Running Head: EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY AND SCORE 12
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Jane Doe
University of Southern Mississippi
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Stress and college go hand in hand, and oftentimes a student’s most stressful day is the day of an exam. Test anxiety is nothing new, yet it is a real issue among university students. Universities are already a high stress environment, and the fear of failing can be overwhelming (Smyth & Banks, 2015). Constant stress can be not only be detrimental to a young person’s health and emotional wellbeing, but can also affect that person’s performance (Chapell, et al., 2005). Music is simple tool that could be used to aid in decreasing test anxiety and increase success for students (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014).
Anxiety can be described as a natural reaction to uncertainty, fear, or a perceived threat in one’s environment. Test anxiety is a common and real worry that university students suffer from; they have psychological and physiological responses to the uncertainty of their testing performance and the implications of their scores (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014). Research can support that exams are a legitimate source of anxiety for students. In a study done by Smith and Banks (2015), interviews they conducted with students in an Irish school system shows that the vast majority of students surveyed placed heavy personal burden on their performance in their final examinations due to the effect the results had on their future. The anxiety related to the fear of failing this examination pushed some students in Smith and Bank’s study to spend copious amounts of time on homework and studying, causing an excess amount of stress on their mind and body. On the opposite end of the spectrum, some students felt they were unable to focus on completing an acceptable amount of work, and that that their anxiety kept them from preforming as well. Physical manifestations of anxiety, such as upset stomachs, and feelings of hopelessness were reported as well (Smyth & Banks, 2015).
Testing anxieties can lead to a decrease in academic performance for an otherwise successful student. In one study lead by Chapell (2005), 5,551 graduate and undergraduate students were assessed for anxiety level as well as grade point average. The participants in Chapell’s study were split into groups of graduates and undergraduates; male and female; and low, moderate, and high test anxiety. Students were asked about their cumulative grade point average and were administered a questionnaire that assessed their testing anxiety. Generally speaking, the results showed that students who reported having low test anxiety also had an average 3.77 GPA, while students who showed signs of high test anxiety had an average GPA of 3.61 (Chapell, et al., 2005).
Stress can not only cause drops in performance, but also can be de ...
Effects and Corporal Responses to Music Exposure and their Possible Use in Me...CarlosJCabello
My secondary-literature based thesis regarding the positive effects that music exposure has in our bodies, and how it can be applied into new medical therapies and techniques.
This study aims to examine the effect of music-induced emotion on risk taking. Participants will be randomly assigned to listen to either positive music, negative music, or read neutral facts. They will complete a mood assessment before and after, and then a risk-taking assessment while still exposed to the music/article. It is hypothesized that positive music will lead to lower risk-taking, while negative music will lead to higher risk-taking. A two-way ANOVA will analyze differences between conditions and potential gender differences. The results are expected to support the hypotheses by finding significant differences in risk-taking between the three music/article groups.
Effect of music in inducing sleep among children in need of special care in a...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined the effect of music on sleep onset latency in children aged 1-6 living in a child shelter institution. 16 children participated in the pre-test/post-test study.
2. Before music was played, the average sleep onset latency was 40.38 minutes. After playing lullaby music for 45 minutes each night for 7 days, the average latency decreased to 19.85 minutes.
3. The results showed that music had a significant effect in reducing sleep onset latency and inducing sleep in the children. Therefore, the study concluded that music therapy can be an effective independent nursing intervention to help children in shelters fall asleep.
This study examined the effect of different music genres on heart rate variability. 14 students listened to 5 minutes of either classical or heavy metal music on separate days while heart rate was measured before and after. The classical music was expected to lower heart rate more due to its gradual rhythm compared to the rapid rhythm of heavy metal. The results supported this, as classical lowered average heart rate more (3.0 bpm) than heavy metal (0.79 bpm). However, statistical analysis found the effect of genre on heart rate was insignificant. Larger and more varied samples may be needed to fully validate the hypothesis.
Test anxiety can have severe physical and mental effects on students. The author describes how they used to suffer from test anxiety in school but were able to reduce it over time by changing their perspective on the importance of tests. Some ways to reduce test anxiety include identifying the underlying causes, such as perfectionist tendencies or worries about grades, and realizing tests are not life or death situations. Studies have shown techniques like Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) that stimulate acupuncture points while using positive statements can significantly reduce public speaking anxiety within a single session and may be more effective than traditional cognitive behavioral therapy.
Due to the lack of proper time management and works that B.Ed students face it is necessary to reduce their stress and increase the concentration among them which will help them to be more productive, music plays a major role in stress release.
This document outlines a single-subject design project that examines using music therapy as an alternative method to treat and address agitation among persons with dementia. The project uses an ABA single-subject design to evaluate the effectiveness of 30-minute daily music therapy sessions using biblical hymns over 6 weeks at decreasing agitated behavior in a person with dementia, as measured by the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory assessment tool. Results showed agitation levels were significantly lower during the music therapy intervention phase compared to pre-and post-intervention phases. The document discusses strengths, weaknesses, and implications for practice.
Background music has been found to benefit both students and teachers in classroom settings. It increases student productivity, helps teachers manage behavior, and relieves stress for both parties. Music influences brain waves and the autonomic nervous system, impacting functions like heart rate and memory. Several studies found that background music in classrooms can speed learning by 24%, increase memory retention by 26%, and improve test scores. However, one study found music may interfere with short-term memory, and reading comprehension can be impaired by music with lyrics. Overall, most research indicates that background music creates a more effective learning environment by reducing stress, covering distractions, and enhancing memory and learning.
Effects and Corporal Responses to Music Exposure and their Possible Use in Me...CarlosJCabello
My secondary-literature based thesis regarding the positive effects that music exposure has in our bodies, and how it can be applied into new medical therapies and techniques.
This study aims to examine the effect of music-induced emotion on risk taking. Participants will be randomly assigned to listen to either positive music, negative music, or read neutral facts. They will complete a mood assessment before and after, and then a risk-taking assessment while still exposed to the music/article. It is hypothesized that positive music will lead to lower risk-taking, while negative music will lead to higher risk-taking. A two-way ANOVA will analyze differences between conditions and potential gender differences. The results are expected to support the hypotheses by finding significant differences in risk-taking between the three music/article groups.
Effect of music in inducing sleep among children in need of special care in a...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined the effect of music on sleep onset latency in children aged 1-6 living in a child shelter institution. 16 children participated in the pre-test/post-test study.
2. Before music was played, the average sleep onset latency was 40.38 minutes. After playing lullaby music for 45 minutes each night for 7 days, the average latency decreased to 19.85 minutes.
3. The results showed that music had a significant effect in reducing sleep onset latency and inducing sleep in the children. Therefore, the study concluded that music therapy can be an effective independent nursing intervention to help children in shelters fall asleep.
This study examined the effect of different music genres on heart rate variability. 14 students listened to 5 minutes of either classical or heavy metal music on separate days while heart rate was measured before and after. The classical music was expected to lower heart rate more due to its gradual rhythm compared to the rapid rhythm of heavy metal. The results supported this, as classical lowered average heart rate more (3.0 bpm) than heavy metal (0.79 bpm). However, statistical analysis found the effect of genre on heart rate was insignificant. Larger and more varied samples may be needed to fully validate the hypothesis.
Test anxiety can have severe physical and mental effects on students. The author describes how they used to suffer from test anxiety in school but were able to reduce it over time by changing their perspective on the importance of tests. Some ways to reduce test anxiety include identifying the underlying causes, such as perfectionist tendencies or worries about grades, and realizing tests are not life or death situations. Studies have shown techniques like Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) that stimulate acupuncture points while using positive statements can significantly reduce public speaking anxiety within a single session and may be more effective than traditional cognitive behavioral therapy.
Due to the lack of proper time management and works that B.Ed students face it is necessary to reduce their stress and increase the concentration among them which will help them to be more productive, music plays a major role in stress release.
This document outlines a single-subject design project that examines using music therapy as an alternative method to treat and address agitation among persons with dementia. The project uses an ABA single-subject design to evaluate the effectiveness of 30-minute daily music therapy sessions using biblical hymns over 6 weeks at decreasing agitated behavior in a person with dementia, as measured by the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory assessment tool. Results showed agitation levels were significantly lower during the music therapy intervention phase compared to pre-and post-intervention phases. The document discusses strengths, weaknesses, and implications for practice.
