This document outlines a single-subject design project that examines using music therapy as an alternative method to treat and address agitation among persons with dementia. The project uses an ABA single-subject design to evaluate the effectiveness of 30-minute daily music therapy sessions using biblical hymns over 6 weeks at decreasing agitated behavior in a person with dementia, as measured by the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory assessment tool. Results showed agitation levels were significantly lower during the music therapy intervention phase compared to pre-and post-intervention phases. The document discusses strengths, weaknesses, and implications for practice.
Reminiscence therapy was used in an experimental study to examine its effects on communication in a person with dementia. An ABAB withdrawal design was used to compare communication measures during reminiscence therapy sessions versus baseline sessions with no treatment. Reminiscence therapy sessions focused on discussing past experiences and using tangible items to trigger memories. Results showed the participant had more communicative turns during reminiscence therapy sessions compared to baseline sessions. There were no significant differences found in the linguistic measures of mean length of utterances and type-token ratios between treatment and baseline sessions. Subjectively, reminiscence therapy produced higher levels of social engagement and improved mood compared to baseline sessions.
The document discusses managing neurobehavioral issues in clients with brain injuries. It covers topics like post-traumatic amnesia, aggression, mood disorders, psychosis, and sexually inappropriate behaviors. It describes developing unwanted behaviors after brain injury and how to conduct functional assessments to understand the purpose and function of behaviors. The summary emphasizes using reinforcement and antecedent-based strategies to modify behaviors while avoiding punishment when possible due to safety risks.
Brief interventions and motivational enhancement therapy for alcohol problemskavroom
Brief interventions involve short counseling sessions that provide feedback, advice, and support to motivate individuals to reduce risky drinking behaviors. MET is a client-centered counseling style based on motivational interviewing that aims to resolve ambivalence and increase intrinsic motivation for change. Both approaches are time-limited and focus on negotiating drinking reduction rather than requiring abstinence. Screening tools are used to identify hazardous drinkers who could benefit, with brief structured advice or extended brief counseling sessions depending on severity. Motivational strategies like FRAMES are employed to enhance engagement in the process of behavior change.
Non-pharmacological management of dementiaRavi Soni
This document discusses non-pharmacological methods for managing dementia, including behavioral symptoms. It begins by defining behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and noting that 90% of dementia patients experience BPSD severe enough to be problematic. Common symptoms include agitation, wandering, depression, and psychosis. The document then discusses several non-pharmacological therapies for managing BPSD, including reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, reality orientation, behavioral therapies, and sensory stimulation techniques like light therapy, acupuncture, and aromatherapy. It provides some evidence for the effectiveness of these approaches, though notes most studies have small sample sizes and more research is still needed.
Motivational Enhancement Therapy in Addition to Physical
Therapy Improves Motivational Factors and Treatment
Outcomes in People With Low Back Pain: A Randomized
Controlled Trial
1) The document summarizes knowledge and skills needed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) when working with adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It discusses tools to assess TBI severity, the importance of intensive therapy, facilitating community reintegration, educating families, and using strategies like music therapy and speech recognition technology.
2) SLPs play an important role in assessing, treating, and managing issues like fatigue, attention, speech deficits, voice impairments, and executive dysfunction that can result from TBI. They must collaborate with other professionals and consider each patient's unique strengths and weaknesses.
3) Treating TBI requires evidence-based, multidimensional approaches tailored to the individual patient.
1) The document discusses the use of psychosocial interventions (PSI) for patients with severe mental illness, including techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy.
2) It presents a case study of a patient named Andrea who was admitted to an acute psychiatric ward and describes how staff overcame obstacles to engage Andrea and her family using PSI approaches.
3) Key aspects of the PSI used included flexible time for the nurse to build rapport with Andrea, assessing her symptoms and medication side effects, involving her family by addressing needs and devising a crisis plan, and explaining the stress vulnerability model to provide support and communication.
This document discusses a study on the effects of a psychosocial intervention program on reducing aggression in a community. The study will use a quasi-experimental design to test the hypotheses that a psychosocial intervention program can improve behaviors and reduce aggression. Surveys will be used to measure aggression levels in students before and after the intervention program using the VALANTI test. The goal is to determine if the intervention program produces significant differences in aggressive behavior, violence, and love test scores between the pre-and-post tests. Informed consent will be obtained from participating students and the study aims to identify aggression levels and evaluate the impact of the social intervention program.
Reminiscence therapy was used in an experimental study to examine its effects on communication in a person with dementia. An ABAB withdrawal design was used to compare communication measures during reminiscence therapy sessions versus baseline sessions with no treatment. Reminiscence therapy sessions focused on discussing past experiences and using tangible items to trigger memories. Results showed the participant had more communicative turns during reminiscence therapy sessions compared to baseline sessions. There were no significant differences found in the linguistic measures of mean length of utterances and type-token ratios between treatment and baseline sessions. Subjectively, reminiscence therapy produced higher levels of social engagement and improved mood compared to baseline sessions.
The document discusses managing neurobehavioral issues in clients with brain injuries. It covers topics like post-traumatic amnesia, aggression, mood disorders, psychosis, and sexually inappropriate behaviors. It describes developing unwanted behaviors after brain injury and how to conduct functional assessments to understand the purpose and function of behaviors. The summary emphasizes using reinforcement and antecedent-based strategies to modify behaviors while avoiding punishment when possible due to safety risks.
Brief interventions and motivational enhancement therapy for alcohol problemskavroom
Brief interventions involve short counseling sessions that provide feedback, advice, and support to motivate individuals to reduce risky drinking behaviors. MET is a client-centered counseling style based on motivational interviewing that aims to resolve ambivalence and increase intrinsic motivation for change. Both approaches are time-limited and focus on negotiating drinking reduction rather than requiring abstinence. Screening tools are used to identify hazardous drinkers who could benefit, with brief structured advice or extended brief counseling sessions depending on severity. Motivational strategies like FRAMES are employed to enhance engagement in the process of behavior change.
Non-pharmacological management of dementiaRavi Soni
This document discusses non-pharmacological methods for managing dementia, including behavioral symptoms. It begins by defining behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and noting that 90% of dementia patients experience BPSD severe enough to be problematic. Common symptoms include agitation, wandering, depression, and psychosis. The document then discusses several non-pharmacological therapies for managing BPSD, including reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, reality orientation, behavioral therapies, and sensory stimulation techniques like light therapy, acupuncture, and aromatherapy. It provides some evidence for the effectiveness of these approaches, though notes most studies have small sample sizes and more research is still needed.
Motivational Enhancement Therapy in Addition to Physical
Therapy Improves Motivational Factors and Treatment
Outcomes in People With Low Back Pain: A Randomized
Controlled Trial
1) The document summarizes knowledge and skills needed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) when working with adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It discusses tools to assess TBI severity, the importance of intensive therapy, facilitating community reintegration, educating families, and using strategies like music therapy and speech recognition technology.
