and ensure that they remain active and in
use in preventing further cases of infection. The primary focus

3. strategy of the two campaigns was behavioral change. This
aspect is supreme in determining whether the policies proposed
will be adopted, implemented and maintained in the community
or not (Kalichman, 2014).
Through heavy campaigning, the aim was to provide
information about the disease, reduce stigma, enhance the
accessibility of services, delaying the first onset of sex,
reducing the number of sexual partners among others all of
which are part of the behavior that needed to be changed. Other
than that, provision of comprehensive information was vital to
ensuring that the strategies were adopted and maintained by the
community (Cordner, 2014). This was done by making sure that
all necessary parties affected were involved in their formulation
as well as implementation to ensure that no resistance was faced
from any group.
The plans were had a relative advantage in that it provided a
strong link and efficient way to evaluate other interventions in
the community. This was unlike the previous strategies which
had failed to provide this linkage that affected how they were
adopted and implemented. For example, the use of condoms had
not been well informed about, and therefore teens continued to
contract aids despite using the condoms due to poor usage
(Wates, 2014). The plans also had triability as the youths could
get the information and services easily and even recommended
to their friends about the strategies of curbing aids.
Appropriate working group for implementation of strategies
Implementation of the policies proposed is a very critical step
as it determines whether the goals of the strategies will be met
or not. The largest influence on the application and in particular
for a social campaign is the representation of all the parties
affected by the problem and ensuring that they are in agreement
with the strategies which are proposed (Wates, 2014). Failure to
do so will only see the project failing no matter how good and
suitable it is.

4. The working group appropriate in ensuring the implementation
of the strategy shall be composed of aids patients, faith groups,
civic organizations, parents, youths as well as health and
education representatives. These representatives should be
recruited through a volunteer program and well trained to
ensure they can be able to influence the implementation of the
strategies (Hardin, 2014). Also, to make sure that the correct
and most appropriate group is chosen, they should be vetted and
determine whether they are fit for the task at hand. Also, the
group should be provided with technical assistance, and
research support from organizations with good know-how and
resources to coordinate the support process for the
representatives.
Conclusion
Since all parties which are influential in the implementation
process are involved, the strategy is having a relative advantage
in that the link with the community is strengthened and the
chances of success are high. Nevertheless, the strategy will still
have a tough task of ensuring that the whole process of
implementation and maintenance takes root in the society and
that behavior change shall occur to favor the outcome.
References
Hardin, J. G. (2014). Father involvement and academic
achievement in parenting teen girls (Doctoral dissertation,
California State University, Sacramento).
Braun, B., Brown, V., & Sarkar, M. (2014). A Study of the
Teens Take On Health Initiative.
Kalichman, S. C. (2014). Preventing AIDS: A sourcebook for
behavioral interventions. Psychology Press.
Kaufman, M. R., Cornish, F., Zimmerman, R. S., & Johnson, B.
T. (2014). Health behavior change models for HIV prevention
and AIDS care: practical recommendations for a multi-level
approach. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndromes, 66, S250-S258.
Wates, N. (2014). The Community Planning Handbook: How

5. people can shape their cities, towns & villages in any part of the
world. Routledge.
Cordner, G. (2014). Community policing. The Oxford handbook
of police and policing, 148-171.
Baker, N., & Tickle-Degnen, L. (2014). Evidence-based
practice. Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy, 12th
edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 398-412.
Fisher, A. L., Mahadasu, S., Ayuk, P., Unterscheider, J.,
O’Donoghue, K., Malone, F. D., ... & Rundle, S. (2014).
Evidence based practice. Archives of Disease in Childhood-
Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 99(1), A107-A108.
Running head: SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGNS
1
SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGNS
6
Social Marketing Campaigns
PHE 6210 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Phyllis Ocran
Dr. Gayle Jones
May 9, 2017
Introduction
Social marketing has been one of the ways to ensure that the
society changes especially when it comes to the behavioral
aspect. In order to achieve this, creating awareness is a sure
way to ensure that the best is attained. In this case we shall