Background music has been found to benefit both students and teachers in classroom settings. It increases student productivity, helps teachers manage behavior, and relieves stress for both parties. Music influences brain waves and the autonomic nervous system, impacting functions like heart rate and memory. Several studies found that background music in classrooms can speed learning by 24%, increase memory retention by 26%, and improve test scores. However, one study found music may interfere with short-term memory, and reading comprehension can be impaired by music with lyrics. Overall, most research indicates that background music creates a more effective learning environment by reducing stress, covering distractions, and enhancing memory and learning.
Respond to the post bellow, using one or more of the followimickietanger
Respond to the post bellow,
using one or more of the following approaches:
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own review of the literature in the Walden Library.
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
Main Post
Music Therapy for Dialysis Patients
The research article that I selected was conducted to see if music therapy was a good non-pharmacological intervention to manage hemodialysis patient’s anxiety, stress, and depression. The researchers recognized that these patients experience anxiety, stress, and depression due to their dire health issue of end-stage renal disease. There were 40 subjects who were receiving dialysis and 20 subjects received music therapy. Blood pressures and pulses were taken before and after music therapy. The randomized control group was given pre-tests, post-tests, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale Tool (DASS).
Data & Results
The data that was collected that lead to their final conclusion was comparing the vital signs collect before and after music therapy, demographic survey, DASS, pre and post-tests. The researchers completed a paired t-test and design table with the data to determine the effectiveness of the experiment. According to Fernandas & D’silva (2019), “To find the association between depression, anxiety and stress level with selected demographic variables, chi-square test or likelihood ratio test used” (p. 128). Their conclusion stated that the group that received music therapy did have a reduction in anxiety, stress, and depression levels. According to Fernandas & D’silva (2019), “In the present study the investigator made an attempt to relieve stress, anxiety, and depression among haemodialysis patient by providing music therapy and results shows that there was a significant difference in depression, anxiety and stress level among the experimental and control group” (p. 129).
Conclusion & Weakness
The researchers were able to formulate their conclusion by analyzing the data and using careful calculations that they collected from their research. The weakness of the study I believe is that the subjects weren’t select randomly. The participants were selected by assessing if they liked or showed interest in music. The dialysis patients that were interested in music received music therapy.
Additional Research
I do believe that further research should be completed to prove the benefits of music therapy for a dialysis patient. Further studies should be ...
The review paper explores obsessive compulsive disorder and how thoughts, feelings, ideas or behaviors can cause distress or interfere with daily functioning. The author hypothesized that cognitive-behavioral treatment would be most effective in maintaining quality of life for adults whose physical, emotional or social functioning is affected. Obsessive compulsive disorder causes anxiety through repetitive thoughts and behaviors and is one of the most common mental disorders. It impairs quality of life, particularly in social functioning. Treatments include medication, cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness techniques.
Effect of White Noise on Off-Task BehaviorsErin Bosman
This study examined the effects of white noise and instrumental music on off-task behavior in two students with ADHD - one taking stimulant medication and one not. The dependent variable was off-task behavior such as talking off-topic or looking away from assignments. Researchers observed the students during independent work and recorded off-task behavior over 15-minute sessions under different conditions: baseline, white noise, and instrumental music. Preliminary results suggested white noise and music may reduce off-task behavior for both students compared to baseline. Further research is needed to better understand how auditory stimuli impact students with ADHD, both with and without medication.
This study investigated the relationship between years of musical training and emotional intelligence. It surveyed 69 participants on their musical training history and administered an emotional intelligence test. The results found a weak correlation between years musically trained and emotional intelligence scores. On average, participants had about 6 years of musical training. While musical training may be linked to academic success, this small pilot study did not find a significant relationship between musical training and levels of emotional intelligence. Larger and more varied sample sizes are needed in future research to further explore this question.
The study examined the effect of different types of background music (quiet, calming classical music, and disruptive song with lyrics) on the accuracy and completion of logic problems. 12 female undergraduate students completed logic problems under the three conditions. There was no significant difference found between the conditions, though scores were highest in the calming and disruptive music conditions and lowest in the quiet condition. The study aimed to determine if distracting music would lead to lower scores, but found no significant effects of music type on logic problem performance.
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between daily perceived stress and distress levels in dreams. The study found that daily perceived stress significantly positively correlated with the level of distress in dreams. Specifically, individuals experiencing higher levels of daily stress reported higher levels of distress in their dreams. The document provides background on stress, dreams, and prior research examining relationships between stressors, trauma, and dream content.
This is a guide for Doctors/Therapists/Audiologists/OT's who are seeing individuals with Misophonia. Individuals with Misophonia may also download this and bring to their doctors!
Educational & Child Psychology; Vol. 36 No. 3 33
Evaluating the impact of an autogenic
training relaxation intervention on levels
of anxiety amongst adolescents in school
Tracey Atkins & Ben Hayes
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of a group-based autogenic training (AT) relaxation
intervention on levels of anxiety in adolescents in mainstream school settings.
Method: A mixed-methods design was used to measure differences in levels of anxiety and explore a range
of perceived changes between groups over time. Sixty-six young people aged between 14 and 15 years old
from four mainstream schools in the UK were randomly assigned within each school to an intervention
or wait-list control group. Quantitative data were analysed using a mixed between-within subjects ANOVA.
Qualitative information from 12 volunteer participants was analysed using thematic analysis.
Findings: Results showed a main effect of time for both the intervention group and the wait-list group
however, no significant main interaction was found. Qualitative results showed perceived improvements
in social relationships and connectivity; reflectiveness; self-awareness; physiological symptoms; and a sense
of control.
Limitations: Measures were reliant on self-reported data. Schools were recruited through self-referral and
expression of interest, excluding participants who may not have the opportunity to take part. There were
no opportunities to collect follow-up data.
Conclusions: Results suggest that a structured AT relaxation intervention delivered in a familiar
school environment may significantly reduce levels of anxiety amongst adolescents. However, significant
improvements for the wait-list group also raises questions around the potential of other supportive
variables, such as acknowledgement and validation of feelings, the promise and availability of
forthcoming support and the potential impact of raised awareness and interest in pupil wellbeing
amongst school staff.
Keywords: autogenic training; relaxation; adolescence; mind-body interventions; anxiety.
M
ENTAL HEALTH difficulties in
young people are a serious cause for
concern across the world. The World
Health Organization (WHO) reports that in
half of all cases of mental health conditions,
onset has occurred by the age of 14 years
old; suicide is the third leading cause of
death in 15–19 year olds; and the second
leading cause of death in girls (WHO, 2018).
It is estimated that one in ten children and
young people aged 5–16 years old have
a diagnosable mental health disorder in the
UK alone; and at least one in 12 children
and young people deliberately self-harm
(Young Minds, 2018).
In 2009, the UK government identi-
fied mental health as everyone’s business
(Department of Health; DoH, 2009) and
was specific about prevention and the tran-
sition time between adolescence and early
adulthood. Suggestions for schools include
promoting students’ mental health as part
of ...
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
This study examines the relationship between experiences of repeated bullying victimization before age 12 and levels of depression in late adolescence and adulthood, while controlling for prior mental health and stressful life events. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the study finds that repeated bullying victimization before age 12 is associated with higher levels of depression from late adolescence into adulthood. Subgroup analyses show these relationships are specific to females, with whites primarily affected in late adolescence and non-whites in adulthood. The study concludes that experiences of bullying during childhood can serve as a marker for subsequent mental health problems later in life.
This document presents a model for a music therapy program for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in a psychoeducational setting. It reviews how music therapy has been used beneficially with this population in areas like self-esteem, behavior, communication, and social skills. The proposed model combines the music therapy process with the school's 9-week grading period. It provides structure for group and individual music therapy sessions aimed at goals like self-expression, socialization, behavior management, and reinforcing cognitive and motor skills. The model has been implemented successfully in a residential treatment center serving elementary through high school students with severe EBD.
