Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger (Davis & Whalen, 200.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxsusanschei
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
M A N U S C R I P T S T R U C T U R E A N D C O N T E N T 41
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
S A M P L E P A P E R S42
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary d ...
The document summarizes three competing hypotheses about how emotional processing may change with age: 1) emotional information remains equally important for younger and older adults, leading to similar detection of emotional stimuli, 2) emotional information takes on added importance for older adults, enhancing their detection, or 3) older adults focus more on positive information, showing faster detection of positive but not negative stimuli. An experiment is described that uses a visual search task to test these hypotheses by examining how quickly young and older adults can detect emotional versus neutral images.
The document summarizes three competing hypotheses about how emotional processing may change with age: 1) emotional information remains equally important for younger and older adults, leading to similar detection of emotional stimuli, 2) emotional information takes on added importance for older adults, enhancing their detection, or 3) older adults focus more on positive information, showing faster detection of positive but not negative stimuli. An experiment is described that uses a visual search task to test these hypotheses by examining how quickly young and older adults can detect emotional versus neutral images.
This document summarizes a research study that examined age differences in the detection of emotional information. Young and older adults completed a visual search task with images varying in arousal (high vs. low) and valence (positive vs. negative vs. neutral). Younger adults were faster to detect high arousal positive images, while older adults showed an overall detection advantage for emotional versus neutral images. The study aimed to test three competing hypotheses about how emotional processing may change with age: it may remain similar across age groups; older adults may show enhanced detection of emotion; or older adults may focus more on positive emotion.
This study examined the effects of age on the detection of emotional information. Young and older adults completed a visual search task to detect target images of different valence (positive, negative) and arousal (high, low) levels among arrays of distracting images. Response times were recorded and compared between age groups. The study aimed to test three competing hypotheses about how aging may impact the detection of emotional versus neutral information.
This document provides a sample one-experiment paper following APA style guidelines. It includes sections like the title, author byline, abstract, introduction, method, results and discussion. The method section describes the visual search task used, participant characteristics including ages and sample sizes, and materials/procedure. Young and older adults had to detect target images of different valence and arousal levels within 3x3 arrays. Their reaction times were recorded and compared to examine age differences in emotional processing.
This paper explores attribution theory and the importance of individual attribution styles. It discusses how attribution styles can influence one's interpretation of positive and negative events and shape responses to environmental cues. The paper reviews literature showing links between negative attribution styles and poorer academic performance, health outcomes, immune functioning, and mental health. Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and religious beliefs may help determine one's attribution style. The actor-observer asymmetry also provides insight into positive attribution styles.
This study tested the hypothesis that positive emotions build personal resources over time through loving-kindness meditation. Researchers randomly assigned 139 working adults to either begin a loving-kindness meditation practice or a control group. Those who meditated experienced increases in daily positive emotions, which led to gains in personal resources like mindfulness, life satisfaction, and social support. In turn, increased resources predicted improved well-being, as shown by less depressive symptoms. The findings provide experimental evidence that positive emotions generated through meditation can accumulate over time to strengthen important personal qualities and relationships.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxsusanschei
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
M A N U S C R I P T S T R U C T U R E A N D C O N T E N T 41
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
S A M P L E P A P E R S42
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary d ...
The document summarizes three competing hypotheses about how emotional processing may change with age: 1) emotional information remains equally important for younger and older adults, leading to similar detection of emotional stimuli, 2) emotional information takes on added importance for older adults, enhancing their detection, or 3) older adults focus more on positive information, showing faster detection of positive but not negative stimuli. An experiment is described that uses a visual search task to test these hypotheses by examining how quickly young and older adults can detect emotional versus neutral images.
The document summarizes three competing hypotheses about how emotional processing may change with age: 1) emotional information remains equally important for younger and older adults, leading to similar detection of emotional stimuli, 2) emotional information takes on added importance for older adults, enhancing their detection, or 3) older adults focus more on positive information, showing faster detection of positive but not negative stimuli. An experiment is described that uses a visual search task to test these hypotheses by examining how quickly young and older adults can detect emotional versus neutral images.
This document summarizes a research study that examined age differences in the detection of emotional information. Young and older adults completed a visual search task with images varying in arousal (high vs. low) and valence (positive vs. negative vs. neutral). Younger adults were faster to detect high arousal positive images, while older adults showed an overall detection advantage for emotional versus neutral images. The study aimed to test three competing hypotheses about how emotional processing may change with age: it may remain similar across age groups; older adults may show enhanced detection of emotion; or older adults may focus more on positive emotion.
This study examined the effects of age on the detection of emotional information. Young and older adults completed a visual search task to detect target images of different valence (positive, negative) and arousal (high, low) levels among arrays of distracting images. Response times were recorded and compared between age groups. The study aimed to test three competing hypotheses about how aging may impact the detection of emotional versus neutral information.
This document provides a sample one-experiment paper following APA style guidelines. It includes sections like the title, author byline, abstract, introduction, method, results and discussion. The method section describes the visual search task used, participant characteristics including ages and sample sizes, and materials/procedure. Young and older adults had to detect target images of different valence and arousal levels within 3x3 arrays. Their reaction times were recorded and compared to examine age differences in emotional processing.
This paper explores attribution theory and the importance of individual attribution styles. It discusses how attribution styles can influence one's interpretation of positive and negative events and shape responses to environmental cues. The paper reviews literature showing links between negative attribution styles and poorer academic performance, health outcomes, immune functioning, and mental health. Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and religious beliefs may help determine one's attribution style. The actor-observer asymmetry also provides insight into positive attribution styles.
This study tested the hypothesis that positive emotions build personal resources over time through loving-kindness meditation. Researchers randomly assigned 139 working adults to either begin a loving-kindness meditation practice or a control group. Those who meditated experienced increases in daily positive emotions, which led to gains in personal resources like mindfulness, life satisfaction, and social support. In turn, increased resources predicted improved well-being, as shown by less depressive symptoms. The findings provide experimental evidence that positive emotions generated through meditation can accumulate over time to strengthen important personal qualities and relationships.
Emotional Intelligence in Young and Middle AdulthoodCross-S.docxSALU18
Emotional Intelligence in Young and Middle Adulthood:
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Latent Structure and Means
Benjamin P. Chapman
University of Rochester Medical Center
Bert Hayslip Jr.
University of North Texas
Differentiation of the construct of emotional intelligence was investigated in young and middle-aged
adults, on the basis of hypotheses generated from differential emotions theory, discrete emotions
functionalist theory, and empirical literature on age-related changes in affective complexity and differ-
entiation of abilities. Both age groups were characterized by the same set of comparably related
dimensions. However, midlife adults reported significantly greater use of optimism as a mood-regulation
strategy than was reported by young adults. This study considers implications of possible structural
continuity in emotional intelligence in conjunction with mean increases in the use of optimism as a
strategy for managing affect.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, midlife, differentiation
Since its introduction by Salovey and Mayer (1990) and popu-
larization by Goleman (1995), emotional intelligence (EI) has been
a heavily researched individual difference construct. The EI field
has more recently focused on two putatively distinct forms of EI.
Trait EI is hypothesized to be a component of personality space
that is distinct from other traits such as the Big Five (Petrides &
Furnham, 2001), and it is measured by self-report inventories.