6. consider two campaign, the Project Action, and the Teens
Stopping AIDS campaign in Sacramento. This two have been
helpful and more so they have enhanced achievement of some of
the objectives. In this case we shall consider the strengths as
well as the weaknesses and other elements such as the
objectives.
Evaluate both campaigns discussing their strengths and
weaknesses
Different campaign have their strengths and weaknesses
depending on the main aspect that is being channeled down.
Both campaign of Project Action, and the Teens Stopping AIDS
campaign in Sacramento are comprehensive social marketing
campaigns called, which were in a position to see to it that
various lives, could be transformed due to the effort enhanced.
The benefits that came along with these campaigns are effective
interventions that address not only the behavioral issues of
young adults, but also environmental factors as stated by
Coleman & Yeh, (2008). The other benefit is that media
advocacy activities are an important complement to social
marketing interventions, which means that effectiveness is
facilitated.
In addition, Project Action is well-designed evaluation
component which means that a better evaluation of problems is
attained. On the other hand, the challenges entail Local social
media pages, developing the critical message and a theme that
resonates to bring out the best practice that will be highly
implemented. More so, there is the challenge of getting
exposure due to lack of better infrastructure. Even though the
project displays staged scenes of better approach in unprotected
intercourse among teens better solution cannot be obtained if
the main challenges are not dealt with.
Examine how each of the 4Ps of the marketing mix—price,
product, promotion, and place—was addressed in each campaign
Customizable marketing channels make it easy for any

7. campaign to channel down its role since price, product,
promotion, and place are given a better approach. This is
reflected planning system, which should deliver immediate
benefits to smaller teams. To begin with, the price element in
relation to the Project Action camping is designated to use at a
minimum expense so that the fortune people can benefit from
the campaign. Out of this, the product that is issued is based on
diversity so that people enhance the features. Availability
potential is what defines Project Action camping by this access
of distribution channels is an important aspect. On the other
hand, the camping has facilitated audience by advertising
online, in the press, on television, on radio, or on billboards so
that the main message can be obtained (Lowe, 2013).
When it comes to The Teens Stopping AIDS campaign in
Sacramento all 4P s are incorporated so that value addition can
be enacted. By this, the services offered are defined to be
flexible and accessible. Accessibility aspect is determined to be
reliable since information is based on being recreationally
transparent. This reflects the price aspect, which the
commodities provided are determined to be low so that people
can have full access to them. More so, promotion is one of the
factors that The Teens Stopping AIDS campaign in Sacramento
facilitate.
Compare and contrast the campaigns in terms of the definitions
of social marketing provided in the readings
Both Project Action and The Teens Stopping AIDS campaign in
Sacramento have a common factor, which is to educate and
create awareness on a different aspect of sexual activity,
methods of prevention. When it some to the different aspect
Project Action campaign enhance a whole perception of all
individuals so that present data on adolescent sexual risk-taking
behavior can be defined. The Teens Stopping AIDS campaign in
Sacramento was designated to define adolescents engaging in

8. sexual intercourse with multiple partners and without condoms
Examine the outcomes or objectives for each campaign
The Project Action campaign estimated 25% of all people with
HIV in the United States contracted HIV when they were
teenagers. The main objective was to rescue the substantial
among of teenagers who are not affected. This could be
obtained by educating and creating the scene of awareness
accordingly to reduce the adolescent sexual risk-taking
behavior. It is estimated that about 3 million teenagers acquire
an STD every year hence the main objective of The Teens
Stopping AIDS campaign in Sacramento was to reduce the high
number who are affected.
Describe the intervention strategies for each campaign
Every campaign is strategized to deal with different perceptions
that will benefit the society as a whole. The Teens Stopping
AIDS campaign in Sacramento was designated to rescue some
subgroups of young people who are particularly at risk of
different diseases. On the other, the main strategy was to
facilitate a program that will see to it that every person acquire
the help they need so that their lives could be saved. The
Project Action campaign was to construct a critical path by
making things happen in fighting all kinds of sexual behaviors.
On the other hand, the Project Action campaign strategy
theoretical approaches were to demonstrate and influence other
health-related risky behaviors. This is reflected the fact that
addressing social pressures that influence sexual behavior is
also an important aspect (DiClemente, Santelli, & Crosby,
2009).
Conclusion
To sum up, this discussion different campaign has been
initiated with different agenda so that concrete conclusion can
be obtained in pending issues. The appropriate recommendation