For listening enter channel https://www.youtube.com/@positivelife6948/videos
The beeping of ventilators and infusion pumps, the hiss of oxygen, the whirring of carts and the chatter of doctors and nurses as they make their rounds—these are the sounds premature babies hear in the NICU The first few days of a typical voice's life. While the sound of such life-saving equipment can be difficult to eliminate, a new study shows that some sounds, such as z' stress, can be a problem. Researchers at Beth Israel Medical Center's Louis Armstrong Center for Music and Medicine conducted the study, which included 272 premature infants at 32 weeks or older in 11 Mid-Atlantic neonatal intensive care units. They studied the effects of three types of music: a lullaby chosen and sung by the baby's parents; an "Ocean Disc," a circular instrument invented by the Remo Drum Company that mimics the sounds of the womb; and a gato box, a drum-like Instrument for simulating a two-tone heartbeat rhythm.
This study examined differences in stress and anxiety levels between male and female undergraduate students during exam times. An online survey was distributed to 48 students, with equal numbers of males and females. Results showed that females reported significantly higher levels of visible signs of nervousness and panic before exams compared to males. Females also tended to experience more overall anxiety, though this was only a trend. Both genders reported anxiety levels between "seldom" and "sometimes" in test situations. The study provides some evidence that female undergraduates experience greater stress and anxiety than males during exams.
This document discusses a research study investigating predictive factors that influence the mental health status of Australia's university students. The study examines physical activity, social and emotional wellbeing, and sporting club involvement as predictive factors. It measures these factors across personal, university, home, and community domains. The study aims to establish patterns of association between the predictive factors and students' mental health status using a mixed methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
Australia's University Students and Mental Healthwusher
This document outlines the methodology and results of a study investigating predictive factors of university students' mental health status in Australia. The study used a mixed methods approach, collecting quantitative data through an online survey of 2,326 students and qualitative data through open-ended responses from 932 students. Quantitative data was analyzed using statistical tests while qualitative data was analyzed using Leximancer software to identify themes. Key findings included that 68% of participants were female, 67% were undergraduate students, and 50% worked part-time. The study aimed to establish associations between predictive factors of physical activity, social and emotional wellbeing, and sporting club involvement, and students' mental health status across personal, university, home, and community domains.
Art therapy uses creative activities like painting, drawing, and sculpting to increase well-being and help people overcome challenges. It is used in mental health settings to help people explore feelings, develop skills, and boost self-esteem. Research shows art therapy can reduce stress, depression, and other symptoms in people with conditions like cancer, heart disease, and HIV/AIDS. However, more extensive research is still needed to demonstrate art therapy's full health benefits.
The study aimed to examine the effects of different music genres on athletes' self-efficacy and performance. 30 student athletes completed a 400m dash, pushups, and planks while listening to hip-hop, country, or heavy metal, or without music. Their self-efficacy, emotions, and thoughts were measured before and after each task using questionnaires. The researchers hypothesized that athletes would have higher exertion and self-efficacy while listening to hip-hop compared to the other conditions. The results could help identify ways for athletes to optimize their mental state and performance.
Music has both positive and negative effects on people's mental and physical health. While some music promotes negative topics like drugs and sex, music therapy has been shown to help manage pain, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and aid physical healing. Studies also show music can improve cognitive abilities and athletic performance when listening to enjoyable music. However, very loud or repetitive music may cause harm by inducing seizures or tinnitus. Overall, music has significant impacts and benefits for people when used constructively.
Music therapy is a skillful use of music by a certified music therapist to promote mental, physical, emotional and spiritual health. It can be used in hospitals to help reduce stress and anxiety in patients. Music therapy involves using musical elements like rhythm, melody and harmony to achieve non-musical treatment goals. It requires a bachelor's degree and clinical training to become a certified music therapist. Research shows music therapy can help with conditions like autism by increasing social interaction and engagement.
250-500 words APA format cite references Check this scenario out.docxjeanettehully
250-500 words APA format cite references
Check this scenario out. Long term care can consists of servicing patients need at a patient's home, providing meals, transportation and in home therapy. Some long term care is within the home and some can be rehab. Lets say there is a growing need to extend those services to our growing need in elderly population. Part of that need is a demand for servicing the increasing population of the Hispanic community. We as a team need to meet with a cross- functional management team that can relay the need and services outside of the facility. We need hired people who are bilingual that can work the call center, deliver food, offer in home therapy, and provide transportation.
Our audience will be the new management team. Each member of the coordination of care team of management will cover or be responsible for one of those areas. Our standpoint will be that we are the board of directors that would be talking with them.
Giving the above screnario my part of assignment is to come up with strategies of the transition and what methods may be needed?
.
2 DQ’s need to be answers with Zero plagiarism and 250 word count fo.docxjeanettehully
2 DQ’s need to be answers with Zero plagiarism and 250 word count for each question. Due in 6 hours TODAY! Please include all references if necessary.
Week One DQ1
Week One DQ3
To clarify... these ratios are part of the DuPont model, and the DuPont model considers liquidity as one of the factors to be evaluated, but at the end of the day, the DuPont model is all about return on equity... basically getting your money's worth. Given that, what are the elements of liquidity and how do they lead us into the discussion on equity? Why is this important to understand?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docx
Respond to the post bellow, using one or more of the followimickietanger
Respond to the post bellow,
using one or more of the following approaches:
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own review of the literature in the Walden Library.
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
Main Post
Music Therapy for Dialysis Patients
The research article that I selected was conducted to see if music therapy was a good non-pharmacological intervention to manage hemodialysis patient’s anxiety, stress, and depression. The researchers recognized that these patients experience anxiety, stress, and depression due to their dire health issue of end-stage renal disease. There were 40 subjects who were receiving dialysis and 20 subjects received music therapy. Blood pressures and pulses were taken before and after music therapy. The randomized control group was given pre-tests, post-tests, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale Tool (DASS).
Data & Results
The data that was collected that lead to their final conclusion was comparing the vital signs collect before and after music therapy, demographic survey, DASS, pre and post-tests. The researchers completed a paired t-test and design table with the data to determine the effectiveness of the experiment. According to Fernandas & D’silva (2019), “To find the association between depression, anxiety and stress level with selected demographic variables, chi-square test or likelihood ratio test used” (p. 128). Their conclusion stated that the group that received music therapy did have a reduction in anxiety, stress, and depression levels. According to Fernandas & D’silva (2019), “In the present study the investigator made an attempt to relieve stress, anxiety, and depression among haemodialysis patient by providing music therapy and results shows that there was a significant difference in depression, anxiety and stress level among the experimental and control group” (p. 129).
Conclusion & Weakness
The researchers were able to formulate their conclusion by analyzing the data and using careful calculations that they collected from their research. The weakness of the study I believe is that the subjects weren’t select randomly. The participants were selected by assessing if they liked or showed interest in music. The dialysis patients that were interested in music received music therapy.
Additional Research
I do believe that further research should be completed to prove the benefits of music therapy for a dialysis patient. Further studies should be ...
The review paper explores obsessive compulsive disorder and how thoughts, feelings, ideas or behaviors can cause distress or interfere with daily functioning. The author hypothesized that cognitive-behavioral treatment would be most effective in maintaining quality of life for adults whose physical, emotional or social functioning is affected. Obsessive compulsive disorder causes anxiety through repetitive thoughts and behaviors and is one of the most common mental disorders. It impairs quality of life, particularly in social functioning. Treatments include medication, cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness techniques.
Effect of White Noise on Off-Task BehaviorsErin Bosman
This study examined the effects of white noise and instrumental music on off-task behavior in two students with ADHD - one taking stimulant medication and one not. The dependent variable was off-task behavior such as talking off-topic or looking away from assignments. Researchers observed the students during independent work and recorded off-task behavior over 15-minute sessions under different conditions: baseline, white noise, and instrumental music. Preliminary results suggested white noise and music may reduce off-task behavior for both students compared to baseline. Further research is needed to better understand how auditory stimuli impact students with ADHD, both with and without medication.
This study investigated the relationship between years of musical training and emotional intelligence. It surveyed 69 participants on their musical training history and administered an emotional intelligence test. The results found a weak correlation between years musically trained and emotional intelligence scores. On average, participants had about 6 years of musical training. While musical training may be linked to academic success, this small pilot study did not find a significant relationship between musical training and levels of emotional intelligence. Larger and more varied sample sizes are needed in future research to further explore this question.