2) SLPs play an important role in assessing, treating, and managing issues like fatigue, attention, speech deficits, voice impairments, and executive dysfunction that can result from TBI. They must collaborate with other professionals and consider each patient's unique strengths and weaknesses.
3) Treating TBI requires evidence-based, multidimensional approaches tailored to the individual patient.
1) The document discusses the use of psychosocial interventions (PSI) for patients with severe mental illness, including techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy.
2) It presents a case study of a patient named Andrea who was admitted to an acute psychiatric ward and describes how staff overcame obstacles to engage Andrea and her family using PSI approaches.
3) Key aspects of the PSI used included flexible time for the nurse to build rapport with Andrea, assessing her symptoms and medication side effects, involving her family by addressing needs and devising a crisis plan, and explaining the stress vulnerability model to provide support and communication.
This document discusses a study on the effects of a psychosocial intervention program on reducing aggression in a community. The study will use a quasi-experimental design to test the hypotheses that a psychosocial intervention program can improve behaviors and reduce aggression. Surveys will be used to measure aggression levels in students before and after the intervention program using the VALANTI test. The goal is to determine if the intervention program produces significant differences in aggressive behavior, violence, and love test scores between the pre-and-post tests. Informed consent will be obtained from participating students and the study aims to identify aggression levels and evaluate the impact of the social intervention program.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that uses mindfulness and behavioral activation to increase psychological flexibility. ACT has been shown to effectively treat a broad range of mental health issues by focusing on six core processes: acceptance, defusion, presence, self-awareness, values identification, and committed action. ACT reduces dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors while increasing effective action and alleviating distress. Studies have found ACT reduces OCD and depression symptoms, prevents psychosis rehospitalization, and improves general mental health and workplace stress coping. ACT is delivered flexibly in individual sessions, groups, or self-help formats.
[Paper Report] The influence of stress on social cognition in patients with b...Hao-Chen Ke
This document summarizes two studies that examined the stress response in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first study found that stress increased negative emotions more in the BPD group than other groups, while physiological responses were attenuated. The second study found no difference in cortisol response between BPD patients and controls during or right after a social stress task, but BPD patients showed elevated cortisol levels 30 minutes after the task, indicating a delayed stress response. Both studies provide evidence that BPD is associated with dysregulation of the stress response system.
The subjective assessment has been proven to be more effective in some cases than objective testing. Identifying key patterns- fear avoidance, catastrophization,and past experiences of pain dictate prognosis and pain. I have always been biomedical in my approach but have developed an interest into a psychology and mindset.
This document summarizes Peter Fonagy's presentation on psychotherapy for emerging borderline personality disorder. It discusses what is known about treating BPD in adolescence, including evidence for DBT, MBT, ERT, HYPE, and pharmacotherapy. It also summarizes results from RCTs comparing MBT to treatment as usual, finding that MBT was more effective in reducing self-harm, depression, BPD traits, and improving mentalization and attachment. The document considers whether BPD can be validly diagnosed in adolescence and reviews prevalence studies showing similar rates to adults.
psychosocial intervention for children and adolescents with depressionpraful kapse
Psychosocial intervention is an approach that acknowledges the psychological and social factors that influence an individual's well-being. It includes psychoeducation, cognitive and behavioral strategies, social skills training, sleep hygiene, interpersonal therapy, and group therapy. A case study describes a 12-year-old boy presenting with depression who was assessed and received cognitive behavioral therapy targeting negative thoughts, as well as social skills training and group therapy. Research shows cognitive behavioral therapy can have immediate and long-term positive effects on reducing depressive symptoms.
The document discusses challenges faced by US veterans, including physical disabilities and mental health issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It reviews research on effective PTSD therapies like mindfulness-based stress reduction, exposure therapy, and an integrated approach combining behavioral activation and exposure techniques. However, it notes high unemployment among veterans and few programs addressing both therapy and vocational needs. The proposed program integrates group therapy based on the Veterans Transition Program model with a vocational component to help veterans transition to civilian life by addressing PTSD symptoms and employment. It outlines program details, limitations, and potential funding sources.
This document describes a single-subject study that evaluated the effectiveness of individualized music therapy in reducing agitation among older adults with dementia living in an assisted living facility. The study used a ABAB design to compare agitation levels during baseline periods without music therapy to periods where individualized music was administered for 30 minutes daily. Agitation was measured weekly using the Short-Form Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Results showed agitation levels generally decreased during music therapy periods compared to baseline and withdrawal periods, indicating individualized music therapy was effective at reducing agitation among this population.
The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Cerebral Palsy Patients Receiving Rehab...inventionjournals
Objective: To find out the effect of music therapy in cerebral palsy (CP) patients between who received conventional rehabilitation treatments and who additionally received music therapy Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 CP patients who received rehabilitation treatments on a day-ward basis for at least six months, between March 2013 and February 2015, were selected as subjects. Of the 50 patients, 25 received only conventional rehabilitation treatment (rehabilitation group), and the remaining 25 received both the conventional rehabilitation treatment and music therapy (music therapy group). In this study, the results of the Korean-version Denver Developmental Screening Test 2 (DDST-2) and the social quotient (SQ) were confirmed, before and after the treatments. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were confirmed between the rehabilitation group and the music therapy group in terms of gender, age, and diagnosis. Korean-version DDST-2 scores and the SQ score also did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. With the intervention, the music therapy group showed more statistically significant improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts than the rehabilitation group. The music therapy group also showed greater improvement in SQ score than the rehabilitation group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This study was conducted to prove the effectiveness of the current music therapy program and to investigate the area in which the therapy produces the greatest effect. It is hoped that the therapy would find wider application among children in the future as it showed significant functional improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts in this study
Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY AND SCORE 12
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Jane Doe
University of Southern Mississippi
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Stress and college go hand in hand, and oftentimes a student’s most stressful day is the day of an exam. Test anxiety is nothing new, yet it is a real issue among university students. Universities are already a high stress environment, and the fear of failing can be overwhelming (Smyth & Banks, 2015). Constant stress can be not only be detrimental to a young person’s health and emotional wellbeing, but can also affect that person’s performance (Chapell, et al., 2005). Music is simple tool that could be used to aid in decreasing test anxiety and increase success for students (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014).
Anxiety can be described as a natural reaction to uncertainty, fear, or a perceived threat in one’s environment. Test anxiety is a common and real worry that university students suffer from; they have psychological and physiological responses to the uncertainty of their testing performance and the implications of their scores (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014). Research can support that exams are a legitimate source of anxiety for students. In a study done by Smith and Banks (2015), interviews they conducted with students in an Irish school system shows that the vast majority of students surveyed placed heavy personal burden on their performance in their final examinations due to the effect the results had on their future. The anxiety related to the fear of failing this examination pushed some students in Smith and Bank’s study to spend copious amounts of time on homework and studying, causing an excess amount of stress on their mind and body. On the opposite end of the spectrum, some students felt they were unable to focus on completing an acceptable amount of work, and that that their anxiety kept them from preforming as well. Physical manifestations of anxiety, such as upset stomachs, and feelings of hopelessness were reported as well (Smyth & Banks, 2015).