Ability EI is hypothesized to be a mental ability that is distinct
from other abilities (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1999), and it is
measured by performance tests.1
The issue of whether EI “behaves” more like a personality
trait or a cognitive ability has implications for its lifespan
trajectory, which with only a few exceptions, has been ne-
glected by researchers. Focusing mainly on the period from
infancy to young adulthood, Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, and Si-
tarenios (2001) proposed a “developmental criterion” for EI,
predicting that EI will increase with age, because it is an
adaptive function that develops in concert with cognitive and
social skills. Schaie (2001) pinpointed midlife as a time of peak
emotional functioning and called for cross-sectional compari-
sons involving samples of older adults. Kafetsios (2004) re-
ported that middle-aged persons scored higher than young per-
sons on performance EI tasks involving the facilitation,
understanding, and management of emotion. However, Ka-
fetsios’s primary concern was EI’s relationship to attachment
patterns, rather than its relationship to existing adult theories of
emotion related to development and aging.
The developmental criterion for EI implies mean-level
change in one or more dimensions of EI, but another question
prefigures this issue: Do the same specific dimensions charac-
terize the construct and/or exhibit similar interrelationships at
midlife as in young adulthood? Schaie (2001) raised this con-
cern on the basis of the literature o ...
This document summarizes recent research on positive emotions and cognition from developmental, neuroscience, and health perspectives. It discusses how the field of positive psychology has grown to study human thriving, happiness, and resilience, rather than just focusing on problems and dysfunction. Research suggests positive emotions may have evolutionary benefits by signaling safety and increasing social bonds. Developmentally, secure early attachments are linked to more positive emotions and behaviors in infants. Neuroscience research on rats indicates high maternal care can permanently alter brain regions involved in emotion regulation and stress responses. This suggests childhood experiences of love and trust are important for well-being, while neglect and abuse raise risks of later issues.
EmotionAge-Related Changes in Emotional Behavior Evidence.docxchristinemaritza
Emotion
Age-Related Changes in Emotional Behavior: Evidence
From a 13-Year Longitudinal Study of Long-Term
Married Couples
Alice Verstaen, Claudia M. Haase, Sandy J. Lwi, and Robert W. Levenson
Online First Publication, November 29, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000551
CITATION
Verstaen, A., Haase, C. M., Lwi, S. J., & Levenson, R. W. (2018, November 29). Age-Related
Changes in Emotional Behavior: Evidence From a 13-Year Longitudinal Study of Long-Term
Married Couples. Emotion. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000551
Age-Related Changes in Emotional Behavior: Evidence From a 13-Year
Longitudinal Study of Long-Term Married Couples
Alice Verstaen
University of California, Berkeley
Claudia M. Haase
Northwestern University
Sandy J. Lwi and Robert W. Levenson
University of California, Berkeley
We examined age-related changes in emotional behavior in a sample of middle-aged and older
long-term married couples over a 13-year period. Data were collected at 3 waves, each occurring 5
to 6 years apart. For the present study, only couples who participated in all 3 waves were examined
(n � 87). Couples were either in the middle-aged group (40 –50 years old, married at least 15 years)
or the older group (60 –70 years old, married at least 35 years). At each wave, couples engaged in
15-min unrehearsed conversations about an area of disagreement in their marriage. Emotional
behaviors during the conversation were objectively coded using the Specific Affect Coding System.
Latent growth curve analyses revealed that, for both husbands and wives, negative emotional
behavior (primarily belligerence, defensiveness, fear/tension, and whining) decreased and positive
emotional behavior (primarily humor, enthusiasm, and validation) increased with age. Findings
generalized across middle-aged and older cohorts and levels of marital satisfaction. These findings
support theories that suggest that positive emotion increases and negative emotion decreases with
age, expanding upon previous findings by examining objectively coded emotional behaviors longi-
tudinally in an interpersonal context.
Keywords: aging, emotional behavior, marriage, longitudinal
Early research on emotion and aging was conducted with the
expectation (Jung, 1933; Looft, 1972) that older adults would
show declines in emotion paralleling well-documented declines in
health and cognition (Park & Bischof, 2013; Rowe & Kahn, 1997;
Verhaeghen & Salthouse, 1997). Challenging this expectation, a
number of cross-sectional studies with healthy community samples
found that many aspects of emotional functioning are preserved in
late life (Mather & Ponzio, 2016; Scheibe & Carstensen, 2010).
However, findings have been mixed as to the patterns of age-
related change in different kinds of emotions. For example, some
research indicates that negative emotion increases with age and
positive emotion decreases (Kurdek, 1998), while other research
supports the opposite trajectory (e.g.
This study aimed to validate a 12-item measure of life satisfaction in older adolescents using a nationally representative sample in Australia. The study tested whether a one, two, or three factor model of life satisfaction provided the best fit and whether the measurement was invariant across gender and time. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a two factor model of current life satisfaction and satisfaction with future prospects as the best fitting model. Further analyses found this two factor model exhibited strong measurement invariance across gender, time, and the interaction of gender and time. This provides support for the measure as a stable assessment of perceived life satisfaction in older Australian adolescents.
This document summarizes research on the role of positive emotions in the stress process. Some key points:
- Previous stress theories focused only on negative emotions, but research found positive emotions often co-occur with negative during stressful periods like caring for a dying loved one.
- Recent studies support the proposition that positive emotions broaden thinking and behaviors, replenish resources, and are related to better health outcomes independently of negative emotions.
- The revised stress and coping model incorporates positive emotions and meaning-focused coping processes that can generate positive emotions, even during unresolved stressful periods. This helps address the imbalance of prior research only examining negative emotions and expands understanding of coping and adaptation.
This document summarizes research on the role of positive emotions in the stress process. Some key points:
- Previous stress theories focused only on negative emotions, but research found positive emotions often co-occur with negative during stressful events like caring for a dying loved one.
- Further research confirmed positive and negative emotions frequently co-occur during stress. Positive emotions broaden thinking and build resources like social support.
- The author's stress and coping model was revised in 1997 to incorporate positive emotions and meaning-focused coping processes that generate positive emotions, like benefit finding.
- Subsequent research provides evidence supporting the revised model, showing positive emotions buffer stress responses and help find meaning, contributing to resilience and health.
Grading Rubric Individual Research ProjectDesign a research exp.docxshericehewat
Grading Rubric: Individual Research Project
Design a research experiment that addresses a major topic in the field of Sensation and Perception. To motivate your paper, use three to ten peer-reviewed research articles as primary sources. Design all aspects of the study as though you were going to collect the data yourself. Manufacture and present data that provide support or refute your hypothesis. Submit a fully written research article NOT a presentation. Please submit an electronic copy of assignments to me via Blackboard. Rather than sending me full research articles for step #2 below, send a single page of references in APA format. Additionally, your project:
1. Must be an original contribution to the scientific literature.
2. Must benefit society
3. Must be something that genuinely interests you.
4. Must relate to a sensory process.
You will only receive a grade for the final presentation. However, different aspects of the assignment are to be completed ahead of time so that I may give you feedback. Please turn in the following on the date mentioned in class:
1. Topic and thesis statement
2. Research articles, background, introduction, and refined thesis statement
3. Methods section
4. Results and Discussion section
5. Rough draft in APA format with citations, figures, tables, figure legends, and references
6. Final draft
Content (60 points)
Points Earned
Additional Comments
The topic is interesting and appropriate for psychology research
The psychological construct is defined using an operational definition.
The thesis is directed at solving a major problem in field and asks an empirical question.
The hypothesis makes a falsifiable prediction.
The methods are appropriate and sufficiently detailed for an independent party to replicate the study.
The Results section is accurate, brief, and reports statistics.
Tables, Figures, and Figure Legends clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the data.
The Discussion section recapitulates the hypothesis, results, methods, and motivation of the paper.
The Discussion is logical and relates to the body of the paper. It should also contain key elements (i.e., relate your work to the field, methodological issues, future experiments).
Organization/Development (20 Point)
Points Earned
Additional Comments:
The paper has a structure that is clear, logical, and easy to follow (e.g., Abstract, Intro, Methods, Results, Discussion, and subheadings when necessary).