The study examined the effect of different types of background music (quiet, calming classical music, and disruptive song with lyrics) on the accuracy and completion of logic problems. 12 female undergraduate students completed logic problems under the three conditions. There was no significant difference found between the conditions, though scores were highest in the calming and disruptive music conditions and lowest in the quiet condition. The study aimed to determine if distracting music would lead to lower scores, but found no significant effects of music type on logic problem performance.
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between daily perceived stress and distress levels in dreams. The study found that daily perceived stress significantly positively correlated with the level of distress in dreams. Specifically, individuals experiencing higher levels of daily stress reported higher levels of distress in their dreams. The document provides background on stress, dreams, and prior research examining relationships between stressors, trauma, and dream content.
This is a guide for Doctors/Therapists/Audiologists/OT's who are seeing individuals with Misophonia. Individuals with Misophonia may also download this and bring to their doctors!
Educational & Child Psychology; Vol. 36 No. 3 33
Evaluating the impact of an autogenic
training relaxation intervention on levels
of anxiety amongst adolescents in school
Tracey Atkins & Ben Hayes
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of a group-based autogenic training (AT) relaxation
intervention on levels of anxiety in adolescents in mainstream school settings.
Method: A mixed-methods design was used to measure differences in levels of anxiety and explore a range
of perceived changes between groups over time. Sixty-six young people aged between 14 and 15 years old
from four mainstream schools in the UK were randomly assigned within each school to an intervention
or wait-list control group. Quantitative data were analysed using a mixed between-within subjects ANOVA.
Qualitative information from 12 volunteer participants was analysed using thematic analysis.
Findings: Results showed a main effect of time for both the intervention group and the wait-list group
however, no significant main interaction was found. Qualitative results showed perceived improvements
in social relationships and connectivity; reflectiveness; self-awareness; physiological symptoms; and a sense
of control.
Limitations: Measures were reliant on self-reported data. Schools were recruited through self-referral and
expression of interest, excluding participants who may not have the opportunity to take part. There were
no opportunities to collect follow-up data.
Conclusions: Results suggest that a structured AT relaxation intervention delivered in a familiar
school environment may significantly reduce levels of anxiety amongst adolescents. However, significant
improvements for the wait-list group also raises questions around the potential of other supportive
variables, such as acknowledgement and validation of feelings, the promise and availability of
forthcoming support and the potential impact of raised awareness and interest in pupil wellbeing
amongst school staff.
Keywords: autogenic training; relaxation; adolescence; mind-body interventions; anxiety.
M
ENTAL HEALTH difficulties in
young people are a serious cause for
concern across the world. The World
Health Organization (WHO) reports that in
half of all cases of mental health conditions,
onset has occurred by the age of 14 years
old; suicide is the third leading cause of
death in 15–19 year olds; and the second
leading cause of death in girls (WHO, 2018).
It is estimated that one in ten children and
young people aged 5–16 years old have
a diagnosable mental health disorder in the
UK alone; and at least one in 12 children
and young people deliberately self-harm
(Young Minds, 2018).
In 2009, the UK government identi-
fied mental health as everyone’s business
(Department of Health; DoH, 2009) and
was specific about prevention and the tran-
sition time between adolescence and early
adulthood. Suggestions for schools include
promoting students’ mental health as part
of ...
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
This study examines the relationship between experiences of repeated bullying victimization before age 12 and levels of depression in late adolescence and adulthood, while controlling for prior mental health and stressful life events. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the study finds that repeated bullying victimization before age 12 is associated with higher levels of depression from late adolescence into adulthood. Subgroup analyses show these relationships are specific to females, with whites primarily affected in late adolescence and non-whites in adulthood. The study concludes that experiences of bullying during childhood can serve as a marker for subsequent mental health problems later in life.
This document presents a model for a music therapy program for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in a psychoeducational setting. It reviews how music therapy has been used beneficially with this population in areas like self-esteem, behavior, communication, and social skills. The proposed model combines the music therapy process with the school's 9-week grading period. It provides structure for group and individual music therapy sessions aimed at goals like self-expression, socialization, behavior management, and reinforcing cognitive and motor skills. The model has been implemented successfully in a residential treatment center serving elementary through high school students with severe EBD.
For listening enter channel https://www.youtube.com/@positivelife6948/videos
The beeping of ventilators and infusion pumps, the hiss of oxygen, the whirring of carts and the chatter of doctors and nurses as they make their rounds—these are the sounds premature babies hear in the NICU The first few days of a typical voice's life. While the sound of such life-saving equipment can be difficult to eliminate, a new study shows that some sounds, such as z' stress, can be a problem. Researchers at Beth Israel Medical Center's Louis Armstrong Center for Music and Medicine conducted the study, which included 272 premature infants at 32 weeks or older in 11 Mid-Atlantic neonatal intensive care units. They studied the effects of three types of music: a lullaby chosen and sung by the baby's parents; an "Ocean Disc," a circular instrument invented by the Remo Drum Company that mimics the sounds of the womb; and a gato box, a drum-like Instrument for simulating a two-tone heartbeat rhythm.
This study examined differences in stress and anxiety levels between male and female undergraduate students during exam times. An online survey was distributed to 48 students, with equal numbers of males and females. Results showed that females reported significantly higher levels of visible signs of nervousness and panic before exams compared to males. Females also tended to experience more overall anxiety, though this was only a trend. Both genders reported anxiety levels between "seldom" and "sometimes" in test situations. The study provides some evidence that female undergraduates experience greater stress and anxiety than males during exams.
This document discusses a research study investigating predictive factors that influence the mental health status of Australia's university students. The study examines physical activity, social and emotional wellbeing, and sporting club involvement as predictive factors. It measures these factors across personal, university, home, and community domains. The study aims to establish patterns of association between the predictive factors and students' mental health status using a mixed methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
Australia's University Students and Mental Healthwusher
This document outlines the methodology and results of a study investigating predictive factors of university students' mental health status in Australia. The study used a mixed methods approach, collecting quantitative data through an online survey of 2,326 students and qualitative data through open-ended responses from 932 students. Quantitative data was analyzed using statistical tests while qualitative data was analyzed using Leximancer software to identify themes. Key findings included that 68% of participants were female, 67% were undergraduate students, and 50% worked part-time. The study aimed to establish associations between predictive factors of physical activity, social and emotional wellbeing, and sporting club involvement, and students' mental health status across personal, university, home, and community domains.
Art therapy uses creative activities like painting, drawing, and sculpting to increase well-being and help people overcome challenges. It is used in mental health settings to help people explore feelings, develop skills, and boost self-esteem. Research shows art therapy can reduce stress, depression, and other symptoms in people with conditions like cancer, heart disease, and HIV/AIDS. However, more extensive research is still needed to demonstrate art therapy's full health benefits.
The study aimed to examine the effects of different music genres on athletes' self-efficacy and performance. 30 student athletes completed a 400m dash, pushups, and planks while listening to hip-hop, country, or heavy metal, or without music. Their self-efficacy, emotions, and thoughts were measured before and after each task using questionnaires. The researchers hypothesized that athletes would have higher exertion and self-efficacy while listening to hip-hop compared to the other conditions. The results could help identify ways for athletes to optimize their mental state and performance.
Music has both positive and negative effects on people's mental and physical health. While some music promotes negative topics like drugs and sex, music therapy has been shown to help manage pain, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and aid physical healing. Studies also show music can improve cognitive abilities and athletic performance when listening to enjoyable music. However, very loud or repetitive music may cause harm by inducing seizures or tinnitus. Overall, music has significant impacts and benefits for people when used constructively.
Music therapy is a skillful use of music by a certified music therapist to promote mental, physical, emotional and spiritual health. It can be used in hospitals to help reduce stress and anxiety in patients. Music therapy involves using musical elements like rhythm, melody and harmony to achieve non-musical treatment goals. It requires a bachelor's degree and clinical training to become a certified music therapist. Research shows music therapy can help with conditions like autism by increasing social interaction and engagement.