Testing anxieties can lead to a decrease in academic performance for an otherwise successful student. In one study lead by Chapell (2005), 5,551 graduate and undergraduate students were assessed for anxiety level as well as grade point average. The participants in Chapell’s study were split into groups of graduates and undergraduates; male and female; and low, moderate, and high test anxiety. Students were asked about their cumulative grade point average and were administered a questionnaire that assessed their testing anxiety. Generally speaking, the results showed that students who reported having low test anxiety also had an average 3.77 GPA, while students who showed signs of high test anxiety had an average GPA of 3.61 (Chapell, et al., 2005).
Stress can not only cause drops in performance, but also can be de ...
Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docxtodd271
Running Head: EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY AND SCORE 12
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Jane Doe
University of Southern Mississippi
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Stress and college go hand in hand, and oftentimes a student’s most stressful day is the day of an exam. Test anxiety is nothing new, yet it is a real issue among university students. Universities are already a high stress environment, and the fear of failing can be overwhelming (Smyth & Banks, 2015). Constant stress can be not only be detrimental to a young person’s health and emotional wellbeing, but can also affect that person’s performance (Chapell, et al., 2005). Music is simple tool that could be used to aid in decreasing test anxiety and increase success for students (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014).
Anxiety can be described as a natural reaction to uncertainty, fear, or a perceived threat in one’s environment. Test anxiety is a common and real worry that university students suffer from; they have psychological and physiological responses to the uncertainty of their testing performance and the implications of their scores (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014). Research can support that exams are a legitimate source of anxiety for students. In a study done by Smith and Banks (2015), interviews they conducted with students in an Irish school system shows that the vast majority of students surveyed placed heavy personal burden on their performance in their final examinations due to the effect the results had on their future. The anxiety related to the fear of failing this examination pushed some students in Smith and Bank’s study to spend copious amounts of time on homework and studying, causing an excess amount of stress on their mind and body. On the opposite end of the spectrum, some students felt they were unable to focus on completing an acceptable amount of work, and that that their anxiety kept them from preforming as well. Physical manifestations of anxiety, such as upset stomachs, and feelings of hopelessness were reported as well (Smyth & Banks, 2015).
Testing anxieties can lead to a decrease in academic performance for an otherwise successful student. In one study lead by Chapell (2005), 5,551 graduate and undergraduate students were assessed for anxiety level as well as grade point average. The participants in Chapell’s study were split into groups of graduates and undergraduates; male and female; and low, moderate, and high test anxiety. Students were asked about their cumulative grade point average and were administered a questionnaire that assessed their testing anxiety. Generally speaking, the results showed that students who reported having low test anxiety also had an average 3.77 GPA, while students who showed signs of high test anxiety had an average GPA of 3.61 (Chapell, et al., 2005).
Stress can not only cause drops in performance, but also can be de.
Music to Reduce Pain and Distress in the Pediatric Emergency DepartmentJAMA Pediatrics
A randomized clinical trial examined the effects of music versus standard care on pain and distress in 42 children ages 3-11 undergoing IV placement in a pediatric emergency department. Children in the music group listened to music via speakers during the procedure, while the control group received standard care. The study found that music was associated with less increase in self-reported pain from before to after the procedure compared to controls. Among children who showed signs of distress, music also resulted in significantly less increase in observed distress levels during the procedure versus standard care. However, no significant differences were found between groups for objective measures of distress across all children or physiological and parent-reported measures.
American Music Therapy Association Habilitation Music Therapy Research And E...Kim Daniels
Music therapy is an established health profession that uses music to achieve therapeutic goals such as developing communication skills, improving mood, and enhancing quality of life. Research supports the use of music therapy for habilitation (helping individuals attain skills) in areas like speech/singing connections, memory, and mood/behavior regulation. Studies show music therapy can help develop skills for those with chronic conditions and disabilities, and maintain functioning. It is commonly used in special education and as part of multidisciplinary teams. Music therapy interventions are documented and individualized, with typical outcomes like improved social/communication skills and reduced problem behaviors.
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition in which psychologi.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition in which psychological stress manifests as some physical dysfunction. For example, stress associated with divorce proceedings might result in development of headaches, dermatological problems, breathing difficulties, and the like. In extreme cases, conversion disorder can result in abnormal movements, paralysis, or non-epileptic seizures. Poole, Wuerz and Agrawal (2010) recently reported that conversion disorder most frequently occurs in women, with a mean age of onset of approximately 29 years. One interesting feature of conversion disorder is that, in some cases, the effects of one individual can induce stress in other individuals, resulting in symptom manifestation in numerous people within an intimate population such as a school, workplace, or military squad (For review see: Bartholomew & Sirois, 2000). The phenomenon of multiple related cases of conversion disorder, once referred to as epidemic hysteria, is more commonly now referred to as mass psychogenic illness (MPI).
A variety of treatments for conversion disorder have been reported ranging from hypnosis (Moene, Spinhoven, Hoogduin & van Dyck, 2002) to drug therapy (Stevens, 1990). Moene and colleagues (2002) note that behavior therapy with operant conditioning may be successful in reducing symptoms in conversion disorder patients. It is reasonable to assume that such behavior therapy could be effectively administered in a group of patients. Furthermore, given the nature of social cue influences on this disorder, as seen with MPI, successful treatment of one or more individuals in a group setting could have residual positive effects on others within the group.
It is well established that positive behaviors can be shaped through modeling in a therapeutic setting. Researchers have shown, for example, that phobic behaviors can be reduced when one phobic individual watches another phobic individual (or a confederate acting as a phobic individual) calmly engaging in the fear provoking behavior (e.g. Geer & Turteltaub, 1967). Furthermore, it is possible for a single individual to evoke modeling behavior among a group, particularly when the behavior being exhibited is viewed positively by the members of that group (Peterson, Kaasa & Loftus, 2008).
With all of this information considered, the present study was designed to determine if individuals exhibiting effects of MPI would respond positively to behavior therapy in a group setting. It was further hypothesized that using a confederate, acting as a patient within the group, could enhance positive effects of therapy if that confederate reported positive influences of the therapy that could then be modeled by other members of the group. To test this hypothesis, a group of women, all diagnosed with chronic conversion disorder manifesting in abnormal movements and facial tics, were assigned to one of three groups. The first group received behavior therapy in a group setting that.
Music therapy is provided at Primary Children's Medical Center, a 271-bed children's hospital. There are two full-time music therapists who see approximately 10-25% of inpatients daily. Music therapy is included in the hospital's services and can address medical goals like pain management, rehabilitation, and palliative care. Common music therapy techniques include songwriting, relaxation music, and using music during medical procedures to reduce pain and anxiety. Music therapy is an effective non-pharmacological approach that benefits patients and lowers healthcare costs.