The paper addresses a single, empirical research question. There is an argumentative thesis statement.
The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and properly motivates the thesis statement.
Each paragraph has a topic sentence that relates to or supports to the thesis. The content in each paragraph relates to the topic sentence.
Transitions between sentences/paragraphs/sections aid in maintaining the flow of thought.
The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Writing is not in the ...
1Running head INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running head: INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS
Add page number.
Use header. Note the phrase “Running head” is uppercase-lowercase, but the short title is all capital letters. Short title should be different from the main title, no more than 50 letters including spaces. Make sure the font type and size through out the document is the same, this includes headers.
Include an APA-style title page with your submission. This is one example of a title page.
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss
Jason King
Argosy University
Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the second line and the university’s name in the third line.
Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use your name and email address in the note.
Author Note
This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards the Research Methods course at Argosy University by Jason King.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jason King, Department of Psychology, Argosy University, Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Email: [email protected]
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss
This is the first summary of your study. Please note that the study reference is now different form M1A3 assignment.
Put main title of the study here.
Emotional responses tell us how an individual is processing her environment, and if it contains negative stimuli, emotions reflect such negativity in behavior. Tamir, Robinson, and Clore (2002) carried out four experiments in this study and investigated reaction time (RT), to positive and negative adjectives. In the first study, 102 participants responded to a RT task and then completed Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, (1988) to determine their moods, followed by International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) scales (short form) by Goldberg (1997) to assess their extraversion. The RT task required each participant to respond to a block of words, the participants wanted (e.g., love, happiness etc), or not wanted (failure, pain, etc.,) or neutral (afternoon, definition, etc.,). Extraverts were faster than introverts on positive mood task, and introverts were faster with negative mood tasks. For both type of individuals, RT slowed down if they performed the opposite mood tasks. After the first experiment Tamir et al., (2002) carried out three other experiments manipulating mood conditions and found essentially the same results. This study proposes that traits of introversion and extraversion regulate mood and behavior to pleasant and non-pleasant stimulus material, and would be useful for my proposal, because it suggests that extraverted and introverted individuals may process pleasant and unpleasant affective stimulation from the spouse differently leading to marital bliss or nightmare.
Why is it that extraverts associate with positive moods and introverts w.
This study tested a model of modern homonegativity by examining the relationships between affective characteristics (anger and disgust), cognitive characteristics (religious beliefs and conservative ideology), exposure to queer individuals, and levels of modern homonegativity. The researchers hypothesized that anger, disgust and cognitive characteristics would be associated with higher modern homonegativity, while direct (but not indirect) exposure would be associated with lower homonegativity by impacting cognitive characteristics. Structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses and revealed that direct exposure reduced cognitive characteristics and modern homonegativity, while indirect exposure increased anger.
This study examined the effects of a 3-week intervention instructing participants to cultivate sacred moments on daily well-being, psychological well-being, and stress levels. Seventy-three participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group instructed to cultivate sacred moments for 5 minutes daily or a control group writing about daily activities. Quantitative measures found significant effects for the intervention group across multiple assessments related to well-being, psychological well-being, stress, and daily spiritual experiences post-intervention and 6 weeks later. Qualitative analysis complemented these results, providing insight into participants' experiences. The study introduced a new intervention for cultivating sacred moments and their implications for clinical psychology.
Assessing Attachment In Young Adulthood A Validational StudyCassie Romero
This study aimed to validate measures of attachment in young adulthood and examine the relationship between attachment style and psychosocial adjustment. 170 college students completed questionnaires assessing attachment style and psychosocial well-being. Results showed that self-reported attachment style could reliably categorize participants as secure or insecure, supporting the validity of attachment measures. Secure individuals had more positive views of relationships and better adjustment than insecure peers. This research demonstrates that attachment characteristics influence psychosocial functioning in young adulthood, as in childhood.
The document discusses factors related to subjective well-being and happiness. It covers topics like the influence of geography, race/ethnicity, personality, goals, success, internet use, and different types of happiness. Key findings include that people in different US regions value different factors for happiness, strong ethnic identity correlates with higher well-being, personality traits like low neuroticism and high extraversion predict happiness cross-culturally, and having meaningful goals enhances life satisfaction. It also discusses research showing happiness may lead to greater success and debates around internet use and happiness.
The Effect of Prolonged Attachment to Transitional Object on Anxiety Level an...Vernice Si Toh
The study examined the effect of prolonged attachment to transitional objects (TOs) on anxiety levels and sleep quality in undergraduate students. It hypothesized that students with higher anxiety who were still attached to TOs would have better sleep quality than those without TO attachments. An online survey measured TO use, anxiety levels, and sleep quality in 64 undergraduate students. Results found no significant effects of anxiety level or TO use on sleep quality. The study was limited by its small sample size and design. Further research with larger and experimental designs is needed to better understand relationships between TOs, anxiety, and sleep quality in various populations.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the research project report:
1. The research project investigated the relationship between happiness, impulsivity, and sociability, with the goal of better understanding why extraversion correlates with happiness.
2. The results showed a strong positive correlation between extraversion and happiness, as previous research had also found. Impulsivity had a negative trend with happiness, which was unexpected.
3. The conclusion was that sociability has a much greater contribution to happiness than impulsivity based on the results. More research is needed to further explore these relationships.
This thesis examines the relationships between alexithymia, openness to experience, and interpersonal problems. The introduction outlines the purpose of studying these relationships and proposes hypotheses about predictive relationships. The literature review discusses research on openness as a personality trait, alexithymia and its relationship to mental and physical health issues, and interpersonal problems. The methodology section describes the participant sample, measures used, and procedure for the study. The thesis aims to further understanding of affect regulation, personality, and relationship difficulties.
This study examined the development of emotion recognition abilities in individuals with autism compared to typically developing controls. In Experiment 1, children ages 5-7 were shown brief video clips of facial expressions varying in subtlety and were asked to identify the emotions. Children with autism performed worse than controls. Experiment 2 tested three age groups (8-12 years, 13-17 years, and adults) on the same stimuli. Whereas control performance improved with age, individuals with autism showed similar performance across age groups. The results suggest that individuals with autism have more difficulty recognizing subtle emotions compared to controls, and they do not show the same developmental improvement in this ability seen in typical individuals.
Spiritual Transformation in Claimant Mediums / PA Presentation June 2016William Everist, PHD
This document discusses spiritually transformative experiences (STEs) and claimant mediums. It provides definitions of STEs, claimant mediums, and discarnate beings. The purpose and methodology of the study is to understand the initial and subsequent experiences of novice mediums and how they relate to spiritual transformation. The results found the STE of claimant mediums is a developmental process, with encounters with spiritual entities that may be considered guides. Acceptance of these experiences depended on social support systems and spiritual perspectives. Pursuing mediumship as a career depended on adjusting to initial experiences and available support.
The Analysis Of The Five Factor Model Essay ExamplesTammy Majors
This study aimed to test the hypothesis that introverts are more intelligent than extroverts. 60 university students completed questionnaires to assess their level of introversion-extroversion and intelligence. The results found no significant relationship between introversion and academic success, suggesting introversion does not predict higher intelligence.
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Running head COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3
A comparative analysis between Korean melodrama and other local melodrama
Student name
Institution
Most studies in recent times have discovered that Korean dramas have come with a “Korean wave” in media in the global stage. Audiences have been reconceptualised due to the availability of internet and computer that have facilitated the digital revolution. Korean melodrama has earned more views than local melodrama, a result of its marketing its content without owning a means of distribution.