Similar to Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docx (20)
250-500 words APA format cite references Check this scenario out.docxjeanettehully
250-500 words APA format cite references
Check this scenario out. Long term care can consists of servicing patients need at a patient's home, providing meals, transportation and in home therapy. Some long term care is within the home and some can be rehab. Lets say there is a growing need to extend those services to our growing need in elderly population. Part of that need is a demand for servicing the increasing population of the Hispanic community. We as a team need to meet with a cross- functional management team that can relay the need and services outside of the facility. We need hired people who are bilingual that can work the call center, deliver food, offer in home therapy, and provide transportation.
Our audience will be the new management team. Each member of the coordination of care team of management will cover or be responsible for one of those areas. Our standpoint will be that we are the board of directors that would be talking with them.
Giving the above screnario my part of assignment is to come up with strategies of the transition and what methods may be needed?
.
2 DQ’s need to be answers with Zero plagiarism and 250 word count fo.docxjeanettehully
2 DQ’s need to be answers with Zero plagiarism and 250 word count for each question. Due in 6 hours TODAY! Please include all references if necessary.
Week One DQ1
Week One DQ3
To clarify... these ratios are part of the DuPont model, and the DuPont model considers liquidity as one of the factors to be evaluated, but at the end of the day, the DuPont model is all about return on equity... basically getting your money's worth. Given that, what are the elements of liquidity and how do they lead us into the discussion on equity? Why is this important to understand?
.
270w3Respond to the followingStress can be the root cause of ps.docxjeanettehully
270w3
Respond to the following:
Stress can be the root cause of psychological disorders. Name four symptoms shared by acute and posttraumatic stress disorders.
What life events are most likely to trigger a stress disorder?
Traumatic events do not always result in a diagnosable
PSYCHOLOGICAL
disorder. What factors determine how a person may be affected by one such event?
What is the link between
PERSONALITY
styles and heart disease?
List and briefly describe four psychological treatments for physical disorders.
.
250 word response. Chicago Style citingAccording to Kluver, what.docxjeanettehully
250 word response. Chicago Style citing
According to Kluver, what are the ramifications of technology and globalization on global communication?
Compare Kluver’s arguments with endangered languages, and with the readings about the Digital Divide. How do they compare? From these readings, what are the general trends of communication?
Readings
Jandt, Fred E. (editor) Intercultural Communication: A Global Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2004
“Globalization, Informatization, and Intercultural Communication,” Kluver, Jandt pages 425-437
“Part II: Language,” Introduction, Jandt pages 99-102
“Babel Revisited,” Mühlhäusler, Jandt pages 103-107
“Africa: The Power of Speech,” Bâ, Jandt pages 108-111
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide
http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/
.
250+ Words – Strategic Intelligence CollectionChoose one of th.docxjeanettehully
The Collection Management function oversees intelligence gathering to support strategic analysis. At the CIA, analysts are separated from the intelligence collectors, so some question if this model is effective. Strategic intelligence collection uses methods aimed at supporting strategic analysis, with strategic meaning long-term and focused on understanding adversaries and their capabilities.
2–3 pages; APA formatDetailsThere are several steps to take w.docxjeanettehully
2–3 pages; APA format
Details:
There are several steps to take when submitting a claim form to the insurance company for reimbursement. The result of a
clean claim
is proper reimbursement for the services the facility has provided.
In this assignment, you will be addressing the claims submission process and the follow-up.
Include the following in your submission:
List all of the information that is important before the claim can be submitted.
Discuss some of the reasons why a claim may be rejected.
What steps should be taken to check the claim status?
.
250 Word Resoponse. Chicago Style Citing.According to Kluver, .docxjeanettehully
Kluver argues that technology and globalization are leading to increased global communication but also threaten endangered languages. This compares to readings on the digital divide showing unequal access to technology, and endangered language articles demonstrating languages disappearing. Overall, trends point to more connected communication worldwide but also loss of local languages and cultural diversity as dominant languages and technologies spread.
250 word mini essay question.Textbook is Getlein, Mark. Living wi.docxjeanettehully
250 word mini essay question.
Textbook is: Getlein, Mark. Living with Art, 9th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Please Cite in MLA format.
1. Distinguish between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods in terms of time and cultural developments.
2. Compare and contrast specific examples of artifacts, practices, and systems of belief.
3.Discuss why art survives or does not. Include the four reasons Getlein cites for how art survives, giving an example of art work from both the Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods that meet one of these requirements.
4. What types of art work or materials would not likely survive?
5. How might this affect our opinion of a culture?
.
250 word discussion post--today please. Make sure you put in the dq .docxjeanettehully
250 word discussion post--today please. Make sure you put in the dq that the research paper focused around recent Civil Rights in the Mississppi Area
How do you define Mississippi?
In your post, identify your thesis and the sources you used to prove your argument. Discuss how you came to define Mississippi and what conclusions you made about the state. Make sure to point out the general areas of History that you discuss and what events, people, or ideas were especially important to your interpretation of Mississippi History. What readings, from Bond, Busbee, or another source you found, profoundly influenced your view of the state? Overall, has your view of Mississippi changed or mostly stayed the same? What can we learn about Mississippi today from your paper? Is Mississippi as a "closed society" (Silver, 1964) an accurate way to look at the state? Has this been true at some point in the past, but is no longer true? What time period is most crucial to understanding Mississippi and best defines it?
Some examples of different periods in Mississippi History are:
pre-European Mississippi
colonial Mississippi
territorial Mississippi
antebellum Mississippi
Civil War/Reconstruction Mississippi
Jim Crow Mississippi
Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement
Post Civil Rights Mississippi
.
2By 2015, projections indicate that the largest category of househ.docxjeanettehully
2
By 2015, projections indicate that the largest category of households will be composed of
·
[removed]
childless married couples and empty nesters
·
[removed]
married couples with children
·
[removed]
single-parent families
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[removed]
singles living with nonrelatives
3
Which of the following elements of sociocultural environment can be associated with the growing demand for social surrogates like social networking sites, television, and so on?
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[removed]
Views of nature
·
[removed]
Views of others
·
[removed]
Views of ourselves
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[removed]
Views of organizations
Wabash Bank would like to understand if there is a relationship between the advertising or promotion it does and the number of new customers the bank gets each quarter. What type of research is this an example of?
·
[removed]
Secondary
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[removed]
Exploratory
·
[removed]
Causal
·
[removed]
Qualitative
5
Which strategy does this exemplify? Kayak and Orbitz provide their customers with a variety of travel options including flight reservations, vacation packages, flight and hotel options with or without car rentals, and cruise offerings.
·
[removed]
Diversification
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[removed]
Promotional
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[removed]
Differentiation
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[removed]
Focus
A company's sales potential would be equal to market potential when which situations exists?
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[removed]
The marketing expenditure of the company is reduced to zero.
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[removed]
The company gets 100 percent share of the market.
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[removed]
Industry marketing expenditures approach infinity for a given marketing environment.
·
[removed]
The market is nonexpandable.
Marketing is considered both an art and a science. How do the 4Ps, or marketing mix, help us bridge the gap between art and science?
·
[removed]
Marketing focuses on sales as the primary goal.
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[removed]
Marketing is involved with price as the major factor.
·
[removed]
Marketing is about advertising.
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[removed]
Marketing balances the need for data with that of creativity.
In the U.S., consumer expenditures on homes and other large purchases tend to slow down during a recession because
·
[removed]
of steady supply of loanable funds in the economy during recession
·
[removed]
consumer borrowing increases during recession
·
[removed]
of stringent credit policies adopted by the Fed before the onset of recession
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the consumers have a high debt-to-income ratio
Which of the following statements demonstrates behavioral loyalty towards a brand?
·
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Myfavorite Laundry detergent is so easy to use.
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[removed]
I always buy Myfavorite Laundry detergent when purchasing laundry detergent.
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My friends agree Myfavorite Laundry detergent is the best.
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Myfavorite Laundry detergent smells good.
When Apple introduced iTunes, a new market was opened. Which of the following describes this type of innovation?
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[removed]
Operational excellence
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[removed]
Value capture
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[removed]
Presence
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Value chain
11
Which of.
29Answer[removed] That is the house whe.docxjeanettehully
29
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose. Type the first word
followed by a space and the last word of the adjective clause in the
following sentence:
The doctor examined a man whose hands were colder than the rest of
his body.