A powerpoint of the presentation given by Professor Tony Wigram at the ASC network meeting of the Association of Professional Music Therapists, October 2009.
Mt & parkinson's disease slides for mmsDaniel Tague
Music therapy is a research-based healthcare profession that uses music interventions within a therapeutic relationship to achieve outcomes in various clinical domains such as psychological, physical, and social. It is commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by maintaining speech and motor skills through techniques like voice training and rhythmic auditory stimulation. Research shows music therapy improves variables related to singing ability, speech intelligibility, vocal intensity, mood, and gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It is a promising treatment approach supported by a growing evidence base.
Music therapy uses music to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs. It involves using music interventions within a therapeutic relationship to accomplish individualized goals. Music therapy is an evidence-based allied health profession that utilizes music's non-invasive properties to assess functioning and design treatment plans. Assessments evaluate areas like communication, cognition, motor skills, and social/emotional status through engaging clients in music activities like singing, moving, and playing instruments. The humanistic approach views individuals holistically and music therapy aims to facilitate skill development and transfer to daily life through strong motivators like music.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that uses mindfulness and behavioral activation to increase psychological flexibility. ACT has been shown to effectively treat a broad range of mental health issues by focusing on six core processes: acceptance, defusion, presence, self-awareness, values identification, and committed action. ACT reduces dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors while increasing effective action and alleviating distress. Studies have found ACT reduces OCD and depression symptoms, prevents psychosis rehospitalization, and improves general mental health and workplace stress coping. ACT is delivered flexibly in individual sessions, groups, or self-help formats.
[Paper Report] The influence of stress on social cognition in patients with b...Hao-Chen Ke
This document summarizes two studies that examined the stress response in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first study found that stress increased negative emotions more in the BPD group than other groups, while physiological responses were attenuated. The second study found no difference in cortisol response between BPD patients and controls during or right after a social stress task, but BPD patients showed elevated cortisol levels 30 minutes after the task, indicating a delayed stress response. Both studies provide evidence that BPD is associated with dysregulation of the stress response system.
The subjective assessment has been proven to be more effective in some cases than objective testing. Identifying key patterns- fear avoidance, catastrophization,and past experiences of pain dictate prognosis and pain. I have always been biomedical in my approach but have developed an interest into a psychology and mindset.
This document summarizes Peter Fonagy's presentation on psychotherapy for emerging borderline personality disorder. It discusses what is known about treating BPD in adolescence, including evidence for DBT, MBT, ERT, HYPE, and pharmacotherapy. It also summarizes results from RCTs comparing MBT to treatment as usual, finding that MBT was more effective in reducing self-harm, depression, BPD traits, and improving mentalization and attachment. The document considers whether BPD can be validly diagnosed in adolescence and reviews prevalence studies showing similar rates to adults.
psychosocial intervention for children and adolescents with depressionpraful kapse
Psychosocial intervention is an approach that acknowledges the psychological and social factors that influence an individual's well-being. It includes psychoeducation, cognitive and behavioral strategies, social skills training, sleep hygiene, interpersonal therapy, and group therapy. A case study describes a 12-year-old boy presenting with depression who was assessed and received cognitive behavioral therapy targeting negative thoughts, as well as social skills training and group therapy. Research shows cognitive behavioral therapy can have immediate and long-term positive effects on reducing depressive symptoms.
The document discusses challenges faced by US veterans, including physical disabilities and mental health issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It reviews research on effective PTSD therapies like mindfulness-based stress reduction, exposure therapy, and an integrated approach combining behavioral activation and exposure techniques. However, it notes high unemployment among veterans and few programs addressing both therapy and vocational needs. The proposed program integrates group therapy based on the Veterans Transition Program model with a vocational component to help veterans transition to civilian life by addressing PTSD symptoms and employment. It outlines program details, limitations, and potential funding sources.
This document describes a single-subject study that evaluated the effectiveness of individualized music therapy in reducing agitation among older adults with dementia living in an assisted living facility. The study used a ABAB design to compare agitation levels during baseline periods without music therapy to periods where individualized music was administered for 30 minutes daily. Agitation was measured weekly using the Short-Form Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Results showed agitation levels generally decreased during music therapy periods compared to baseline and withdrawal periods, indicating individualized music therapy was effective at reducing agitation among this population.
The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Cerebral Palsy Patients Receiving Rehab...inventionjournals
Objective: To find out the effect of music therapy in cerebral palsy (CP) patients between who received conventional rehabilitation treatments and who additionally received music therapy Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 CP patients who received rehabilitation treatments on a day-ward basis for at least six months, between March 2013 and February 2015, were selected as subjects. Of the 50 patients, 25 received only conventional rehabilitation treatment (rehabilitation group), and the remaining 25 received both the conventional rehabilitation treatment and music therapy (music therapy group). In this study, the results of the Korean-version Denver Developmental Screening Test 2 (DDST-2) and the social quotient (SQ) were confirmed, before and after the treatments. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were confirmed between the rehabilitation group and the music therapy group in terms of gender, age, and diagnosis. Korean-version DDST-2 scores and the SQ score also did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. With the intervention, the music therapy group showed more statistically significant improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts than the rehabilitation group. The music therapy group also showed greater improvement in SQ score than the rehabilitation group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This study was conducted to prove the effectiveness of the current music therapy program and to investigate the area in which the therapy produces the greatest effect. It is hoped that the therapy would find wider application among children in the future as it showed significant functional improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts in this study
Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docxjeanettehully
Running Head: EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY AND SCORE 12
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Jane Doe
University of Southern Mississippi
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Stress and college go hand in hand, and oftentimes a student’s most stressful day is the day of an exam. Test anxiety is nothing new, yet it is a real issue among university students. Universities are already a high stress environment, and the fear of failing can be overwhelming (Smyth & Banks, 2015). Constant stress can be not only be detrimental to a young person’s health and emotional wellbeing, but can also affect that person’s performance (Chapell, et al., 2005). Music is simple tool that could be used to aid in decreasing test anxiety and increase success for students (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014).
Anxiety can be described as a natural reaction to uncertainty, fear, or a perceived threat in one’s environment. Test anxiety is a common and real worry that university students suffer from; they have psychological and physiological responses to the uncertainty of their testing performance and the implications of their scores (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014). Research can support that exams are a legitimate source of anxiety for students. In a study done by Smith and Banks (2015), interviews they conducted with students in an Irish school system shows that the vast majority of students surveyed placed heavy personal burden on their performance in their final examinations due to the effect the results had on their future. The anxiety related to the fear of failing this examination pushed some students in Smith and Bank’s study to spend copious amounts of time on homework and studying, causing an excess amount of stress on their mind and body. On the opposite end of the spectrum, some students felt they were unable to focus on completing an acceptable amount of work, and that that their anxiety kept them from preforming as well. Physical manifestations of anxiety, such as upset stomachs, and feelings of hopelessness were reported as well (Smyth & Banks, 2015).