Korean melodrama is a representation of a product that is a hybrid of Hollywood, since Korean melodrama makes use of practices, tools, and conventions in the narrative that comes with the preoccupation of the Korean socio-political and historical aspects. The aspect of familiarity that lacks in local melodrama exists in Korean melodrama. Studies in have shown that audiences tend to respond positively to things they are familiar to and that is exactly what Korean melodrama is.
The use of genre by Korean melodrama is a huge success to its big audiences from the west, as a study by the Korean Creative Content Agency (KOCCA) back in 2015 estimated that around 19 million Americans enjoy Korean melodrama compared to five million who preferred local melodrama as they are a definition of what the world is in reality. The aspect of what is good and what is bad entangled with emotional narratives that give the audience an opportunity to select a hero or a heroine (Martin, 2019).
Korean melodrama are structured in a way that the audience can critique structures of institutional powers and explore a world with aspects of complex social issues. Korean melodrama has a vital element of their characters not being complex and this does not place a huge burden of danger or any sort of conflict in their existing world (Smith, 2017). The study also found out that Korean dramas have integrated aspects of adventures, romance and included professional fields like doctors and police, and lawyer, which are familiar genres to the audience. The structure of the Korean melodrama comes along with themes and selective iconography that make Korean melodrama suitable for global audiences.
Korean drama has earned viewers more than local dramas in the local stage given the Korean dramas depict the actual Korean culture. Most people are attracted to Korean melodrama since they are interested with the reality. A study by a Korean television found out that their supervisor had received more than five hundred emails from people who were not Korean to include English subtitles in their videos. This proves to be a massive support comparing people have less interest in their local drama. Korean drama have earned a huge fan base due to the license agreement of online streaming that was agreed by Korea (Moon, 2019). Studies have recorded that the market of Korean melodrama has around 12% of them wh.
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Emotional Intelligence in Young and Middle AdulthoodCross-S.docxSALU18
Emotional Intelligence in Young and Middle Adulthood:
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Latent Structure and Means
Benjamin P. Chapman
University of Rochester Medical Center
Bert Hayslip Jr.
University of North Texas
Differentiation of the construct of emotional intelligence was investigated in young and middle-aged
adults, on the basis of hypotheses generated from differential emotions theory, discrete emotions
functionalist theory, and empirical literature on age-related changes in affective complexity and differ-
entiation of abilities. Both age groups were characterized by the same set of comparably related
dimensions. However, midlife adults reported significantly greater use of optimism as a mood-regulation
strategy than was reported by young adults. This study considers implications of possible structural
continuity in emotional intelligence in conjunction with mean increases in the use of optimism as a
strategy for managing affect.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, midlife, differentiation
Since its introduction by Salovey and Mayer (1990) and popu-
larization by Goleman (1995), emotional intelligence (EI) has been
a heavily researched individual difference construct. The EI field
has more recently focused on two putatively distinct forms of EI.
Trait EI is hypothesized to be a component of personality space
that is distinct from other traits such as the Big Five (Petrides &
Furnham, 2001), and it is measured by self-report inventories.
Ability EI is hypothesized to be a mental ability that is distinct
from other abilities (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1999), and it is
measured by performance tests.1
The issue of whether EI “behaves” more like a personality
trait or a cognitive ability has implications for its lifespan
trajectory, which with only a few exceptions, has been ne-
glected by researchers. Focusing mainly on the period from
infancy to young adulthood, Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, and Si-
tarenios (2001) proposed a “developmental criterion” for EI,
predicting that EI will increase with age, because it is an
adaptive function that develops in concert with cognitive and
social skills. Schaie (2001) pinpointed midlife as a time of peak
emotional functioning and called for cross-sectional compari-
sons involving samples of older adults. Kafetsios (2004) re-
ported that middle-aged persons scored higher than young per-
sons on performance EI tasks involving the facilitation,
understanding, and management of emotion. However, Ka-
fetsios’s primary concern was EI’s relationship to attachment
patterns, rather than its relationship to existing adult theories of
emotion related to development and aging.
The developmental criterion for EI implies mean-level
change in one or more dimensions of EI, but another question
prefigures this issue: Do the same specific dimensions charac-
terize the construct and/or exhibit similar interrelationships at
midlife as in young adulthood? Schaie (2001) raised this con-
cern on the basis of the literature o ...
This document summarizes recent research on positive emotions and cognition from developmental, neuroscience, and health perspectives. It discusses how the field of positive psychology has grown to study human thriving, happiness, and resilience, rather than just focusing on problems and dysfunction. Research suggests positive emotions may have evolutionary benefits by signaling safety and increasing social bonds. Developmentally, secure early attachments are linked to more positive emotions and behaviors in infants. Neuroscience research on rats indicates high maternal care can permanently alter brain regions involved in emotion regulation and stress responses. This suggests childhood experiences of love and trust are important for well-being, while neglect and abuse raise risks of later issues.
EmotionAge-Related Changes in Emotional Behavior Evidence.docxchristinemaritza
Emotion
Age-Related Changes in Emotional Behavior: Evidence
From a 13-Year Longitudinal Study of Long-Term
Married Couples
Alice Verstaen, Claudia M. Haase, Sandy J. Lwi, and Robert W. Levenson
Online First Publication, November 29, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000551
CITATION
Verstaen, A., Haase, C. M., Lwi, S. J., & Levenson, R. W. (2018, November 29). Age-Related
Changes in Emotional Behavior: Evidence From a 13-Year Longitudinal Study of Long-Term
Married Couples. Emotion. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000551
Age-Related Changes in Emotional Behavior: Evidence From a 13-Year
Longitudinal Study of Long-Term Married Couples
Alice Verstaen
University of California, Berkeley
Claudia M. Haase
Northwestern University
Sandy J. Lwi and Robert W. Levenson
University of California, Berkeley
We examined age-related changes in emotional behavior in a sample of middle-aged and older
long-term married couples over a 13-year period. Data were collected at 3 waves, each occurring 5
to 6 years apart. For the present study, only couples who participated in all 3 waves were examined
(n � 87). Couples were either in the middle-aged group (40 –50 years old, married at least 15 years)
or the older group (60 –70 years old, married at least 35 years). At each wave, couples engaged in
15-min unrehearsed conversations about an area of disagreement in their marriage. Emotional
behaviors during the conversation were objectively coded using the Specific Affect Coding System.
Latent growth curve analyses revealed that, for both husbands and wives, negative emotional
behavior (primarily belligerence, defensiveness, fear/tension, and whining) decreased and positive
emotional behavior (primarily humor, enthusiasm, and validation) increased with age. Findings
generalized across middle-aged and older cohorts and levels of marital satisfaction. These findings
support theories that suggest that positive emotion increases and negative emotion decreases with
age, expanding upon previous findings by examining objectively coded emotional behaviors longi-
tudinally in an interpersonal context.
Keywords: aging, emotional behavior, marriage, longitudinal
Early research on emotion and aging was conducted with the
expectation (Jung, 1933; Looft, 1972) that older adults would
show declines in emotion paralleling well-documented declines in
health and cognition (Park & Bischof, 2013; Rowe & Kahn, 1997;
Verhaeghen & Salthouse, 1997). Challenging this expectation, a
number of cross-sectional studies with healthy community samples
found that many aspects of emotional functioning are preserved in
late life (Mather & Ponzio, 2016; Scheibe & Carstensen, 2010).
However, findings have been mixed as to the patterns of age-
related change in different kinds of emotions. For example, some
research indicates that negative emotion increases with age and
positive emotion decreases (Kurdek, 1998), while other research
supports the opposite trajectory (e.g.