9. is to initiate a campaign that is so efficient every individual can
benefit by gaining the appropriate information. For instance,
there is the perception of reducing sexual risk taking either by
delaying sex, reducing the frequency of sex, decreasing the
number of sexual partners, or increasing condom use. Out of
this, The Teens Stopping AIDS campaign is among the effective
campaign.
References
Berman, J. (2007). Maximizing project value: defining,
managing, and measuring for optimal return. New York:
Amacom, American Management Association.
Coleman, H. & Yeh, C. (2008). Handbook of school counseling.
New York London: Routledge.
DiClemente, R., Santelli, J. & Crosby, R. (2009). Adolescent
health: understanding and preventing risk behaviors. San
Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass.
Lowe, D. (2013). Commercial management theory and practice.
Chichester: Wiley, Blackwell.
Steger, M. (2006). Strategy and action plan: mainstreaming
gender: water and sanitation. Nairobi, Kenya Bhopal India
Madhya Pradesh, India: United Nations Human Settlement
Programme Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, Urban Administration &
Development Dept. Mahila Chetna Manch
Running head: APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED
MODEL
1
APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL

10. 8
Applications of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
PHE 6210 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Phyllis Ocran
Dr. Gayle Jones
May 2, 2017
UNPROTECTED INTERCOURSE AMONG TEENS
In recent times, when there are many infections due to
unprotected intercourse, it is vital to understand the
consequence of unprotected intercourse amongst teens.
Unprotected sex amongst teens is bad news since it leads to
increased dangerous and deadly infections like STIs and most
important HIV. (Southern Nevada Health District, 2012). These
are permanent and lifelong consequences that affect all teens.
Furthermore, unprotected sex amongst teens is greatly
influenced by drugs and can also lead to a teen pregnancy that
is mostly unwanted (Southern Nevada Health District, 2012). It
is a problem and a huge socio-economic implications as well as
daunting stigmas especially when a teen contract STIs and HIV
as well as unwanted/teen pregnancies.
Reasons Unprotected Intercourse amongst teens is problematic
There are a couple of vital reasons why unprotected intercourse
among the teens is problematic (Southern Nevada Health
District, 2012), according to recent statistics, teen pregnancy is
at its all-time high as the prevalence is 24% per 1,000 women.
The second reason unprotected intercourse amongst teens is a
problem is exposure to STIs and HIV/AIDS as well as the
stigmatization associsted with it. (Braly, Amuta, & McNeill,
2013). Furthermore, unprotected intercourse amongst the teens

11. is expensive not only to the government agencies but also to the
parents and teens (Braly et al, 2013). According to the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that $15.9
billion is used to disease new cases of STDs annually.
Furthermore, around $9 billion is used annually in teen
pregnancy increasing the burden on taxpayers (Braly et al,
2013).
Identify one or two behavioral risk factors related to your
selected health issue
The issue selected was unprotected intercourse among teens.
There are various behavioral risk factors that cause teenagers to
engage in unprotected intercourse. One of the behaviors is
substance abuse. According to the McKinley Health Center at
the University of Illinois, almost 50% of males and 41% of
females confessed to having taken alcohol just before
intercourse. 49% of the males and 38% of the females confessed
to the alcohol having been the reason they had sex. 26% of the
males and 36% of the females did not use protection during
their sexual encounter when on drugs. This study shows that
drugs such as alcohol can cause people to engage in the risky
sexual behavior. Alcohol, for instance, affects the ventral
striatum and the prefrontal cortex of the brain. These parts are
tasked with the reward system and controlling impulsive
behavior. One will, therefore, be more likely to engage in an
impulsive sexual behavior when drunk. (Brown & Prinstein,
2011). Drugs, therefore, play a role in the likelihood of a person
engaging in unprotected intercourse.
Identify the predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors for
each selected behavioral risk factor.
Predisposing factors are the inherent factors in an individual
that causes them to be more likely to engage in a certain
behavior. It includes one’s attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, skills
and personal preferences that cause them to undertake a specific
behavior. Several predisposing factors can cause the behavioral
risk factor, one of them is being brought up in an environment