Testing anxieties can lead to a decrease in academic performance for an otherwise successful student. In one study lead by Chapell (2005), 5,551 graduate and undergraduate students were assessed for anxiety level as well as grade point average. The participants in Chapell’s study were split into groups of graduates and undergraduates; male and female; and low, moderate, and high test anxiety. Students were asked about their cumulative grade point average and were administered a questionnaire that assessed their testing anxiety. Generally speaking, the results showed that students who reported having low test anxiety also had an average 3.77 GPA, while students who showed signs of high test anxiety had an average GPA of 3.61 (Chapell, et al., 2005).
Stress can not only cause drops in performance, but also can be de ...
Running Head EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETYEFFECTS OF MUSIC.docxtodd271
Running Head: EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON TEST ANXIETY AND SCORE 12
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Jane Doe
University of Southern Mississippi
The Effects of Music on Testing Anxiety and Performance
Stress and college go hand in hand, and oftentimes a student’s most stressful day is the day of an exam. Test anxiety is nothing new, yet it is a real issue among university students. Universities are already a high stress environment, and the fear of failing can be overwhelming (Smyth & Banks, 2015). Constant stress can be not only be detrimental to a young person’s health and emotional wellbeing, but can also affect that person’s performance (Chapell, et al., 2005). Music is simple tool that could be used to aid in decreasing test anxiety and increase success for students (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014).
Anxiety can be described as a natural reaction to uncertainty, fear, or a perceived threat in one’s environment. Test anxiety is a common and real worry that university students suffer from; they have psychological and physiological responses to the uncertainty of their testing performance and the implications of their scores (Lilley, Oberle, & Thompson, 2014). Research can support that exams are a legitimate source of anxiety for students. In a study done by Smith and Banks (2015), interviews they conducted with students in an Irish school system shows that the vast majority of students surveyed placed heavy personal burden on their performance in their final examinations due to the effect the results had on their future. The anxiety related to the fear of failing this examination pushed some students in Smith and Bank’s study to spend copious amounts of time on homework and studying, causing an excess amount of stress on their mind and body. On the opposite end of the spectrum, some students felt they were unable to focus on completing an acceptable amount of work, and that that their anxiety kept them from preforming as well. Physical manifestations of anxiety, such as upset stomachs, and feelings of hopelessness were reported as well (Smyth & Banks, 2015).
Testing anxieties can lead to a decrease in academic performance for an otherwise successful student. In one study lead by Chapell (2005), 5,551 graduate and undergraduate students were assessed for anxiety level as well as grade point average. The participants in Chapell’s study were split into groups of graduates and undergraduates; male and female; and low, moderate, and high test anxiety. Students were asked about their cumulative grade point average and were administered a questionnaire that assessed their testing anxiety. Generally speaking, the results showed that students who reported having low test anxiety also had an average 3.77 GPA, while students who showed signs of high test anxiety had an average GPA of 3.61 (Chapell, et al., 2005).
Stress can not only cause drops in performance, but also can be de.
Music to Reduce Pain and Distress in the Pediatric Emergency DepartmentJAMA Pediatrics
A randomized clinical trial examined the effects of music versus standard care on pain and distress in 42 children ages 3-11 undergoing IV placement in a pediatric emergency department. Children in the music group listened to music via speakers during the procedure, while the control group received standard care. The study found that music was associated with less increase in self-reported pain from before to after the procedure compared to controls. Among children who showed signs of distress, music also resulted in significantly less increase in observed distress levels during the procedure versus standard care. However, no significant differences were found between groups for objective measures of distress across all children or physiological and parent-reported measures.
American Music Therapy Association Habilitation Music Therapy Research And E...Kim Daniels
Music therapy is an established health profession that uses music to achieve therapeutic goals such as developing communication skills, improving mood, and enhancing quality of life. Research supports the use of music therapy for habilitation (helping individuals attain skills) in areas like speech/singing connections, memory, and mood/behavior regulation. Studies show music therapy can help develop skills for those with chronic conditions and disabilities, and maintain functioning. It is commonly used in special education and as part of multidisciplinary teams. Music therapy interventions are documented and individualized, with typical outcomes like improved social/communication skills and reduced problem behaviors.
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition in which psychologi.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conversion disorder is a psychiatric condition in which psychological stress manifests as some physical dysfunction. For example, stress associated with divorce proceedings might result in development of headaches, dermatological problems, breathing difficulties, and the like. In extreme cases, conversion disorder can result in abnormal movements, paralysis, or non-epileptic seizures. Poole, Wuerz and Agrawal (2010) recently reported that conversion disorder most frequently occurs in women, with a mean age of onset of approximately 29 years. One interesting feature of conversion disorder is that, in some cases, the effects of one individual can induce stress in other individuals, resulting in symptom manifestation in numerous people within an intimate population such as a school, workplace, or military squad (For review see: Bartholomew & Sirois, 2000). The phenomenon of multiple related cases of conversion disorder, once referred to as epidemic hysteria, is more commonly now referred to as mass psychogenic illness (MPI).
A variety of treatments for conversion disorder have been reported ranging from hypnosis (Moene, Spinhoven, Hoogduin & van Dyck, 2002) to drug therapy (Stevens, 1990). Moene and colleagues (2002) note that behavior therapy with operant conditioning may be successful in reducing symptoms in conversion disorder patients. It is reasonable to assume that such behavior therapy could be effectively administered in a group of patients. Furthermore, given the nature of social cue influences on this disorder, as seen with MPI, successful treatment of one or more individuals in a group setting could have residual positive effects on others within the group.
It is well established that positive behaviors can be shaped through modeling in a therapeutic setting. Researchers have shown, for example, that phobic behaviors can be reduced when one phobic individual watches another phobic individual (or a confederate acting as a phobic individual) calmly engaging in the fear provoking behavior (e.g. Geer & Turteltaub, 1967). Furthermore, it is possible for a single individual to evoke modeling behavior among a group, particularly when the behavior being exhibited is viewed positively by the members of that group (Peterson, Kaasa & Loftus, 2008).
With all of this information considered, the present study was designed to determine if individuals exhibiting effects of MPI would respond positively to behavior therapy in a group setting. It was further hypothesized that using a confederate, acting as a patient within the group, could enhance positive effects of therapy if that confederate reported positive influences of the therapy that could then be modeled by other members of the group. To test this hypothesis, a group of women, all diagnosed with chronic conversion disorder manifesting in abnormal movements and facial tics, were assigned to one of three groups. The first group received behavior therapy in a group setting that.