30
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose. Type the first word
followed by a space and the last word of the adjective clause in the
following sentence:
Mrs. Carnack has a cousin whom she would like us to meet.
31
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose. Type the first word
followed by a space and the last word of the adjective clause in the
following sentence:
Who was the person who won the track meet?
32
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose. Type the first word
followed by a space and the last word of the adjective clause in the
following sentence:
The restaurant where there was music was almost deserted.
33
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose. Type the first word
followed by a space and the last word of the adjective clause in the
following sentence:
Find a boy whose eyes are green.
34
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose. Type the first word
followed by a space and the last word of the adjective clause in the
following sentence:
The tale that was told that night was never forgotten.
35
Answer:
[removed]
That is the house "where I grew up."
The words in quotes make up an adjective clause. An adjective clause does
what an adjective does: it modifies the noun "house." Adjective clauses
begin with that, which, where, who, whom, or whose..
250 words discussion not an assignementThe purpose of this discuss.docxjeanettehully
250 words discussion not an assignement
The purpose of this discussion is to gain a more complete awareness of the extent of socio-environmental influences impacting the development of adolescents. Triandis (as cited in Coon and Kemmelmeier, 2001) states, "Individualism and collectivism are broadly defined cultural syndromes that encompass a number of elements, including values, norms, goals, and behaviors" (Coon and Kemmelmeier, 2001, p. 348).
Consider the audio piece in this unit's studies (also linked in the Resources) that compares two teens' viewpoints of life within their cultural domains. This piece highlights the impact of family, community, and cultural beliefs and values on an individual's development. For your initial post in this discussion, explore these influences by addressing the following questions:
How does exposure to media influence the manner in which adolescents develop?
How does exposure to peers influence development in both systems?
Using the reading from the textbook on risky behaviors, how might adolescents' influences and understanding of risk be different, based on their culture and expectations of self?
The optional reading in this unit's studies may provide additional information to support your post, if you choose to use it.
Response Guidelines
Respond to one learner by supporting his or her analysis of the two teens with additional information you have acquired outside of the textbook. Cite and reference your source with proper APA formatting. Be sure to address concepts in the post and find any similarities in your thinking as well.
Reference
Coon, H. M., Kemmelmeier, M. (2001). Cultural orientations in the United States: (Re)Examining differences among ethnic groups.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32
(3), 348–364. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
.
25. For each of the transactions listed below, indicate whether it.docxjeanettehully
25. For each of the transactions listed below, indicate whether it is an operating (O), investing (I) or financing (F) activity on the statement of cash flows. Also, indicate if the transaction increases (+) or decreases (-) cash. 12 points
Transaction Type of Activity Effect on Cash
A) Paid dividends to the owners
B) Purchased equipment by paying cash
C) Issued stock for cash
D) Paid wages to employees
E) Repaid the bank loan
F) Collected cash on account from customers
.
250-word minimum. Must use textbook Jandt, Fred E. (editor) Intercu.docxjeanettehully
250-word minimum. Must use textbook: Jandt, Fred E. (editor) Intercultural Communication: A Global Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2004 and articles provided. MLA citation.
Levi-Strauss and Hofstede portray culture as a dichotomy. What are the implications of such a dichotomy? How do these variants affect you when you attempt to communicate with other cultures? Likewise, how do these variants affect your audience when you attempt to communicate with them?
.
250-500 words APA format cite references Check this scenario o.docxjeanettehully
250-500 words APA format cite references
Check this scenario out. Long term care can consists of servicing patients need at a patient's home, providing meals, transportation and in home therapy. Some long term care is within the home and some can be rehab. Lets say there is a growing need to extend those services to our growing need in elderly population. Part of that need is a demand for servicing the increasing population of the Hispanic community. We as a team need to meet with a cross- functional management team that can relay the need and services outside of the facility. We need hired people who are bilingual that can work the call center, deliver food, offer in home therapy, and provide transportation.
Our audience will be the new management team. Each member of the coordination of care team of management will cover or be responsible for one of those areas. Our standpoint will be that we are the board of directors that would be talking with them.
Giving the above screnario my part of assignment is to come up with strategies of the transition and what methods may be needed?
.
250+ Words – Insider Threat Analysis Penetration AnalysisCho.docxjeanettehully
250+ Words – Insider Threat Analysis / Penetration Analysis
Choose one of the following. The first is insider threat analysis and the other is the threat presented by hostile intelligence operations. Be challenging and show what you know.
Topic 1
Insider threats come from individuals who operate inside friendly intelligence and national security organizations who purposefully set out to cause disruption, destruction, and commit crimes to those ends. Please read
Insider Threat IPT
and
Solving Insider Threat
in the Course Materials Folder. Using the web or the online library choose a high profile case of insider threat (cyber, intelligence, military) and draft a 350 word summary of the case highlighting successes or failures of
analysis
in bringing resolution to the case. What analysis methods can you discern? What do think could have been done differently to improve the analysis?
--or--
Topic 2
Complete reading
Foreign Espionage Threat
and
Observations on the Double Agent
and
Social Courtesy
. In the penetration of a hostile intelligence service analysis is central to identifying, pursuing, and preparing the recruitment of an agent. In 350 words please research the Oleg Penkovsky, Aldritch Ames, or Jonathan Pollard cases. Provide a summary of the role of analysis in the recruitment and running of these agents from the perspective of their handlers (the US/British, Soviet Union, and Israel, respectively). You'll need to conduct additional research on the web or in the online library to help you develop a factual understanding of the case you choose.
.
250 wordsUsing the same company (Bank of America) that you have .docxjeanettehully
250 words
Using the same company (Bank of America) that you have using in previous weeks, please review its cashflow sheet The statement of cash flows is divided into three parts: (1) operational cash flows, (2) financing cash flows, and (3) investment cash flows. Discuss the primary components of each of these sections of the cash flow statement:
Operational cash flows:
Use the direct method, which focuses on the sources of cash and the uses of operating cash such as cash from customers minus cash payment for expenses and payments to creditors.
Financing cash flows:
This should include cash received as the owner’s investment and cash withdrawals by owners.
Investing cash flows:
These include cash from investing activities (in other companies or securities) and any cash paid to make these investments.
.
250 mini essay questiontextbook Getlein, Mark. Living with Art, 9.docxjeanettehully
250 mini essay question
textbook: Getlein, Mark. Living with Art, 9th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010 Please include citations in MLA format.
First, describe the shift in the Roman Empire that created Byzantium in the East and what would eventually become Europe in the West and explain the impact of this political, religious, and social split on the art produced in these regions in this era. Provide specific examples of particular works of art or architecture to illustrate your points.
Second, trace the subsequent development of art in the East and the West from the Early through the High and Late Middle Ages by citing specific works of art or architecture and describing characteristic features these works exemplify. Be sure to include the each of the following terms in your discussion:
-animal style
-Carolingian
-Romanesque
-Gothic
.
22.¿Saber o conocer… With a partner, tell what thes.docxjeanettehully
22.
¿
Saber
o
conocer
…?
With a partner, tell what these people know, using
saber
or
conocer
.
Natalia [removed] al suegro de Mirta. Ella [removed] dónde vive él, pero no [removed] su número de teléfono.
David [removed] muchas ciudades de España, pero no [removed] hablar español.
Estela [removed] muchos poemas de ese poeta, pero no [removed] ninguno de memoria.
Roberto [removed] a la familia que da la fiesta de Año Nuevo, pero no [removed] dónde es la fiesta.
Yo [removed] que Lorca es un poeta español.
.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docx
1. Running Head: EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY AND SCORE 12
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Jane Doe
University of Southern Mississippi
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Stress and college go hand in hand, and oftentimes a student’s
most stressful day is the day of an exam. Test anxiety is
nothing new, yet it is a real issue among university students.
Universities are already a high stress environment, and the fear
of failing can be overwhelming (Smyth & Banks, 2015).
Constant stress can be not only be detrimental to a young
person’s health and emotional wellbeing, but can also affect
that person’s performance (Chapell, et al., 2005). Music is
simple tool that could be used to aid in decreasing test anxiety
and increase success for students (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson,
2014).