12. where there is substance abuse. If one has been raised in a home
or neighborhood that tolerates drug and substance abuse, the
individual is likely to engage in substance abuse. One’s attitude
towards drug abuse and sexual behavior is another
predisposition factor. One’s attitude and world view govern
their perceptions of the world as well as our decisions.
Therefore one’s attitudes toward drug abuse and sexual behavior
will dictate whether they will engage in it.
The reinforcing factors are the rewards that one gets after
engaging in a specific behavior. These rewards cause them to
continue expressing the behavior. One such factor is the media.
The media today glorifies risky habits such as sexual
intercourse and drug abuse. Many of the songs that the young
people listen today are filled with messages that promote such
behavior. This inevitably causes the individuals to be more
likely to engage in the behavior.
Acceptance from reference groups is also a reinforcing factor
(Greenberg, Bruess & Oswalt, 2017). Teenagers love to get
approval from their friends. If they relate to a group which
practices drug abuse and they practice it as well, they will
receive approval from their friends. This approval will
encourage them to continue engaging in drug abuse which will
put them at a higher risk of engaging in unprotected sex with
other people.
An enabling factor is a factor that motivates one to adopt a
behavior. It is the availability of resources that allows one to
engage in a certain behavior. One enabling factor for teenagers
to engage in drug abuse is the easy availability of the drugs.
Teenagers who have easy accessibility to drugs will more likely
engage in drug abuse and consequently risky sexual behavior.
Describe at least two examples of each factor as they relate to
the behavior.

13. One predisposing factor is if one was raised in a home or
neighborhood that condones drug abuse. The teenager will
believe that drug abuse is acceptable and will practice it.
Similarly, if the child was raised in a neighborhood that shuns
drug abuse, they will not engage in drug abuse. Drug addiction
or the tendency to engage in drug abuse has been linked to some
genetically transferable genes. These genes make one more
likely to engage in substance abuse (Greenberg et al., 2017).
Therefore, if one’s parents had a history of drug abuse, one may
have issues with drug abuse. Drug abuse in the teenager will,
therefore, cause them to be more likely to engage in unprotected
sex.
One’s attitude and belief affect whether they will engage in a
specific behavior. If the teenager believes that drug abuse is
acceptable, they are more likely to engage in this act than
individuals who believe that drug abuse is unacceptable. Taking
the example of children who have been raised in religious well-
off homes, most of these children do not engage in drug abuse
or early sexual encounters because they believe that it is wrong.
However, those who have grown up in neighborhoods where the
society accepts drug abuse are more likely to engage in drug
abuse and early sexual encounters. The children adopt the
societal norms while at a young age through observational
learning. They believe that such behavior is appropriate and
therefore engage in it. However, those who have grown up in a
well-off religious home have grown up knowing that such
actions are unacceptable and will be less likely to engage in
them.
The reinforcing factors are the media and acceptance from
reference groups. The media shows what is trending in the
society. Today, the media is full of images and songs that
glorify pre-marital sex and drug abuse. The teenagers are very
vulnerable and can be influenced by these messages to engage
in these risky habits. In the bid to be trendy as they undergo

14. self-discovery, they may engage in drug abuse. This could cause
them to engage in risky sexual behavior while intoxicated.
Similarly, if the media shuns drug abuse, as seen in the many
drug prevention campaigns, the teenagers will tend not to
engage in drug abuse. Appreciation from their reference groups
for engaging in drug abuse could cause them to believe that the
behavior is acceptable and therefore engage in it even more.
Acceptance from parents could lead them to not engage in drug
abuse. If the parents do not support drug abuse, the teenager
may seek approval by not engaging in drug abuse putting them
at a lower risk of engaging in unprotected sex.
The enabling factor is the availability of drugs which
encourages the abuse of drugs and alcohol as well. Underage
drinking is illegal in the United States. However, the teenagers
are still able to access alcohol since they convince adults to buy
it for them.The availability of these drugs allows them to carry
on with their drug abuse behavior (Gerstein, &Green, 2013).
The teenagers from the low income areas are the most affected
as there is much drug dealing in their neighborhoods allowing
them to access a wide variety of these drugs. The drug dealers
target teenagers in schools as their customers, and the gangs use
drugs to lure teenagers into the gang activities. These children
are therefore more likely to engage in drug abuse than the
children in well-off neighborhoods where there is less
prevalence of drug abuse and peddling.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two different
settings that can be used to address the health behavior in the
targeted population.
This behavior can be addressed by various means. One of the
ways is civic education. This is where the society is educated on
the effects of drug abuse and the negative effects of unprotected
sex among the teenagers. This knowledge will allow the society
to take a proactive role and take up protective measures for the
children such as parents communicating with them about sex