This study aimed to validate a 12-item measure of life satisfaction in older adolescents using a nationally representative sample in Australia. The study tested whether a one, two, or three factor model of life satisfaction provided the best fit and whether the measurement was invariant across gender and time. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a two factor model of current life satisfaction and satisfaction with future prospects as the best fitting model. Further analyses found this two factor model exhibited strong measurement invariance across gender, time, and the interaction of gender and time. This provides support for the measure as a stable assessment of perceived life satisfaction in older Australian adolescents.
This document summarizes research on the role of positive emotions in the stress process. Some key points:
- Previous stress theories focused only on negative emotions, but research found positive emotions often co-occur with negative during stressful periods like caring for a dying loved one.
- Recent studies support the proposition that positive emotions broaden thinking and behaviors, replenish resources, and are related to better health outcomes independently of negative emotions.
- The revised stress and coping model incorporates positive emotions and meaning-focused coping processes that can generate positive emotions, even during unresolved stressful periods. This helps address the imbalance of prior research only examining negative emotions and expands understanding of coping and adaptation.
This document summarizes research on the role of positive emotions in the stress process. Some key points:
- Previous stress theories focused only on negative emotions, but research found positive emotions often co-occur with negative during stressful events like caring for a dying loved one.
- Further research confirmed positive and negative emotions frequently co-occur during stress. Positive emotions broaden thinking and build resources like social support.
- The author's stress and coping model was revised in 1997 to incorporate positive emotions and meaning-focused coping processes that generate positive emotions, like benefit finding.
- Subsequent research provides evidence supporting the revised model, showing positive emotions buffer stress responses and help find meaning, contributing to resilience and health.
Grading Rubric Individual Research ProjectDesign a research exp.docxshericehewat
Grading Rubric: Individual Research Project
Design a research experiment that addresses a major topic in the field of Sensation and Perception. To motivate your paper, use three to ten peer-reviewed research articles as primary sources. Design all aspects of the study as though you were going to collect the data yourself. Manufacture and present data that provide support or refute your hypothesis. Submit a fully written research article NOT a presentation. Please submit an electronic copy of assignments to me via Blackboard. Rather than sending me full research articles for step #2 below, send a single page of references in APA format. Additionally, your project:
1. Must be an original contribution to the scientific literature.
2. Must benefit society
3. Must be something that genuinely interests you.
4. Must relate to a sensory process.
You will only receive a grade for the final presentation. However, different aspects of the assignment are to be completed ahead of time so that I may give you feedback. Please turn in the following on the date mentioned in class:
1. Topic and thesis statement
2. Research articles, background, introduction, and refined thesis statement
3. Methods section
4. Results and Discussion section
5. Rough draft in APA format with citations, figures, tables, figure legends, and references
6. Final draft
Content (60 points)
Points Earned
Additional Comments
The topic is interesting and appropriate for psychology research
The psychological construct is defined using an operational definition.
The thesis is directed at solving a major problem in field and asks an empirical question.
The hypothesis makes a falsifiable prediction.
The methods are appropriate and sufficiently detailed for an independent party to replicate the study.
The Results section is accurate, brief, and reports statistics.
Tables, Figures, and Figure Legends clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the data.
The Discussion section recapitulates the hypothesis, results, methods, and motivation of the paper.
The Discussion is logical and relates to the body of the paper. It should also contain key elements (i.e., relate your work to the field, methodological issues, future experiments).
Organization/Development (20 Point)
Points Earned
Additional Comments:
The paper has a structure that is clear, logical, and easy to follow (e.g., Abstract, Intro, Methods, Results, Discussion, and subheadings when necessary).
The paper addresses a single, empirical research question. There is an argumentative thesis statement.
The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and properly motivates the thesis statement.
Each paragraph has a topic sentence that relates to or supports to the thesis. The content in each paragraph relates to the topic sentence.
Transitions between sentences/paragraphs/sections aid in maintaining the flow of thought.
The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Writing is not in the ...
1Running head INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running head: INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS
Add page number.
Use header. Note the phrase “Running head” is uppercase-lowercase, but the short title is all capital letters. Short title should be different from the main title, no more than 50 letters including spaces. Make sure the font type and size through out the document is the same, this includes headers.
Include an APA-style title page with your submission. This is one example of a title page.
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss
Jason King
Argosy University
Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the second line and the university’s name in the third line.
Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use your name and email address in the note.
Author Note
This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards the Research Methods course at Argosy University by Jason King.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jason King, Department of Psychology, Argosy University, Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Email: [email protected]
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss
This is the first summary of your study. Please note that the study reference is now different form M1A3 assignment.
Put main title of the study here.
Emotional responses tell us how an individual is processing her environment, and if it contains negative stimuli, emotions reflect such negativity in behavior. Tamir, Robinson, and Clore (2002) carried out four experiments in this study and investigated reaction time (RT), to positive and negative adjectives. In the first study, 102 participants responded to a RT task and then completed Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, (1988) to determine their moods, followed by International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) scales (short form) by Goldberg (1997) to assess their extraversion. The RT task required each participant to respond to a block of words, the participants wanted (e.g., love, happiness etc), or not wanted (failure, pain, etc.,) or neutral (afternoon, definition, etc.,). Extraverts were faster than introverts on positive mood task, and introverts were faster with negative mood tasks. For both type of individuals, RT slowed down if they performed the opposite mood tasks. After the first experiment Tamir et al., (2002) carried out three other experiments manipulating mood conditions and found essentially the same results. This study proposes that traits of introversion and extraversion regulate mood and behavior to pleasant and non-pleasant stimulus material, and would be useful for my proposal, because it suggests that extraverted and introverted individuals may process pleasant and unpleasant affective stimulation from the spouse differently leading to marital bliss or nightmare.
Why is it that extraverts associate with positive moods and introverts w.
This study tested a model of modern homonegativity by examining the relationships between affective characteristics (anger and disgust), cognitive characteristics (religious beliefs and conservative ideology), exposure to queer individuals, and levels of modern homonegativity. The researchers hypothesized that anger, disgust and cognitive characteristics would be associated with higher modern homonegativity, while direct (but not indirect) exposure would be associated with lower homonegativity by impacting cognitive characteristics. Structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses and revealed that direct exposure reduced cognitive characteristics and modern homonegativity, while indirect exposure increased anger.
This study examined the effects of a 3-week intervention instructing participants to cultivate sacred moments on daily well-being, psychological well-being, and stress levels. Seventy-three participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group instructed to cultivate sacred moments for 5 minutes daily or a control group writing about daily activities. Quantitative measures found significant effects for the intervention group across multiple assessments related to well-being, psychological well-being, stress, and daily spiritual experiences post-intervention and 6 weeks later. Qualitative analysis complemented these results, providing insight into participants' experiences. The study introduced a new intervention for cultivating sacred moments and their implications for clinical psychology.
Assessing Attachment In Young Adulthood A Validational StudyCassie Romero
This study aimed to validate measures of attachment in young adulthood and examine the relationship between attachment style and psychosocial adjustment. 170 college students completed questionnaires assessing attachment style and psychosocial well-being. Results showed that self-reported attachment style could reliably categorize participants as secure or insecure, supporting the validity of attachment measures. Secure individuals had more positive views of relationships and better adjustment than insecure peers. This research demonstrates that attachment characteristics influence psychosocial functioning in young adulthood, as in childhood.
The document discusses factors related to subjective well-being and happiness. It covers topics like the influence of geography, race/ethnicity, personality, goals, success, internet use, and different types of happiness. Key findings include that people in different US regions value different factors for happiness, strong ethnic identity correlates with higher well-being, personality traits like low neuroticism and high extraversion predict happiness cross-culturally, and having meaningful goals enhances life satisfaction. It also discusses research showing happiness may lead to greater success and debates around internet use and happiness.
