Running head: POLITICAL CHANGE 1 POLITICAL CHANGE 2 Political Change: Constitutionally End Unlimited Elected Terms Served in Congress Political Corruption: Repeal Unlimited Elected Terms Served in Congress In the United States of America Congress members (The US Senate and the House of Representatives) have held position by re-election for many terms. This is not so with the US President whom has a maximum of two four-year terms and cannot be re-elected once the second term is complete. The 22nd Amendment supports the idea of term limits for the US president but is there no consideration for such limitation for congress? According to Politifact.com “Congress has 11 percent approval ratings, yet 96.4 percent of incumbent lawmakers were re-elected in 2014.” percent of congress is re-elected Many members of congress would add that the longer you are in office, the more you are aware of the issues and how to get issues resolved in congress. Conversely, unlimited terms can cause for a stagnant congressional staff that cannot reason well with current issues due to the resistance to change and can lead to different forms of corruption on the congressional floor. Unlimited terms prevent bipartisanship by not allowing qualified candidates of all parties the opportunity to hold an office within the Senate and House of Representatives. Therefore, unlimited term limits are modernly unconstitutional and can breed corruption in Congress. Term limits in congress (meaning restricting the period to be served in office by an officeholder or rotation in office) in the United States is present at both state and cities/towns, and it can be traced back to the time of the American Revolution (Kim & Hovy, 2004). Those who argue for term limits state that the idea encourages rotation in offices, where new individuals with fresh ideas can assume various roles in offices. However, those who oppose the idea argue that it does not give one enough time to exercise his or her expertise or idea, that is, one’s term comes to an end when he or she is at the peak of the career with knowledge accumulated for a long time. The term limits are evident in the United States Senate, where the members of the United States Senate under the Constitution is required to serve the unlimited time of six-year terms. There has been a debate for a long time now with regards to term limits for congressmen, and many people, such as political experts among others tend to be divided when it comes to this topic of unlimited terms in Congress. There are people who see value in continuity of the government while there are others who are arguing that there needs to be fresh blood in every “Congress”, and each side arguing for and against this idea of unlim ...

1. Running head: POLITICAL CHANGE
1
POLITICAL CHANGE
2
Political Change: Constitutionally End Unlimited Elected Terms
Served in Congress
Political Corruption: Repeal Unlimited Elected Terms Served in
Congress
In the United States of America Congress members (The US
Senate and the House of Representatives) have held position by
re-election for many terms. This is not so with the US President
whom has a maximum of two four-year terms and cannot be re-
elected once the second term is complete. The 22nd Amendment
supports the idea of term limits for the US president but is there
no consideration for such limitation for congress? According to
Politifact.com “Congress has 11 percent approval ratings, yet
96.4 percent of incumbent lawmakers were re-elected in 2014.”
percent of congress is re-elected Many members of congress
would add that the longer you are in office, the more you are
aware of the issues and how to get issues resolved in congress.
Conversely, unlimited terms can cause for a stagnant
congressional staff that cannot reason well with current issues
due to the resistance to change and can lead to different forms
of corruption on the congressional floor. Unlimited terms
prevent bipartisanship by not allowing qualified candidates of
all parties the opportunity to hold an office within the Senate
and House of Representatives. Therefore, unlimited term limits
are modernly unconstitutional and can breed corruption in
Congress.
Term limits in congress (meaning restricting the period to be
served in office by an officeholder or rotation in office) in the