15. and the society offering after-school programs for the children.
These teens will be occupied and informed on the dangers of
unprotected sex and drug abuse which will reduce the levels of
unprotected sex among the teens in the society (Still, Sarwer &
Blankenship, 2014).
This approach would especially be beneficial for children raised
in poor neighborhoods where there is a lot of substance abuse as
it will reshape their world view to understand that drug abuse is
wrong and will put them at risk of unprotected sex. Also, once
the society proactively works together to guide the children,
they will not be affected by the environment they have grown
up in but will be guided down the right path. The disadvantage
is that it is very difficult to get community involvement in these
areas. Most people are not learned in these areas, therefore, will
not understand the grave importance of this initiative. The
slacking off of the society will cause the collapse of the
program, and the youth will continue engaging in the drug
abuse.
Another way of addressing this is by having mandatory random
drug tests in schools. Once the teenager is found to be positive,
they are reported to the police and counseled. The advantage of
this approach is that it will discourage the children from
engaging in drug abuse as they will fear being discovered and
reported to the schools. The lack of drug abuse will, therefore,
lower the rate of unprotected sex among the students. While this
approach may be effective, it could be disadvantageous in that
these teens will find drugs that cannot be detected by tests and
will continue with the practice. Examples of such drugs are
LSD, Benadryl, and dextromethorphan, which are not easily
detectable. These drugs may be even more dangerous and
intoxicating, which will threaten their health while at the same
time increase the rate of unprotected sex among this population.
Furthermore, strict parenting by the society will cause the
children to become more rebellious and therefore make them
more likely to engage in unprotected sex.

16. References
Braly, V., Amuta, A., & McNeill, E. B. (2013). A Section of the
PRECEDE–PROCEED Model and Its Application in Fictional
Podunk, Texas: A Strategy for Preparing Future Health
Education Specialists to Use Planning Models. Journal of
Health Education Teaching Techniques, 2 (2);1–15.
Greenberg, J., Bruess, C. & Oswalt, S. (2017). Exploring the
dimensions of human sexuality. Burlington, MA: Jones &
Bartlett Learning.
Gerstein, D.R. & Green, L.W. (2003). National Research
Council (US) Committee on Substance Abuse Prevention
Research; Preventing Drug Abuse: What do we know?
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US);.2, Concepts
of Prevention. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234581/
Southern Nevada Health District. (2012). Teens face ‘real life’
consequences of unprotected sex. Retrieved from Southern
Nevada Health District:
https://www.southernnevadahealthdistrict.org/newsletter/enews/
1103-teens.html
Still, C., Sarwer, D. & Blankenship, J. (2014). The ASMBS
textbook of bariatric surgery. New York: Springer.
Running head: CONDUCTING A NEEDS ASSESSMENT
1
CONDUCTING A NEEDS ASSESSMENT
7
Conducting a Needs Assessment
PHE 6210 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Phyllis Ocran
Dr. Gayle Jones
April 25, 2017

17. What is measured in assessing health?
Health is a complete state of social, physical and mental
wellbeing. It does not always mean a state of absence of
ailments or disease from a body. Healthcare on the other hand
refers to the treatment and prevents of diseases by organizations
and healthcare professionals. It includes those goods and
services that are promulgated to promote the wellbeing of
people and populations in general.
When assessing health, there are three things that are measured.
These include: measures of health status, measures of quality of
life and measures of healthcare. Measurement of the health
status is done using clinical or pathological methods and certain
specialized instruments. These measures include signs such as:
temperature, blood pressures, X-rays, among others. They are
also comprised of checklists for disease specific symptoms and
even adverse effects of injury such as bleeding and pain.
Measures of quality of life on the other hand are used to
determine the difference between what an individual’s hopes
and expects, and his/her present life circumstances. The quality
of life is also influenced by certain elements that fall within
what health providers have control over. Quality of life that is
health related can either be measured through interviews with
patients or using instruments. For instance, the quality of life of
an asthmatic patient can be measured using a stethoscope to
his/her chest to determine the level of exposure to their asthma
triggers.
Measures of health care on the other hand are basically
determined by the balance between the demand of health care
services and the supply of those services. Evaluation of
healthcare is determined by the efficiency in responding to
injury, effectiveness of the medication or therapy and
acceptability of services (quality of drugs, processes).