The Effect of Prolonged Attachment to Transitional Object on Anxiety Level an...Vernice Si Toh
The study examined the effect of prolonged attachment to transitional objects (TOs) on anxiety levels and sleep quality in undergraduate students. It hypothesized that students with higher anxiety who were still attached to TOs would have better sleep quality than those without TO attachments. An online survey measured TO use, anxiety levels, and sleep quality in 64 undergraduate students. Results found no significant effects of anxiety level or TO use on sleep quality. The study was limited by its small sample size and design. Further research with larger and experimental designs is needed to better understand relationships between TOs, anxiety, and sleep quality in various populations.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the research project report:
1. The research project investigated the relationship between happiness, impulsivity, and sociability, with the goal of better understanding why extraversion correlates with happiness.
2. The results showed a strong positive correlation between extraversion and happiness, as previous research had also found. Impulsivity had a negative trend with happiness, which was unexpected.
3. The conclusion was that sociability has a much greater contribution to happiness than impulsivity based on the results. More research is needed to further explore these relationships.
This thesis examines the relationships between alexithymia, openness to experience, and interpersonal problems. The introduction outlines the purpose of studying these relationships and proposes hypotheses about predictive relationships. The literature review discusses research on openness as a personality trait, alexithymia and its relationship to mental and physical health issues, and interpersonal problems. The methodology section describes the participant sample, measures used, and procedure for the study. The thesis aims to further understanding of affect regulation, personality, and relationship difficulties.
This study examined the development of emotion recognition abilities in individuals with autism compared to typically developing controls. In Experiment 1, children ages 5-7 were shown brief video clips of facial expressions varying in subtlety and were asked to identify the emotions. Children with autism performed worse than controls. Experiment 2 tested three age groups (8-12 years, 13-17 years, and adults) on the same stimuli. Whereas control performance improved with age, individuals with autism showed similar performance across age groups. The results suggest that individuals with autism have more difficulty recognizing subtle emotions compared to controls, and they do not show the same developmental improvement in this ability seen in typical individuals.
Spiritual Transformation in Claimant Mediums / PA Presentation June 2016William Everist, PHD
This document discusses spiritually transformative experiences (STEs) and claimant mediums. It provides definitions of STEs, claimant mediums, and discarnate beings. The purpose and methodology of the study is to understand the initial and subsequent experiences of novice mediums and how they relate to spiritual transformation. The results found the STE of claimant mediums is a developmental process, with encounters with spiritual entities that may be considered guides. Acceptance of these experiences depended on social support systems and spiritual perspectives. Pursuing mediumship as a career depended on adjusting to initial experiences and available support.
The Analysis Of The Five Factor Model Essay ExamplesTammy Majors
This study aimed to test the hypothesis that introverts are more intelligent than extroverts. 60 university students completed questionnaires to assess their level of introversion-extroversion and intelligence. The results found no significant relationship between introversion and academic success, suggesting introversion does not predict higher intelligence.
Similar to Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docx (20)
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Running head COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3
A comparative analysis between Korean melodrama and other local melodrama
Student name
Institution
Most studies in recent times have discovered that Korean dramas have come with a “Korean wave” in media in the global stage. Audiences have been reconceptualised due to the availability of internet and computer that have facilitated the digital revolution. Korean melodrama has earned more views than local melodrama, a result of its marketing its content without owning a means of distribution.
Korean melodrama is a representation of a product that is a hybrid of Hollywood, since Korean melodrama makes use of practices, tools, and conventions in the narrative that comes with the preoccupation of the Korean socio-political and historical aspects. The aspect of familiarity that lacks in local melodrama exists in Korean melodrama. Studies in have shown that audiences tend to respond positively to things they are familiar to and that is exactly what Korean melodrama is.
The use of genre by Korean melodrama is a huge success to its big audiences from the west, as a study by the Korean Creative Content Agency (KOCCA) back in 2015 estimated that around 19 million Americans enjoy Korean melodrama compared to five million who preferred local melodrama as they are a definition of what the world is in reality. The aspect of what is good and what is bad entangled with emotional narratives that give the audience an opportunity to select a hero or a heroine (Martin, 2019).
Korean melodrama are structured in a way that the audience can critique structures of institutional powers and explore a world with aspects of complex social issues. Korean melodrama has a vital element of their characters not being complex and this does not place a huge burden of danger or any sort of conflict in their existing world (Smith, 2017). The study also found out that Korean dramas have integrated aspects of adventures, romance and included professional fields like doctors and police, and lawyer, which are familiar genres to the audience. The structure of the Korean melodrama comes along with themes and selective iconography that make Korean melodrama suitable for global audiences.
Korean drama has earned viewers more than local dramas in the local stage given the Korean dramas depict the actual Korean culture. Most people are attracted to Korean melodrama since they are interested with the reality. A study by a Korean television found out that their supervisor had received more than five hundred emails from people who were not Korean to include English subtitles in their videos. This proves to be a massive support comparing people have less interest in their local drama. Korean drama have earned a huge fan base due to the license agreement of online streaming that was agreed by Korea (Moon, 2019). Studies have recorded that the market of Korean melodrama has around 12% of them wh.
Running Head Critical Evaluation on Note Taking1Critical Ev.docxtodd271
Running Head: Critical Evaluation on Note Taking
1
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Note taking is the process of recording information from another source and is an integral part of university studies. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to underline the cognitive process of note taking. This essay aims to critique four research articles pertaining to the study of note taking namely by highlighting several pros and cons of certain methodologies used, to improve future researches done on the topic of note taking.
The first article aims to examine whether the use of laptops in note taking impairs learning compared to people who were using the longhand method (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). They conducted three experiments to investigate whether taking notes on a laptop versus writing longhand would affect academic performance, and to explore the potential mechanism of verbatim overlap as a proxy for the depth of processing. They used an experimental design in order to achieve a quantitative result. Using five 15 minutes TED talks lectures, the use of either laptop or longhand method for note taking as a categorical variable, and 67 participant samples from different university research subject pools, they concluded that participants using laptops were more inclined to take verbatim notes than participants using the longhand method. An overlooked procedure of this methodology is that in their first study, either one or two students were placed in an enclosed room.Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014) unknowingly made this a variable in their experiment. Additionally, typical university lectures are done in an occupied lecture hall. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) should have had his experiments in a lecture hall with students while testing his participants, emulating an environment similar to the real world. Doing so would increase external validity without sacrificing internal validity. Participants were taken randomly from a pool of voluntary university students, which is a good representation of the larger population for their hypothesis of the experiment. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) did not account for how the participants usually took notes in their classes. Instructing the participants to take down notes in a medium they are not used to could have affected their implicit processing of information, affecting results. The experimenters should have divided the participants into two separate groups based on which medium they were more comfortable in using. A third control group whereby participants did not take notes would have been beneficial to this experiment, eliminating compromising factors such as selection threats (Trochim, 2006).
The next article alleviates most of the previously stated concerns. This experiment was conducted to determine whether students’ note-taking and online chatting can influence their recalls of lecture content and note quality (Wei , Wang .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
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CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
Running head CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART1CRIMINAL JUSTICE FL.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 11
Introduction
The purpose of a flowchart is to graphically present information in a logical pattern according to whatis.com (2018), usually showing the progression within a process from beginning to end. This flowchart will illustrate the pattern of progression in the criminal justice systems of Canada and India. In most countries policing, the courts, and the correctional systems are interdependent in this relationship, the police are the first step and the other steps follow in a logical progression. The purpose of mapping the steps of these countries criminal justice systems is to give visual context to this progression.