2. United States is present at both state and cities/towns, and it can
be traced back to the time of the American Revolution (Kim &
Hovy, 2004). Those who argue for term limits state that the idea
encourages rotation in offices, where new individuals with fresh
ideas can assume various roles in offices. However, those who
oppose the idea argue that it does not give one enough time to
exercise his or her expertise or idea, that is, one’s term comes
to an end when he or she is at the peak of the career with
knowledge accumulated for a long time. The term limits are
evident in the United States Senate, where the members of the
United States Senate under the Constitution is required to serve
the unlimited time of six-year terms. There has been a debate
for a long time now with regards to term limits for
congressmen, and many people, such as political experts among
others tend to be divided when it comes to this topic of
unlimited terms in Congress.
There are people who see value in continuity of the government
while there are others who are arguing that there needs to be
fresh blood in every “Congress”, and each side arguing for and
against this idea of unlimited terms has pointed to support their
argument. Those who support unlimited term limit for the
congressmen and women state that the longer one stays in a job
the more skills the person gets since he or she has the
opportunity to grow in the position held and became better at it
compared to a person who has just started working in a certain
position (Kim & Hovy, 2004). In our current electoral process,
the congress man/woman has to be reelected at the end of their
term however, history has shown that the reelection rate is high.
This is a direct relationship to the reason why we cannot begin
to see other qualified candidates have chances in these offices.
A direct term limit that caps the number of terms that one can
serve will eliminate this issue. Those who are arguing for the
limiting of the Congress term believe that this will reduce
corruption since no one will not be in power for long periods of
time. Groups such as U.S. Term Limits established in the
1990’s to support term limits at all levels of government. This

3. group currently has help create 15 state legislatures in eight of
the ten largest cities in America adoptterm limits for their city
councils and/or mayor, and 37 states place term limits on their
constitutional officers. (U.S. Term Limits,2016)
Literature Review
According to Otteson (1991), the adoption of term limits was
introduced after the United States’ congressional election that
took place in the year 1990. “Throw the bums out” was a phrase
in the mouths of many people. This phrase was a rallying cry on
the voters during the election. During that time the Democrats
ran congress for over 40 years. This did not change until the
1993-1995 congressional elections. There were some angry
voters who took the initiative of organizing grassroots
movements with the intention of doing away with incumbents.
They were blaming these incumbents, that is, congressmen and
women that have been in office for many years for many
governmental failures.
Polsby argues that Congressional terms limits are
unconstitutional and will weaken the influence of Congress in
the U.S. political system (Polsby, 1993). The author also
believes that term limitation is unconstitutional. In the case of
Powell v. McCormack, 1969, the Supreme Court held that no
limitations could be added when it comes to qualification to the
congressional office. Through relying on this, the term limits
turn out to be unconstitutional. Polsby also argues that
congressional term limits violate conservative principles.
After examining the constitutionality of term limits, Barnicle
concludes that "…the congressional term limits are
unconstitutional when enacted through voters' initiatives, but
may be properly enacted through a federal constitutional
amendment" (Barnicle, 1992, p. 415). Additionally, entirely
putting into place term limits, irrespective of their
implementation, is seen to be inconsistent with the original
intention of framers of the Constitution. For a long time now,
changes, such as those in the judicial decisions and electoral

4. process among others have been carried out through a
constitutional amendment. Congressional terms limit should
also take place through a constitutional amendment.
Reed and Schansberg (1994) argue for congressional terms
limitation. They believed that two terms in office are enough
time for one to ensure he or she has practiced all the new ideas
and policies. There are some congressmen and women who have
been in office only for one term, yet the positive change they
have made may have been tremendous. There are others who
have been in office for two terms, but no change can be
determined in the areas. More terms in office will only bring in
the element of stagnation. A person who has not managed to
accomplish any positive change in the two terms period is
unlikely to attain the changes even if more time is added.
“Most recently in 2015 more than 30 Republicans in the House
and Senate were known to be on the record to support an
amendment to the Constitution that would impose term limits on
Congress.” (Kasperowicz, 2015) Term limits proposals have
been especially difficult to pass but that is not stopping some of
our political leaders from trying.
The big question is whether congressmen and women should be
allowed to serve unlimited terms. This is a topic, which has had
a very intense debate for a long time. This is evident in some of
the literature previously done. There are some authors who feel
that congressional terms limit is unconstitutional, and should
not be practiced. Others feel it is a good thing because it helps
bring into the office new people with new ideas. Ultimately
imposing term limits will be a positive impact on this country.
Body Paragraphs
Unlimited congressional terms limit is seen as a positive move
towards ensuring independent judgment of the Congress. There
is a probability for one's judgment to be influenced by other
parties and bodies due to serving for a long time. "In one of the
few cases where Congress itself has established term limits,