Music therapy is provided at Primary Children's Medical Center, a 271-bed children's hospital. There are two full-time music therapists who see approximately 10-25% of inpatients daily. Music therapy is included in the hospital's services and can address medical goals like pain management, rehabilitation, and palliative care. Common music therapy techniques include songwriting, relaxation music, and using music during medical procedures to reduce pain and anxiety. Music therapy is an effective non-pharmacological approach that benefits patients and lowers healthcare costs.
A powerpoint of the presentation given by Professor Tony Wigram at the ASC network meeting of the Association of Professional Music Therapists, October 2009.
Mt & parkinson's disease slides for mmsDaniel Tague
Music therapy is a research-based healthcare profession that uses music interventions within a therapeutic relationship to achieve outcomes in various clinical domains such as psychological, physical, and social. It is commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by maintaining speech and motor skills through techniques like voice training and rhythmic auditory stimulation. Research shows music therapy improves variables related to singing ability, speech intelligibility, vocal intensity, mood, and gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It is a promising treatment approach supported by a growing evidence base.
Music therapy uses music to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs. It involves using music interventions within a therapeutic relationship to accomplish individualized goals. Music therapy is an evidence-based allied health profession that utilizes music's non-invasive properties to assess functioning and design treatment plans. Assessments evaluate areas like communication, cognition, motor skills, and social/emotional status through engaging clients in music activities like singing, moving, and playing instruments. The humanistic approach views individuals holistically and music therapy aims to facilitate skill development and transfer to daily life through strong motivators like music.
Running head SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 1SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIO.docxtodd521
Running head: SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 1
SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 5
Self-Injurious Behavior
Name
Capella University
Self-Injurious Behavior
For this final assignment a research of self-injurious behavior has been conducted. Self-injurious behavior, also known as SIB, is described an instance of behavior that results in physical injury to a person’s own body. SIB includes head banging, using objects to cut or puncture self, pinching self, consuming inedible substances, vomiting, pulling own hair, sucking, biting, scratching body parts and use of drugs, among others (Yang, 2003). SIB, is usually displayed by individuals with autism and intellectual disabilities. SIB can result in serious injuries and in severe cases even death. According to Yang (2003), the treatment of SIB has become one of the most serious issues for clinicians and other professionals due to the injury, risk, prevalence, and cost involved.
Article 1
Overview
The first article discussed is "Combination of extinction and protective measures in the treatment of severely self-injurious behavior" by Lizen Yang from Behavioral interventions journal. Yang explores and discusses the advantages of using extinction in conjunction with the non-intrusive protective measures to treat SIB. In the study, extinction in combination with non-intrusive protective measures was selected as the intervention strategy to reduce SIB.
Subjects and setting
The study was conducted on two adolescent females with profound mental retardation and physical disabilities at a state facility. Both subjects exhibited self-injurious behavior (SIB) and had been wearing restrains mechanisms for more than two years to prevent injuries. The treatment sessions were conducted in the morning for one of the subjects and in the afternoon for the other subject in a multipurpose 12’ x 13’room in their residential building. The room contained a table, a desk, and three chairs. Fingernail clippers, a pair of scissors, and a bottle of white petroleum jelly were used, since the target behavior for both subjects was scratching. There was a radio playing soft music at a moderate volume during sessions. There also were several audio and visual activity materials available and placed on the table within the participants’ reach at all times during treatment. During sessions, only the therapist and the participant were in the room.
Design and results
Event recording was used to collect data during each 30 minute treatment session. Two hand held counters were used to record the target behavior. In order to constantly analyze data, and monitor the behavior, as well as avoiding possible medical concerns, each treatment session was divided into three 10 minute intervals. Initially a within-subject reversal design was in which baseline (A) and treatment (B) were alternated in an ABAB sequence, but due to frequent and severe self-injuries and for safety reas.
Running head SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 1SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIO.docxjeanettehully
Running head: SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 1
SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR 5
Self-Injurious Behavior
Name
Capella University
Self-Injurious Behavior
For this final assignment a research of self-injurious behavior has been conducted. Self-injurious behavior, also known as SIB, is described an instance of behavior that results in physical injury to a person’s own body. SIB includes head banging, using objects to cut or puncture self, pinching self, consuming inedible substances, vomiting, pulling own hair, sucking, biting, scratching body parts and use of drugs, among others (Yang, 2003). SIB, is usually displayed by individuals with autism and intellectual disabilities. SIB can result in serious injuries and in severe cases even death. According to Yang (2003), the treatment of SIB has become one of the most serious issues for clinicians and other professionals due to the injury, risk, prevalence, and cost involved.
Article 1
Overview
The first article discussed is "Combination of extinction and protective measures in the treatment of severely self-injurious behavior" by Lizen Yang from Behavioral interventions journal. Yang explores and discusses the advantages of using extinction in conjunction with the non-intrusive protective measures to treat SIB. In the study, extinction in combination with non-intrusive protective measures was selected as the intervention strategy to reduce SIB.
Subjects and setting
The study was conducted on two adolescent females with profound mental retardation and physical disabilities at a state facility. Both subjects exhibited self-injurious behavior (SIB) and had been wearing restrains mechanisms for more than two years to prevent injuries. The treatment sessions were conducted in the morning for one of the subjects and in the afternoon for the other subject in a multipurpose 12’ x 13’room in their residential building. The room contained a table, a desk, and three chairs. Fingernail clippers, a pair of scissors, and a bottle of white petroleum jelly were used, since the target behavior for both subjects was scratching. There was a radio playing soft music at a moderate volume during sessions. There also were several audio and visual activity materials available and placed on the table within the participants’ reach at all times during treatment. During sessions, only the therapist and the participant were in the room.
Design and results
Event recording was used to collect data during each 30 minute treatment session. Two hand held counters were used to record the target behavior. In order to constantly analyze data, and monitor the behavior, as well as avoiding possible medical concerns, each treatment session was divided into three 10 minute intervals. Initially a within-subject reversal design was in which baseline (A) and treatment (B) were alternated in an ABAB sequence, but due to frequent and severe self-injuries and for safety reas ...
This document summarizes two research studies on the impact of music. The first study examined how different genres of music at various volume levels affected cognitive performance on math tests. It found that participants performed best in silence and scored higher with soft music at low volumes. The second study analyzed how rap and yoga music influenced emotions of aggression. It determined that rap music increased physical and emotional aggression more than the relaxing yoga music. Both studies demonstrated the significant impact that music can have on cognitive processing and emotional states.
Presentation given at The First Music & Medicine Conference of the Cincinnati Music & Wellness Coalition. Defines music therapy, reviews recent research in Music Medicine, and describes music therapy program at general hospital.
Music can positively impact physical and mental health in several ways. It works on the brain and body by influencing neurotransmitters, brain waves, and hormones. Different genres like Indian classical music and its ragas can control brain waves and lead to favorable changes. Music therapy is a clinical practice that uses music to accomplish goals and address issues like stress, pain, communication, and rehabilitation. It works by assessing clients and designing music sessions to meet their needs. Overall, listening to and playing music can lower stress, aid recovery, boost mood, help sleep, reduce eating, and benefit heart health.