Criminal Justice of Canada
Police
Canada’s criminal justice system is not that different from other systems from around the world. The Canadian system comprised of the police who investigate crimes, collects evidence, and apprehend suspects for trial in the court system. Canada’s policing uses a decentralized multiple coordination model. In Canada, the federal government is constitutionally responsible for legislating in all areas that relate to criminal matters Braiden (2006), but legislating police activity is the responsibility of the provinces.
Each province has passed a Police Act to meet their responsibilities. Police forces in Canada deal with all types of crimes, from Crimes against Persons to Crimes Against Property according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). The crime being investigated will dictate the course of the investigation that will follow. To satisfy their role in the criminal justice flowchart the police must collect evidence and this evidence will be used at trial.
The gathering and preserving of evidence according to rules established within the Police Act and federal legislation spelled out in the Canadian Constitution Canadian Department of Justice (2017). Once an investigation occurs with the collection of evidence, and this evidence obtained through interviews and legally issued search warrants the police will develop a most likely and viable suspect and the police will request an arrest warrant for the suspect spelling out who they are looking to arrest and for what crime they wish to arrest them for.
Courts
The arrest is one of the final steps for the police in this matter and the beginning of the court process. The first step in this process is to put the person in custody into a holding cell usually at a detention center, the person is typically seen by a judge or a justice of the peace as soon as possible, this is usually done in twenty-four hours according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). At this point, the judge determines a pre-trial date in some cases will release the party on bail.
A bail hearing allows the prosecution to present evidence in hopes to keep the accused in custody. In the Canadian system, the state has all the expense of investigatio.
Running head COMPANY OVERVIEW1COMPANY OVERVIEW2Co.docxtodd271
Running head: COMPANY OVERVIEW
1
COMPANY OVERVIEW
2
Company Overview
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Founded in 2001, Global Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers of consumer electronics such as personal computers, smartphones, and household appliances among other products. As a limited liability company members are not liable for the organization’s liabilities or debts (Deering & Murphy, 2003). It has experienced growth currently with approximately 13, 500 workers and an annual revenue of $14 billion as of December 2017. Smartphones and personal computers form its major source of revenue which currently comprises 45% of all the revenues. Starting 2009, the company expanded to the international market and has since experienced a growing revenue due to the expanding market share. More so, due to benefits such as cheap and readily available labor, the organization moved some of its manufacturing processes to Indonesia, Bhutan and Hong Kong which has greatly impacted the operational cost enabling it to provide goods at competitive prices.
In 2016, the company faced issues related to labor management as it was established that some of its suppliers employ underage workers and also utilizes bonded labor. It has been an ethical issue faced by the organization whether it should cut ties with the suppliers and find other suppliers. The company did not have any policies that controlled labor management practices by the suppliers hence it was not likely for the organization to act with speed. On the other hand, in the established manufacturing plants in Asian countries, it emerged that some workers received wages lower than the minimum wages in the said countries. These have been the two major issues that have recently tarnished the organization’s public image. However, it has put efforts to turn around the situation and regain its previous public image.
Reference
Deering, A., & Murphy, A. (2003). The Partnering Imperative: Making Business Partnerships Work (1st ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
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ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
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Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
In the consumer electronics industry, players are competing with each other to create cutting edge devices that are more appealing to the consumers. Due to this need, majority of the manufacturers have employed various strategies such as partnering with third party manufacturers in a bid to lower operational costs hence being able to present consumers with competitively priced devices. However, it is imperative to note that adoption of the various strategies by the industry players has led to a number of ethical issues such as unfair labor practices as looked into in the following section.
One, partnering with third party manufacturers.
Running head CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1CRIMINAL BACKGROUND .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS
2
Criminal Background CheckNameENG/100
Erica Letourneau
September 1, 2019
Thesis Statement:
Criminal background checks help in determining a new employee’s behavior on the job, aids in identifying illegal immigration or harbored a fugitives, and acts as a societal norm.
Determining the behaviors of a new employee
One-way Criminal background checks helps employers is through acting as a guide in determining employee behavior before joining their task force. The character of an employee is a factor that should be considered before the employee is offered an opportunity to work for any organisation (Harris & Keller, 2005).
Hiring a criminal puts the security of the customers and employees at risk. Without past information about an employee, an organization is likely to employ a criminal. In this respect, a background check comes in place to make sure that the potential employee has no tarnished background.
Aids in illegal immigration or harboring a fugitive
Criminal background checks can also aid identifying illegal immigrants or harbored fugitives in workplaces. In the modern day, illegal immigration has become a norm in the society. Considering that the illegal immigrants are not citizens of the country, it is evident that any person cannot access their records. A criminal background check does not only help to know the previous criminal engagement activities of a person, but it also helps to know if a person is in the country's system or not.
Acts as a societal norm
Criminal background checks act as a social norm which can help in a nation’s economic growth. The productivity of its citizens dictates the economy of any nation. Ethics and productivity go hand in hand. When one is involved in criminal activities, it is evident that the level of his or her productivity can be questioned (Blumstein & Nakamura, 2009). It has become a norm for the society to try and look if one is associated with shady dealings in the past. The norm has been essential in two different ways. The first way is associated with the aspect of making sure that the people who are engaged in business activities are people with a good reputation and trustworthy (Harris & Keller, 2005). The second way is associated with the influence that the background check has on the members of the society. Most members of the society try as much as they can to avoid engaging in criminal activities because such can affect their future and that promotes a norm of avoiding and staying away from crime.
References
Blumstein, A., & Nakamura, K. (2009). Redemption in the presence of widespread criminal background checks. Criminology, 47(2), 327-359.
Harris, P. M., & Keller, K. S. (2005). Ex-offenders need not apply: The criminal background checks in hiring decisions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 6-30.
Concerns
Areas that Need Work
Criteria
Standards for This Performance
Strengths
Evidence.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.
Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.
Computer applications:
1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.
Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.
2. Computer Aided Dispatch
In the past, correspondents would use hand.
Running Head CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES AND PROTECTION 5
Doctor of Business Administration- Finance
Track- ADRP
Flexible Design Methods
Critical Analysis of the Whistleblower incentives and protection: Are a way of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices
Introduction
Whistleblower incentives and protection refers to the monetary reward as well as protection which the United States Government offers to the individuals who exposes certain wrongdoings in the community more especially in government institutions. The Federal law requires the government to reward the whistleblowers a certain percentage of money that is recovered following their tips of exposing the wrongdoing acts. This percentage may go up to 30 percent of the total recovered money. In this paper, I will critically analyze whether Whistleblower Incentives and Protection are ways of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices. And maybe are the whistleblowers rewarded accordingly in terms of security and money.
Problem Statement
What happened?? This is not anything like what was approved or what was in the white paper. Follow the instructions and make a paragraph out of the bullet outline problem
The Problem statement, which will be addressed in this paper, is that, whistle blowers are not given adequate incentives and protection resulting in the difficulty of reporting wrongdoing, misconduct and unethical behaviors. According to Andon, et al., (2018), Lack of whistle blower incentives and protection makes it difficult for whistle blowers to report wrongdoing, as they feel insecure. “The current whistle blowing system is not effective and therefore does not provide the basis for investigation of corruption cases and any misconduct within a company (Ballan, 2017). In support of Ballan’s views on the whistle blowing system, Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016) indicated that the managers aren’t empowered to sanction employees involved in unethical behaviors because of lack of whistle blower incentives which are reinforced by the Federal laws.
Specifically, failure of finance department to offer adequate whistleblowers incentives as well as protection within the investment – banking sector in the United States. As per Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016), in their recent research, they recommended that the finance department in any organization is a very critical area that can determine the overall performance of an organization. Failure to provide whistleblower incentives and protection to finance staff makes it difficult for them to report unethical behaviors.