5. service on the House and Senate Intelligence Committees is
limited on the grounds that long-term membership might cause
Members to develop a loyalty to the intelligence bureaucracy
that would undermine their ability to exercise critical and
independent judgment over it" (Green, 2016, par. 9). This
evidence is also made due to conducts of people since
politicians are in an era where special interests and scores for
federal agencies continually lobby for funding, and this brings
in imminent danger that a congresswoman or man may be
enmeshed in culture, which is insulated from the society they
represent. There are congressmen and women who have ended
up being captured by the alien federal culture together with the
frustration resulting from sclerotic representation emerging
from all political stripes incumbents’ routinely getting
reelected. This alone is not only the reason why people are
calling for congressional terms limit.
Also, unlimited congressional terms limits are a reality check.
The introduction of terms limit will bring in a reminder that is
bracing and inescapable when it comes to how life is like in the
real world. A good example of this can be drawn from the
experience of the former Senator George Mcgovern. After
serving for 18 years in the Congress, Senator George Mcgovern
tried operating and succeeding in a small business. The senator
failed, and he stated that "…I wish I had taken my time during
my tenure to understand more about the problems that are being
faced in the private sector…I am forced to pay for taxes, meet
the payroll of the business…I had done some analysis and
gained knowledge with regards to what it took to perform that
when I was serving in Washington…" (Kim & Hovy, 2004).
Making sure that individuals are exposed to the tough life that
is outside the Congress will be a good idea with regards to
inculcating the complex understanding of the limits and logic of
federal regulation.
The opponents of congressional terms limit argue that this move

6. will harm small states. There are small states that will be
disadvantaged by terms limit since they have a small population
with very few representatives. This argument was made by
South California Senator Ernest Holling, Democrat Senator. He
made this on behalf of the Southern states, and he went ahead to
state that throughout the past, small states have been trying to
compensate this problem through reelecting incumbents
continually irrespective of their views on issues so as to
accumulate power possible through seniority. He went ahead to
argue that without this kind of seniority, these smalls Southern
states will be at the mercy of larger ones, such as the California
through the virtue of their size. The larger ones will have the
ability to easily send scores of representatives to the Congress
and will be sure of occupying seats in various committees that
are important, hence influencing imbalanced changes and
development.
References
Barnicle, B. (1992). Congressional Term Limits:
Unconsitutional by Initiative. Wash. L. Rev.,
67, 415.
Kim, S. M., & Hovy, E. (2004, August). Determining the
sentiment of opinions. In Proceedings
of the 20th international conference on Computational
Linguistics (p. 1367). Association for Computational
Linguistics.
Otteson, J. C. (1991). Constitutional Analysis of Congressional
Term Limits: Improving
Representative Legislation under the Constitution, A. DePaul L.
Rev., 41, 1.
Polsby, N. W. (1993). Some arguments against congressional

7. Term Limitations. Harv. JL &
Pub. Pol'y, 16, 101.
Reed, W. R., & Schansberg, D. E. (1994). An analysis of the
impact of congressional term limits.
Economic Inquiry, 32(1), 79.
Kasperowicz,P (2015). GOP members seek constitutional
amendment to impose term limits on
Congress. Retrieved from
http://www.theblaze.com/blog/2015/01/12/gop-members-seek-
constitutional-amendment-to-impose-term-limits-on-congress/
U. S. Term Limits (2016) “Citizen Legislators, Not Career
Politicians.” Retrieved from https://www.termlimits.org/
Green, D. (2016). Term Limits: The Only Way to clean Up
Congress. Retrieved from
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1994/08/bg994nbsp-
term-limitsnbsp-the-only-way
Kim, S. M., & Hovy, E. (2004, August). Determining the
sentiment of opinions. In Proceedings
of the 20th international conference on Computational
Linguistics (p. 1367). Association for Computational
Linguistics
Politifact.com (2014) “Congress has 11% approval ratings but
96% incumbent reelection rate, meme says.” Retrieved from
https:// http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-
meter/statements/2014/nov/11/facebook-posts/congress-has-11-
approval-ratings-96-incumbent-re-e/