Anxiety can be described as a natural reaction to
uncertainty, fear, or a perceived threat in one’s environment.
Test anxiety is a common and real worry that university
students suffer from; they have psychological and physiological
responses to the uncertainty of their testing performance and the
implications of their scores (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson,
2014). Research can support that exams are a legitimate source
of anxiety for students. In a study done by Smith and Banks
2. (2015), interviews they conducted with students in an Irish
school system shows that the vast majority of students surveyed
placed heavy personal burden on their performance in their final
examinations due to the effect the results had on their future.
The anxiety related to the fear of failing this examination
pushed some students in Smith and Bank’s study to spend
copious amounts of time on homework and studying, causing an
excess amount of stress on their mind and body. On the
opposite end of the spectrum, some students felt they were
unable to focus on completing an acceptable amount of work,
and that that their anxiety kept them from preforming as well.
Physical manifestations of anxiety, such as upset stomachs, and
feelings of hopelessness were reported as well (Smyth & Banks,
2015).
Testing anxieties can lead to a decrease in academic
performance for an otherwise successful student. In one study
lead by Chapell (2005), 5,551 graduate and undergraduate
students were assessed for anxiety level as well as grade point
average. The participants in Chapell’s study were split into
groups of graduates and undergraduates; male and female; and
low, moderate, and high test anxiety. Students were asked
about their cumulative grade point average and were
administered a questionnaire that assessed their testing anxiety.
Generally speaking, the results showed that students who
reported having low test anxiety also had an average 3.77 GPA,
while students who showed signs of high test anxiety had an
average GPA of 3.61 (Chapell, et al., 2005).
Stress can not only cause drops in performance, but also can be
detrimental to a student’s health. In one longitudinal study,
results show stress during young adult years can cause health
risks such as increase in BMI and increase in blood pressure
later in life (Farrell, Simpson, Carlson, Englund, & Sung,
2017). Stressful situations can cause a person’s heart rate and
blood pressure to increase, and prolonged exposure to stress
over time can cause stiffening of the arteries (Trapp, et al.,
2014). Using coping mechanisms can aid in settling test anxiety
3. in students. Not only can finding ways to cope with anxiety
help students stay healthier physically, but it is also reported
that students with lower self-reported stress levels experience
greater amounts of happiness and life satisfaction (Ruiz-Aranda,
Extremera, & Pineda-Galán, 2013).
Using music as a method for relieving stress and quieting the
mind is a common practice among most people. We listen to
music in our everyday lives during all sorts of activities.
Listening to music can cause muscles and nerves to relax, slow
blood pressure, and alleviate the symptoms of anxiety and
depression (Yang, et al., 2016). This phenomenon can be
credited to the pathways in the brain. Emotions in the human
brain are localized in the thalamus, and when a person listens to
music, their thalamus is stimulated and then impulses are
transmitted to the cerebral cortex where the music has a
soothing or exciting effect on emotions (Cook, 1986). One
study was conducted in a psychiatric hospital to look at the
effects of music on varying levels of anxiety. The participants
suffered from a variety of mental disorders, but they were
divided into groups based on level of anxiety intensity: mild,
moderate, and severe. Music intervention was introduced into
the participant’s routine for 10 consecutive days and consisted
of the participant sitting in a sound proof room and listening to
calming music for 20 minutes. The results concluded that
anxiety levels dropped for all three groups after exposure to the
music therapy. The researchers credit this response to a series
of functions in the brain. When the brain is exposed to multiple
stimuli at the same time, the stimuli compete with each other.
This competition can allow the positive reaction to music in the
brain, such as the release of endorphins, to mask unpleasant
feelings of anxiety (Yang, et al., 2016). This positive response
to music can be even greater when the music is chosen by the
individual. Each person has their own preferences on which
kind of music relaxes them and makes them feel better. In a
related study, results show that people who are exposed to
music they select for themselves as relaxing experienced a
4. greater decrease in anxiety, heart rate, and respiration than
those who had the relaxing music chosen for them (Labbé,
Schmidt, Babin, & Pharr, 2007).
Music can be applied to a variety of real world situations that
are considered stressful, and research shows that in most cases
it is successful in relieving anxiety. Plenty of people fear the
dentist, and the time spent waiting in the room for the dentist to
appear can be the most nerve wracking. One study used music
as a way to decrease anxiety before dental treatment, and they
found that music has an effect on decreasing anxiety levels
when compared to silence (Thoma, et al., 2014). Similar results
can be found in studies addressing sports anxieties. One group
of researchers exposed a group of competing athletes to music
before having them preform a task and found that while the
music had no effect on the level of competitive stress the
athletes felt, the music did lesson their general anxiety about
the situation (Elliott, Polman, & Taylor, 2012). This practice
can even be stretched as far as applying it to consumers in the
retail industry. In a study done by Feng, Suri, and Bell (2014),
customers were observed in stores while they decided on
purchases they wanted to make with different types of music
playing in the background. Calming music produced the most
sales, so it can be inferred that the soothing music created an
environment that decreased anxiety about spending (Feng, Suri,
& Bell, 2014).
Applying the soothing effects of music to the anxiety that
students feel prior to an exam could greatly increase
performance and decrease levels of anxiety. In a relevant study
done by Lilley, Oberle, and Thompson (2014), researchers
tested 80 students on the effect of music, either soothing or
obnoxious, prior to a mathematics exam. Blood pressure, heart
rate, and anxiety levels were recorded throughout the study.
Lilley and the rest of the researchers found that the soothing
music produced lower anxiety levels, blood pressure, and heart
rate and the obnoxious music produced the opposite. These
findings could be expanded and applied to see the result on
5. grades acquired when combined with music to relax prior to
examination (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014).
Music as stress relief has been explored, but examining the
effect of incorporating music into the routine of students prior
to examinations to relieve test anxiety could possibly have
monumental effects on the student population. Not only is
testing anxiety is a serious problem among college students, but
overall morale is low and seems to keep getting lower in
students. Success is a weight that young people carry on their
shoulders, and on test days it is a heavy burden. If what we
already know about the calming effects of music can be applied
to students with test anxiety, then we might see an increase in
performance as well as a decrease in anxiety.
In this study, the goal will be to measure the effect that
music has on testing anxiety before an examination as well as
the effects of this method on the student’s performance. The
sessions will be composed of six parts: consent and
introduction, a pre-assessment of anxiety levels, a period of
study with or without music, a post assessment of anxiety, an
exam on the materials given, and then a debriefing. Anxiety
assessments will be calculated using the State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory (STAI) (Julian, 2011). The predicted outcome is that
participants who are exposed to music will produce lower post
assessment anxiety levels as well as higher scores on the
examination.
Method
Participants
Participants for this study will be recruited through a
convenience sample of 100 students (N = 100), 50 males and 50
females (n=50), by advertising participation through flyers
passed out around campus. In order to qualify for participation,
students will have to be in the 18-24 age range and be a current
undergraduate student at the university. For participating,
students will receive points that can be used for classes that
accept research participation as extra credit. Students who test
with special accommodations will be excluded from this study.
6. Materials
For this study, a heart rate monitor will be used to measure
heart rate and a timer will have to be used to time the 30-minute
study period. Students will listen to music that is projected
through a speaker connected to a laptop with a music streaming
program such as Spotify. Students will study and be tested on
the first two chapters out of a general college biology text book.
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire will be
used to measure anxiety levels. A computer with SPSS data
analysis will be required to calculate the results.
Design
This study will be set up in a mixed factorial experimental
design and the data will be analyzed through a mixed effect
ANOVA. Music, with two levels of music and no music, and
the before and after assessments are the independent variables.
The dependent variables being measured in this experiment are
level of anxiety prior to exams and performance on exams, heart
rate, and performance on the test.
Procedure
The study will consist of one meeting that will last about an
hour and 45 minutes. Students will first be told that the purpose
of the study is to measure testing anxiety and memory prior to
an examination. To produce a realistic anxiety level,
participants will be told that their score on the exam at the end
of the study will determine how many extra credit points he or
she will be awarded. They will then be asked to sign an
informed consent form. The participants will be randomly
assigned to a condition, either music or no music during the
study period. The study will be conducted in a research lab with
multiple rooms in order to provide a private place for the
student to study while allowing the researcher to be on hand.