The study examined the relationship between inhibition, anxiety, and processing efficiency in performing musicians compared to non-performing musicians. 38 participants completed an inhibitory oddball task while EEG was recorded. There were no differences between groups in accuracy or reaction time on the task. However, musicians maintained stable accuracy across blocks while non-musicians' accuracy declined slightly. Additionally, there was a marginal interaction where musician accuracy remained stable but non-musician accuracy declined over blocks. No differences between groups were found for state or trait anxiety measures. The study provides limited evidence that musicians may use compensatory strategies to maintain performance effectiveness during inhibitory tasks.
1. Single-Subject Design Project:
Using Music Therapy as an Alternative
Method to Treat and Address Agitation
Among Persons with Dementia
By Emily Rumrill
2. Outline
Dementia: A Growing Problem
Music: An Alternative Method
SSD Overview
Research Question
Intervention: Target & Qualifications
Intervention: Overview
Intervention: Detailed Description
Design & Intervention Length
Design: ABA Single-Subject Design
Measures & Procedures
Goal
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
3. Dementia: A Growing Problem
Definition
– A general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to
interfere with daily life (e.g. memory loss). The most common type of
dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease (DAT), which accounts for 60 to 80
percent of cases, followed by Vascular dementia (VD) at 10 percent
(Types of Dementia, 2015).
Characteristics
– Apathy, depression, impaired communication, poor judgment,
disorientation, confusion, behavior changes, and difficulty speaking,
swallowing and walking (What is Alzheimer’s?, 2015).
Primary Treatment
– Psychopharmacological medications (chemical restraints) and physical
restraint methods (H-.c. Sung et al., 2006).
4. Dementia: A Growing Problem
✜ Agitation is the most challenging and stressful characteristics
reported by family members, caregivers and staff within care
facilities. Research indicates that primary treatment methods can
cause harmful side effects and lead to further decline, increase
incidence of injuries and often leads to more agitation.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of chemical and physical restraint
methods are relatively weak for managing agitated behavior (H.-c.
Sung et al., 2006).
Prevalence of Dementia
– Currently affects an estimated 47.5 million people worldwide
and is projected to increase to 75.6 million by 2030 and triple by
2050 (10 Facts on Dementia, 2015).
Prevalence of Agitation among Dementia Patients
– Over 50% in community dwelling and up to 70% of nursing
home residents (Latest Alzheimer's Facts and Figures, 2013).
5. ♫ Music: An Alternative Method ♫
Music provokes psychological and physiological responses, as
well as emotional integration in persons receiving treatment
for an illness or disability (H.-c. Sung et al., 2006).
Reduces agitation, temper aggression, anxiety, depression
and stress.
Elicits positive feelings and promotes relaxation.
Triggers memory.
Self-awareness, social relatedness, and arousal and mood
regulation is achieved through listening to music (Schafer,
Sedlmeier, Stadtler & Huron, 2013).
Increase mental, physical and emotional health by boosting
the immune system, energy levels and self-esteem.
Increases tolerance to pain (H.-c. Sung et al., 2006).
♪
♬
♭
♩
♫
♮
6. SSD Overview
Research Goal
Search for alternative methods to address and treat
agitation among persons with dementia, rather than the
traditional methods (chemical and physical restraints)
that can cause many harmful side effects (Yu Lin et al.,
2010).
Research Target
Agitated behavior accompanied by dementia; specifically
dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT) and vascular
dementia (VD) (M. Suzuki et al., 2004).
Research Purpose
The effectiveness of music intervention therapy against
agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia.
7. Research Question
If persons with
dementia receive
music therapy as an
intervention will
that reflect a
decrease in the
occurrence of
agitated behavior?
8. Intervention: Target & Qualifications
Target
– Agitation experienced by a person suffering from DAT who
attends an adult day care (ADHS) program throughout the
day, while residing at home with his wife, was targeted
through the implementation of music therapy given
throughout the week.
Qualification
– Diagnosed with dementia (DAT) by the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and is
currently being treated for agitation by at least one form of
medication (antipsychotics, sedatives and/or drugs for AD)
(H.-c. Sung et al., 2006).
9. Intervention: Overview
Music therapy intervention:
– Music of Interest: Biblical Hymns
– 5 days a week (M-F)
– Post afternoon activity (3pm)
– 30 Minute Sessions (music therapy)
– Duration of 6 weeks (total of 30 sessions)
– Orchestrated in a private activity room within the ADHS
facility
10. Intervention: Detailed Description
• Staff member rated the participant’s agitated
behavior according to frequency of occurrence using
the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI)
evaluation scale, which consists of 29 observable
agitated behaviors rated on a 7-point scale (1-7)
ranging from never (1 point) to several times an hour
(7 points), with a minimum score of 29 and a
maximum score of 203 (Y. Lin et al., 2010).
• Staff member evaluated occurrence of agitated
behavior each day between 4pm – 5pm for a total of
9 consecutive weeks (baseline, intervention, post
intervention).
11. Intervention: Detailed Description
• Staff member orchestrated 30-minute
sessions of continuous music (via CD player) at
3:00pm Monday – Friday.
• The music chosen was Biblical Hymns because
this is the target participant’s favorite genre of
music.
• 3:00pm was chosen because the target
participant was reported to exhibit agitation
due to confusion and disorientation of place
and time, location of his wife and why he
wasn’t allowed to leave the facility.
12. Design & Intervention Length
A Pre-Intervention = 5 days (1 week)
B Intervention = 30 days (6 weeks)
A Post-Intervention = 10 days (2 weeks)
*Number of days per week = 5 (M-F)
*Duration of 9 consecutive weeks
13. Design: ABA Single-Subject Design
3 phases:
1. Pre-intervention (baseline) *A*
Staff member rated agitated behavior according to
frequency of occurrence, using the CMAI
assessment tool, between 5pm – 4pm each day (1
week: 5 days).
2. Intervention (treatment) *B*
Staff member introduced music therapy (Biblical
Hymns) to the participant from 3pm to 3:30pm and
continued to rate occurrence of agitation daily; 4pm
– 5pm (6-weeks: 30 days)
3. Post-intervention (baseline) *A*
Staff member discontinued the Biblical Hymns music
therapy and continued to rate the occurrence of
agitation daily; 4pm – 5pm (2-weeks: 10 days).
14. Measures & Procedures
Dependent Variable
Occurrence of agitated behavior
Independent Variable
Music therapy intervention (Biblical Hymns)
Quantifying the Dependent Variable
Agitated behaviors were quantified by one staff
member rated (daily) agitated behavior according
to frequency of occurrence experienced by the
target dementia (DAT) participant on a 7-point
scale (never = 1 point; several times an hour = 7
points).