8. PSY 540 Short Presentation Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Twice during this course you will assume the role of a
psychology professional in an applied setting and apply theories
to suggest solutions to contemporary
problems through a short presentation. The purpose of these
presentations is to help you identify gaps in and propose
improvements for professional disciplines
based on the strengths and limitations of human cognitive
systems while assessing foundational theories of cognitive
psychology for their relevance to real-world
issues.
Short presentations should be approximately five minutes in
length and should be directed towards someone with limited or
no background knowledge of
psychological concepts or terminology. Because of this, you
will want to explain relevant terms and concepts as you work
through your presentation. Be sure to
identify the group your presentation is intended for as well as
the group that will most benefit from your proposed strategies.
Additionally, be sure to
appropriately use professional terms and theories.
Your presentation can use a platform of your choosing.
Potential example platforms include:
• PowerPoint
• Prezi
• Jing
• Webcam video recordings

9. For this assignment, you may submit a URL to your
presentation or upload a video or PowerPoint presentation with
either associated audio or the delivery script
included in the notes section. For additional information about
uploading video files, reference the Uploading a Video
Assignment guide. If you have difficulty
recording and submitting presentation files, reach out to the
SNHU Help Desk for technical assistance at
www.snhu.edu/techsupport and contact your instructor.
http://prezi.com/
http://www.techsmith.com/jing.html
https://my.snhu.edu/offices/its/is/resources/documents/uploadin
g_a_video_assignment.pdf
http://www.snhu.edu/techsupport
Rubric
Instructor Feedback: This activity uses an integrated rubric in
Blackboard. Students can view instructor feedback in the Grade
Center. For more in formation,
review these instructions.
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (85%)
Not Evident (0%) Value
Setting and Audience Cl earl y i denti fi es the s peci fi c appl
ied s etti ng
and s peci fi c target audi ence for the
pres entati on
Identi fi es the appl i ed s etti ng and target

10. audi ence for the pres entati on, but the
s etti ng and audi ence l ack s peci fi c detai l
Does not i denti fy the appl i ed s etti ng and
target audi ence for the pres entati on
35
Theories Incl udes references to theori es to s upport
the pres entati on and di rectl y connects them
to the appl i ed s etti ng
Incl udes references to theori es to s upport
the pres entati on, but does not di rectl y
connect them to the appl i ed s etti ng, or
theori es are i ncorrectl y appl ied
Does not i ncl ude theori es to s upport the
pres entati on
20
Concepts and
Terminology
Expl ai ns concepts and termi nol ogy us i ng
l anguage appropri ate for the i denti fi ed
s etti ng and audi ence
Expl ai ns concepts and termi nol ogy, but does
not us e l anguage appropri ate for the s etti ng
and audi ence
Does not expl ai n concepts and termi nol ogy 15

11. Application Sugges ts acti onabl e s teps to i mprove
cogni ti ve functi on i n the context of the
s etti ng and audi ence
Sugges ts s teps to i mprove cogni ti ve functi on
i n the context of the s etti ng and audi ence,
but s teps are unreal i s tic and not acti onabl e
Does not s ugges t s teps to i mprove cogni ti ve
functi on i n the context of the s etti ng and
audi ence
15
Delivery Us es s upporti ng vi s ual ai ds, appropriate
s entence s tructure, and APA ci tati ons , as
needed
Sentence s tructure, unrel ated vi s ual aids ,
and i mproper APA ci tati ons make the
pres entati on di ffi cul t to fol l ow
Does not provi de a l egi bl e or audi bl e
res pons e
15
Earned Total 100%
http://snhu-

12. media.snhu.edu/files/production_documentation/formatting/rubr
ic_feedback_instructions_student.pdf