18. Healthcare can therefore be measured with regards to the patient
satisfaction, the quantity and quality of healthcare providers,
and the financial performance of individuals within a certain
population. Financial performance is a very crucial measure of
the quality of healthcare within communities. This is because
healthy individuals are usually very productive in their job
performance. (Hooper & Longworth, 2002).
Describe the two assessments you chose. What data was
collected in the needs assessments?
There are three phases that usually form the backbone of a
needs assessment procedure. These are:
a) Exploration of the problem to determine the objectives of the
assessment.
b) Collection and analysis of data.
c) Making of decisions in order to address the needs.
This discussion is a comparison of two needs assessments in
order to evaluate variations in their methodology.
The first assessment was a health need assessment was
conducted at a Gill Shapero, a school in Newcastle. The
objective of the assessment was to evaluate the nature and state
of the student’s lifestyle with regards to their sexual health and
drug abuse. In this assessment, the first step was to develop the
needs assessment plan. The plan was developed by formulation
of the steps to be followed during the exercise. These steps
included: Clarification of the objectives, selection of the
audience, selection of a sample population from the school,
collection of data, identifying a suitable survey instrument and
analyzing the data that was collected.

19. Data was collected by circulating a structured questionnaire
about the sexual knowledge of the students and conducting drug
tests from anonymous and voluntary urine samples. Data from
the questionnaires established that most students did not use
protection during most of their sexual encounters. Most of the
anonymous urine samples also tested positive for the presence
of drugs. From the findings of this survey, it was quite clear
that most students in the institution lacked information
regarding sexually transmitted ailments and lacked knowledge
about the dangers of drug abuse. The assessment team
recommended for the development of curricula and scheduling
of classes that entailed creating awareness and educating the
students about protection against sexually transmitted diseases
and the dangers of drug and substance abuse.
The second needs assessment was conducted at prisons in
Durham. The objective of the exercise was to determine the
state of healthcare in the prisons. The exercise was conducted as
follows:
a) A sample population from the cellblocks was chosen.
b) The profile of the population was established from the prison
healthcare data with regards to physical injuries and
psychological conditions.
c) The assessment team then selected the most serious among
the cases of injuries and ailments.
d) The team investigated the injury reports, response times,
quality of medication and the care given to the prisoners during
recuperation.
Data that was collected form the survey in this particular case
study suggested that the prison work force was not well trained,
there were inadequate healthcare resources (i.e. medication,

20. crutches, first aid kits), suicide and self-harm management was
also very poor and the healthcare information.
From these two case studies, we can deduce that the
methodology through which they were conducted shares the
core phases of executing a needs assessment i.e. establishing the
objectives, data collection and decision making. However, in
the first exercise the team prepared an assessment plan which of
course did not happen in the case of the Durham prisons. There
is also a variation in the instruments that were used to collect
the data because; in Gill Shapero, data was collected using a
structured questionnaire but in the Durham prisons, the data was
collected by evaluating the prison healthcare system.
Identify and discuss the theory (ies) that influenced these needs
assessments.
The first needs assessment that was conducted at Gil Shapero
was primarily focused on the quality of life of students at the
school. The study was with regards to tertiary needs i.e.
sexually transmitted ailment and smoking of drugs, which are
lifestyles concerns. This assessment emphasizes that quality of
life is one of the measures of healthcare. The lifestyle that the
students were leading was an indication of their quality of life.
It was also an indication of the state of health education in the
school. Educating people about their health is one of the health
services that are to be provided by health professionals (Moore
&Klingborg, 2007).
The second needs assessment was also very relevant to the topic
of health assessment. This is because healthcare facilities and
healthcare procedures suggest the quality of healthcare that is
being provided to patients. Healthcare is one of the things that
are measured when assessing health. On this note therefore, the
state and quality health services, procedures and facilities are
an indication of health.

21. How were the results of the needs assessments used in program
planning and design?
In the first assessment, the results were used to determine the
responsibilities and the timescale of the sexual education and
drug abuse services to be provided to the students in the
institution. The results were also used to formulate strategic
plans aimed at tackling the concerns. In the second assessment,
the results were used to develop an action plan for
modernization and health improvement of prisoners at the
Durham institutions.
References
Hooper, J. & Longworth, P. ( 2002). Health needs Assessment
Workbook. National Institute of Health and Clinical Science.
Theories We share Science.com. (2017). Retrieved from,
https://wesharescience.com/na/natheories.html on 22nd April
2017.
Moore, D., & Klingborg, D., (2007). Involving Practitioners in
Continuing Education Needs Assessment: Use of the Nominal
Group Technique. jvme 34: 122-126
Running head: APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED
MODEL
1
APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL
5
Applications of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
PHE 6210 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Phyllis Ocran
Dr. Gayle Jones