15. Measures & Procedures
Data Collection
Agitation was recorded daily using the CMAI
assessment tool, which includes 29 items (4
categories), each rated on a 7-point scale (1-7),
with a minimum score of 29 points and a
maximum score of 203 points.
Four categories of behavior include physically non-
aggressive, physically aggressive, verbally non-
aggressive, and verbally aggressive.
16. Goal
The goal of the intervention (music therapy) is to
decrease the dependent variable (agitated behavior).
17. Results
This graph represents a portion of the agitation trends over the length of the
study.
This snap shot graph indicates the participant’s agitation ratings at week 1, 2, 7
and 9, and the differences in agitation between the 3 Phases.
18. Discussion
Effectiveness of Intervention
o Levels of agitation were significantly lower during the
Music Therapy Intervention Phase
Pre-intervention Average: 6.2
Intervention Average: 2.6
Post-Intervention Average: 2
o The CMAI assessment tool was used to evaluated any
changes to the DV (agitated behaviors) with the
introduction of the IV (music therapy); the effectiveness
of the intervention was assessed by the visual trends
(increase or decrease of DV) that occurred over the
length of the study; the DV was evaluated (using ABA
research design) at Pre-intervention Phase (5x),
Intervention Phase (30x), and Post Intervention Phase
(10x).
19. Discussion
Literature Review
This SSD was inspired by three research articles that explored
the effectiveness of music therapy as an intervention against
the occurrence of agitation among persons with Dementia.
Each of the three articles used a form of the CMAI assessment
tool to determine changes in agitation (i.e., Chinese-CMAI,
Modified-CMAI, or original CMAI).
I chose to utilize the research article titled, “Effectiveness of
group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly
persons with dementia” by Yu Lin et al., because it
demonstrated the strongest Rigor, Reliability and efforts to
control for Extraneous Variables and Threats to Validity.
Furthermore, this study also used repeated measures to
indicate changes in agitation (Yu Lin et al., 2010).
20. Discussion
Strengths
• Several precautionary measures were made to control for
Extraneous Variables and Threats to Validity.
• Used repeated measures to indicate changes in the DV (CMAI
content validity index was 0.99 = good reliability and validity).
• Used the same person and the same methods (both IV and
DV) to collect and record agitation changes to ensure
consistency.
• Caregiver (wife of participant) committed to maintaining the
couples regular routine, which ensured DV (agitation) changes
were true to the IV (music therapy).
21. Discussion
Weaknesses
• Inclusion into institutional settings or ADHS programs may be
limited by flexibility (operations), lack of understanding or
commitment by employees, and ultimately funding
limitations.
• Only had one person within the study; lacking control group.
• Duration of the study lacked a significant time frame (non-
longitudinal).
• The stage and progression of the participant’s dementia was
not accounted for.
• Did not take into account whether or not the participant was
taking medications (or at what dose) for agitation (Y. Lin et al,
2010)
22. Discussion
Practice Implications
Results indicate, inclusion of Music Therapy (MT)
demonstrates high efficacy for persons with DAT;
therefore, it represents a possible alternative
treatment method for DAT symptoms.
There are several benefits associated with the inclusion
of music, and at the very least MT represents a
complimentary treatment method that could be used
in conjunction with the traditional treatment methods
(chemical and physical restraints).
MT as an alternative treatment method for persons
with DAT is a relatively new area of research; however,
the results, thus far, certainly warrants further
exploration.
23. Discussion
Practice Implications: Improvements
Increasing the length of the study would allow the
researcher to evaluate the trends that occur over an
extended period of time, which would increase the
study’s rigor and validity.
Incorporating a larger sample and of different
geographical areas would increase the generalizability
of the findings.
Select a neutral person to conduct assessments of the
participant’s agitation in order to avoid biased results,
rather than a staff member whom interacts with the
participant daily.
24. Conclusion
This study demonstrates a positive correlation between music
therapy (MT) as an intervention and a reduction in the occurrence
of agitated behaviors for persons with dementia (DAT).
Traditional psychopharmacological treatment methods and physical
restraint methods may have worked well in the past to address the
symptoms of DAT, but research has found that these methods may
cause adverse effects, which include; further decline and more
rapidly; increased number of injuries, to self or other; often create
more agitation; and is an indicator of poor quality of care in
institutional settings (H.-c. Sung et al., 2006).
MT provides a more positive and liberating perspective on treating
behavior disturbances accompanied with DAT. Furthermore, MT
allows persons with dementia, and their caregivers, to experience a
better quality of life that doesn’t include an invasive or harmful
treatment method.
25. References
Latest Alzheimer's Facts and Figures (2013). Alzheimer’s Association: alz.org. Retrieved September 30, 2015,
from http://www.alz.org/facts/overview.asp
Types of Dementia (2015). Alzheimer’s Association: alz.org. Retrieved September 30, 2015, from
http://www.alz.org/dementia/types-of-dementia.asp
What is Alzheimer’s? (2015). Alzheimer’s Association: alz.org. Retrieved September 30, 2015, from
http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers.asp
Huei-chuan Sung, Shu-min Chang, Wen-li Lee, Ming-shinn Lee, (2006). The effects of group music with
movement intervention on agitated behaviours of institutionalized elders with dementia in Taiwan.
Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2006; 14: 113-119.
Yu Lin, Hsin Chu, Chyn-Yng Yang, Chiung-Hua Chen, Shyi-Gen Chen, Hsiu-Ju Chang, Chia-Jung Hsieh, and Kuei-Ru
Chou (2010). Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with
dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2011; 26: 670-678.
Mizue Suzuki, Masao Kanamori, Motoko Watanabe, Shingo Nagasawa, Emi Kojima, Hajime Ooshiro &
Daiichirou Nakahara (2004). Behavioral and endocrinological evaluation of music therapy for elderly
patients with dementia. Nursing and Health Sciences. 2004; 6: 11-18.
Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., & Huron, D. (2013). The psychological functions of music listening.
Retrieved November 10, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3741536/
10 facts on dementia. (2015). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/dementia/en/
Editor's Notes
a progressive brain disorder of the mental processes, which is caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.
If persons diagnosed with dementia receive music therapy as an intervention, will that reflect a decrease in agitation?
Researchers evaluated the subjects agitated behavior and its frequency two weeks prior to the intervention using the C-CMAI, which includes 29 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (1-7), with a minimum score of 29 points and a maximum score of 203 points.
Researchers conducted a baseline assessment of agitation using the C-CMAI for the subject, which was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention (music therapy).
This graph represents a portion of the agitation trends that occurred over the length of the study.
This snap shot graph indicates the participant’s agitation ratings at week 1, 2, 7 and 9, and the differences in agitation between the Pre-Intervention Phase, Intervention Phase and Post Intervention Phase.
I would also add a slide that addresses your literature that you included; that you reviewed three articles related interventions for older adults/agitation/music interventions and this was the one you chose because___.