Pre-Study Session Assessment. The first part of the experiment
will last about 15 minutes. The participant will be brought into
the study room assigned to them and the research assistant will
record their heart rate using the heart rate monitor. The STAI
questionnaire will then be administered, which takes an
7. estimated 10 minutes to complete.
Study Session. Once the pre-assessment is completed, the
student will be instructed to study the material their exam for
30 minutes. The material will be taken from the first few
chapters from a general biology book. Participants assigned to
the no music condition will sit in silence during this period.
Participants assigned to the music condition will be taken to a
room with music playing from a small speaker at a moderate
volume. The research assistant will leave the student to study
alone.
Post-Study Session Assessment and Exam. After the 30 minute
study period is over, the research assistant will record heart rate
one last time and the STAI will be administered again,
estimated to take another 15 minutes. An examination of
randomized multiple choice questions from a test bank for the
textbook will be administered and the student has 10 minutes to
complete it.
Debrief. Following the exam, the student will be debriefed on
the true purpose of the study, which is to compare study with
music opposed to study without music and the effect of that
condition on the performance on an examination. Participants
will be told that their score on the exam does not affect the
amount of points be awarded to them, and the reason for
misleading them was to produce a realistic anxiety level without
negatively impacting them. The full extra credit points will be
awarded upon completion of the study. The scores that will be
analyzed are heart rates before and after the study session, STAI
results before and after study session, and performance on the
examination. The between subjects and within subjects
conditions will be analyzed using a mixed effect Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA).
Discussion
There are limitations to this experiment due to the
subjective nature of music. The most obvious foreseeable issue
is that not everyone enjoys music in the same manner, and one
student might rely upon using music in their everyday lives
8. while another prefers complete silence or background noise.
The possible implications that music might have for decreasing
test anxiety and increasing performance overshadows this, and
might even be eliminated by prescreening participants for those
who prefer silence and excluding them from the study. Another
limitation is using a biology textbook as the study and
examination material, and the examinations might be harder or
easier for some than others. The data is also only taken from
one test and one situation, so a longitudinal study would be
more accurate in observing the effects that music has on testing
anxiety
Proposed Budget
The researcher will need the following resources to complete
the study:
Supplies
· Consent Forms (N= 100,
$0.10).……………………………….…$10
· STAI
Questionnaires………………………………………..........$600
· Heart Rate
Monitor……………………………………………….$15
·
Timer……………………………………………………………...$10
·
Speaker……………………………………………………………$30
· Biology
Book……………………………………………………..$130
9. · Exams (printed, N= 100, $0.10 per
sheet)………………………..$10
Technology
·
Laptop……………………………………………………………$150
· IBM SPSS Statistics Grad Pack 24.0 Standard 6
Month…………$50
Personnel Salary
· Research Assistant (N=2) $10 per hour, 133
hours……………..$2,670
Grand
Total……………………………………………………………..$3,6
75
References
Chapell, M. S., Blanding, Z. B., Silverstein, M. E., Takahashi,
M., Newman, B., Gubi, A., & Mccann, N. (2005). Test Anxiety
and Academic Performance in Undergraduate and Graduate
Students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 268-274.
doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.268
Cook, J. D. (1986). Music as an intervention in the oncology
setting. Cancer Nursing, 9(1). doi:10.1097/00002820-
198602000-00004
Elliott, D., Polman, R., & Taylor, J. (2012). The effects of
relaxing music for anxiety control on competitive sport anxiety.
European Journal of Sport Science, 14(Sup1).
doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.693952
Farrell, A. K., Simpson, J. A., Carlson, E. A., Englund, M. M.,
& Sung, S. (2017). The impact of stress at different life stages
on physical health and the buffering effects of maternal
sensitivity. Health Psychology, 36(1), 35-44.
doi:10.1037/hea0000424
Feng, S., Suri, R., & Bell, M. (2014). Does Classical Music
10. Relieve Math Anxiety? Role of Tempo on Price Computation
Avoidance. Psychology & Marketing, 31(7), 489-499.
doi:10.1002/mar.20710
Julian, L. J. (2011). Measures of Anxiety. Arthritis Care &
Research, 63(S11): 10.1002/acr.20561. doi:10.1002/acr.20561.
Labbé, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J., & Pharr, M. (2007). Coping
with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music.
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32(3-4), 163-168.
doi:10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9
Lilley, J. L., Oberle, C. D., & Thompson, J. G. (2014). Effects
of music and grade consequences on test anxiety and
performance. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain,
24(2), 184-190. doi:10.1037/pmu0000038
Ruiz-Aranda, D., Extremera, N., & Pineda-Galán, C. (2013).
Emotional intelligence, life satisfaction and subjective
happiness in female student health professionals: the mediating
effect of perceived stress. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental
Health Nursing, 21(2), 106-113. doi:10.1111/jpm.12052
Smyth, E., & Banks, J. (2015). ‘Your whole life depends on it’:
academic stress and high-stakes testing in Ireland. Journal of
Youth Studies, 18(5), 598–616, 598-617.
doi:10.1080/13676261.2014.992317
Thoma, M. V., Zemp, M., Kreienbühl, L., Hofer, D., Schmidlin,
P. R., Attin, T., . . . Nater, U. M. (2014). Effects of Music
Listening on Pre-treatment Anxiety and Stress Levels in a
Dental Hygiene Recall Population. International Journal of
Behavioral Medicine, 22(4), 498-505. doi:10.1007/s12529-014-
9439-x
Trapp, M., Trapp, E., Egger, J. W., Domej, W., Schillaci, G.,
Avian, A., . . . Baulmann, J. (2014). Impact of Mental and
Physical Stress on Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure under
Normobaric versus Hypoxic Conditions. PLoS ONE, 9(5).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089005
Yang, C., Miao, N., Lee, T., Tsai, J., Yang, H., Chen, W., . . .
Chou, K. (2016). The effect of a researcher designated music
intervention on hospitalised psychiatric patients with different
11. levels of anxiety. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(5-6), 777-787.
doi:10.1111/jocn.13098
Figure 1. Heart rate before and after study sessions.
Figure 2. Anxiety levels before and after study session.
Heart Rate Before and After Session
With Music Before Session After Session 88 75
Without Music Before Session After Session 88 84
Column1 Before Session After Session
Heart Rate
12. Anxiety Levels Before and After Study Session
With Music Before Session After Session 40 20
Without Music Before Session After Session 40 40
Column1 Before Session After Session
STAI Score
Psychology 475, SPRING 2020 (Dr.Hajnal) GRANT GRADING
RUBRIC
Midterm Grant Proposal
DUE DATE: MARCH 12th 5PM upload on Canvas80 points
total
General APA Style (4 points)
1 point: title page
1 point: labeled sections (.5) on corresponding pages (.5)
2 points: correct usage of fonts and headings/running head
Background and Significance/INTRO (30 points)
5 points: Clearly state the research question(s)
5 points: Novelty of the research question(s)
5 points: Describe what has already been done in past
literature to address this question
5 points: Explain why your question(s) are important to answer/
would represent a real advance of knowledge
2.5 points: In the last paragraph, explain briefly how the
question will be addressed
2.5 points: State your predictions/hypothesis
5 points: At least 10 peer-reviewed articles are cited
Plan of Study/Methods + Results + Discussion (25 points)
13. 3 points: Participants
4 points: apparatus and materials/justification for materials
5 points: procedure
3 points: State the kinds of statistical tests you will use/justify
2 points: IV is stated clearly
2 points: DV is stated clearly
2 points: experimental study design is described
2 points: future tense for current study/methods and results
2 points: potential problems are stated and alternative
measures to address them are explained
References (6 points)
3 points: correct citation of references in text
3 points: correct citation of references in reference section
Supplemental Figures/Tables in Appendix (5 points)
NOTE: no more than 2 graphs, and 1 Table allowed!
2.5 points: correct APA formatting of figures and tables in
Appendix
2.5 points: relevance and clarity of figures/tables
Budget section (5 points)
2.5 points: all necessary supplies, technology, expert
salary, etc. are listed
2.5 points: realistic prices are provided for each item
Grammar and Spelling (5 points)
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