22. April 18, 2017
Unprotected intercourse among teens
In the world, when there are many infections due to unprotected
intercourse, it is vital to understand the consequence of
unprotected intercourse amongst the teens. Unprotected sex
amongst teens is bad news since it leads to increased dangerous
and deadly infections like STIs and most important HIV
(Southern Nevada Health District, 2012). These are permanent
and lifelong consequences that affect all teens. Furthermore,
unprotected sex amongst teen can lead to a teen pregnancy that
is mostly unwanted (Southern Nevada Health District, 2012). It
is a problem and it huge socio-economic implications as well as
daunting stigmas especially when a teen contract STIs and HIV
as well as unwanted/teen pregnancies.
Reasons Unprotected Intercourse amongst teens is problematic
There are three vital reasons why unprotected intercourse
among the teens is problematic (Southern Nevada Health
District, 2012). According to recent statistics, teen pregnancy
is at its all-time high as the prevalence is 24% per 1,000
women. Teen pregnancy is the first reason unprotected
intercourse is problematic. Teen pregnancy often lead to school
drop-outs that increase the illiteracy levels and it’s costly on the
nation. The second reason unprotected intercourse amongst
teens is a problem is STIs and HIV/AIDS (Braly, Amuta, &
McNeill, 2013). It is vital to understand that some of the STIs
have lifelong consequences since they have no cure, examples
of such are gonorrhea, herpes, hepatitis A&B, and HIV/AIDS.
(Braly, Amuta, & McNeill, 2013). Furthermore, it also has a
socio-economic implication such as stigmatization. Any teen
that is diagnosed with HIV/AIDS is often stigmatized because

23. they have a deadly infection.
All in all, unprotected intercourse amongst the teens is
expensive not only to the government agencies but also to the
parents and teens (Braly, Amuta, & McNeill, 2013). According
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
estimated that $15.9 billion is used to disease new cases of
STDs annually. Furthermore, around $9 billion is used annually
in teen pregnancy increasing the burden on taxpayers (Braly,
Amuta, & McNeill, 2013). Even, after the birth of the child, the
child must be given proper care that cost money from the
parents and the child. The teen is often forced to drop out of
school in search of income to fund for the child.
PRE Factors for Unprotected Sex amongst teens
It is significant to understand there are factors that empirically
support youths to have unprotected sex. The first Predisposing
factors are that adolescents take risks and are curious. (Hayden,
2013). The physical and emotional changes in the teens give
them an urge to want to have sex. The second factors is that
fact that teens are aware of the increase in their gentiles.
Furthermore, this factor is facilitated by education that teaches
them about sex. The Reinforcing factors include their
willingness of the girls and boys to experiment as well as
having their privacy (Hayden, 2013). The urge to have sex is
common amongst the boys and girls and therefore, majority of
them take the risk to have unprotected sex. The Enabling factors
is that most of the teens did not know how to use contraceptives
because people believe using it means one is promiscious, and
also, majority of teens are forced into abstinence. Therefore,
they cannot ask how to use contraceptives and hence, they
would engage in unprotected sex. Additionally, legally they are
not allowed to have sex and therefore, they hide when having
sex without protection.

24. Possible Intervention based on PRE factors
The first Predisposing factors are their changing emotionally
traits and their urge to take risks and experiments (Hayden,
2013). The possible intervention would be educative tutorial
through songs and in a casual environment. The educative
tutorials would focus on the dangers of unprotected sex. It
would be significant to have a role model that would be a
leading example of prevention of unprotected sex (Braly,
Amuta, & McNeill, 2013). The second intervention based on
Enabling factors would be to have a proper supportive system
that discourages unprotected sex from the family (Hayden,
2013). In this case, the supportive systems would be customized
to avoid a rebellion from the teens. Finally, provision of
contraceptive and contraceptive education to the teens. It would
entail giving them appropriate knowledge on how to use
contraceptive and avoid unprotected sex.
References
Braly, V., Amuta, A., & McNeill, E. B. (2013). A Section of the
PRECEDE–PROCEED Model and Its Application in Fictional
Podunk, Texas: A Strategy for Preparing Future Health
Education Specialists to Use Planning Models. Journal of
Health Education Teaching Techniques, 2 (2);1–15.
Hayden, J. A. (2013). Introduction to Health Behavior Theory.
Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Southern Nevada Health District. (2012). Teens face ‘real life’
consequences of unprotected sex. Retrieved from Southern
Nevada Health District:
https://www.southernnevadahealthdistrict.org/newsletter/enews/
1103-teens.html