Research Questions
What happened here? Where is the list of approved RQs Where are the numbers
It’s important to note that integrity and corruption free environment can be enhanced if specifically the involved organizations are audited or watch.
Running head CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES .docxtodd271
Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 10
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Full APA formatted citation of the selected article
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Barakat-Johnson M., Lai M., Wand T. & White K. (2019). A qualitative study of the thoughts and experiences of hospital nurses providing pressure injury prevention and management. Collegian, 26(1), 95-102.
Park S. H., Lee Y. S. and Kwon, Y. M. (2016). Predictive validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment tools for the elderly: A meta-analysis. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(4), 459-483.
Boyko T., Longaker M. T., and Yang G. (February 1, 2018). Review of the current management of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of Advances in Wound Care, vol. 7, issue No. 2. Pages 57-67.
Ferris, A., Price, A., & Harding K. (2019). Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 33(7), 770-782.
Level of evidence of the article
Level 4 evidence. The article provides a summary of the individual thoughts and experiences regarding the issue of pressure ulcers
Level 2 evidence. The information comes from the meta-analysis of all the relevant and randomized, as well as the controlled trials.
Level 1 evidence. The article offers evidence from the systematic review of the randomized as well as the controlled trials from the experiments.
Level 1 evidence. The information is evidence from the systematic reviews of trials that have been relevant and controlled while the researchers were trying to carry out the research.
Conceptual Framework
The theoretical basis that led to the research was an increased number of injuries resulting from pressure ulcers, and this led to the need for having a study to find the ways that were effective for preventing such occurrences.
The theoretical framework that led to this study was that pressure ulcers have become a major challenge and a challenging goal when it came to providing healthcare for pressure ulcer patients. Therefore, it led to the need to have a study that could deal with the challenge.
The theoretical framework that necessitated this research was the incidence of pressure ulcers that were increasing because of the poor and aging population as well as the elderly that were living with incidences of disability.
Pressure ulcers were highly associated with significant mortality and morbidity and high costs of healthcare services, and this led to the need for a study to review the situation.
Design/Method
A qualitative and exploratory design using semi-structured interviews. Sampling was also done and used for obtaining the participants and information from the relevant individuals of the study.
A qualitative study w.
Running Head COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
Shouq Alqu.
CWL 200 SEC 03
Feb / 23 / 2020
Comparative Argumentative Critical analysis
Introduction
Plato’s allegory of the cave is a notion about human perception. Plato argued that knowledge acquired through the senses is just an opinion but for one to acquire knowledge then it must be through philosophical cognitive. Plato gives an analogy of the prisoners tied to some rocks in a cave since they were born. They cannot see anything except shadows of objects carried by people walking in the walkway. Since the prisoners had not seen the real objects ever since they were born, they believe that these shadows are real. Fortunately, one prison escapes from the cave and meets the real world and recognizes that his perception of reality was mistaken. He goes back to the cave and informs the other prisoners what he found. Unfortunately, they don’t believe him (Alam 5).
Overview of Gogol’s Overcoat and Lahiri’s Namesake
The overcoat is a story written by Nikolai Gogol about Akaky Akakievich, an underprivileged government clerk in Russia. Though he is devoted to his work, his hard work goes unrecognized by his colleagues who joke about his overcoat. When his overcoat is worn out he decides to get it fixed but his tailor advises him to get a new one because the old one was beyond repair. His tailor finally makes a new coat for Akaky which makes his colleagues celebrate him by throwing a party for him. His coat does not last long because it is stolen and Akaky’s efforts to get it back do not bear fruit. He dies of fever (Yilmaz 195).
Namesake is a story about Indian immigrants who settle in the US. Soon after, they get a baby boy who is given a temporal pet name by his father: Gogol. When he starts kindergarten Gogol is given his good name, Nikhil, which he rejects and clings to his pet name. But when he grows up Gogol knows the meaning of his name and starts to despise it. At the age of eighteen, he changes his legal name to Nikhil. He becomes acculturated and adopts the American way of life. That way he feels comfortable around his friends and especially the girlfriend. It was after his father’s death that he knew the true meaning of his name and changed it again to Gogol (Jaya 158).
The relevance of Plato’s Allegory of the cave on Gogol’s ‘Overcoat’ and Lahiri’s ‘Namesake’
The most significant insinuation of these stories is how the two main characters change their identity. Both of them were not named after they were born. Coincidentally, their fathers picked their names for them. As the writers of these two stories put it, these two characters could not be given any other names. These two characters are comfortable with their identities just like the prisoners in the cave (Ledbetter 130).
Akaky is afraid of changing his old ways of doing things. He was seen in the same position and place with the same uniform, his overcoat, and this made his supervisors believe that he was born as a r.
Running Head CREATING A GROUP WIKI1CREATING A GROUP WIKI .docxtodd271
Running Head: CREATING A GROUP WIKI 1
CREATING A GROUP WIKI 3
Title: CREATING A GROUP WIKI
Student’s Name:
Institution:
As far as the definition to my words is concerned, metacommunication can be defined as all nonverbal cues experienced by different people. Some of the metacommunications experienced by people include; tone of voice, gestures, facial expression and body language. On matters related to the facial expression, it can be used to show the feelings of the people involved in an incident. However, different people should be encouraged to understand the use of the metacommunication in ensuring that the society is able to operate in an effective manner. Again, gestures can be used in ensuring that communication is enhanced amongst different people. The use of gestures plays important roles in ensuring that different ideas are shared in the best way possible (Hazari, 2019).
On the other hand, evaluative communication can be used for the purposes of causing defensiveness by ensuring that judgment is passed. It is through that whereby majority of the people are enabled to focus on the problem experienced hence making it easy for the right solution to be found. The ability of people to focus on the problem can be used in ensuring that the required solution is identified therefore reducing the issues experienced by the people. However, majority of people should be encouraged to engage in evaluative communication for the purposes of ensuring that the solution to the issues experienced is found (Ma, 2020).
References
Hazari, S., North, A., & Moreland, D. (2019). Investigating pedagogical value of wiki technology. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 8.
Ma, Q. (2020). Examining the role of inter-group peer online feedback on wiki writing in an EAP context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 197-216.
Running Head: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 1
MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 3
Title: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY
Student’s Name:
Institution:
My first term I chose is matrilocal family. However, matrilocal family is a family whereby the husband goes to live with the family of the wife. This is a culture which allows the man to move to live with the mother and the father in law. As a result, the man is required to change his social life their living according to the cultures of the parents in law (Brown, 2020).
As far as the episode is concerned, the man had to go and hence live with the female’s family. It is through that whereby the man was required to change his lifestyle and hence adapt the live from the female’s family. Moreover, when not controlled, matrilocal family might end up bringing about conflicts amongst the people and their care has to be taken so as to ensure that the cases of misunderstanding are not experienced.
On the other hand, conjugal family is the other term which should be considered in different aspects. However, this is a term in which the marred coup.
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER 7
Critical Analysis Paper #2
Professor McMahon
Waffa Elsayed
HBSE
03-25-2019
Introduction
In this paper, I will argue that “Intimate Partner” is used to represent any inclusive romantic or sexual relationship between two non-biologically-related people. Ideally, these kinds of relationships show lots of love and support for each other. Unfortunately, some people do not act like the ideal condition and abuse their partners cause considerable emotional or physical pain and injury (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). Sometimes abusing behavior brings violence and makes the worse situation ever. Different type of abuses such as emotional abuse, economic abuse, social isolation, physical abuses takes place in case of creating intimate partner violence. Sometimes some people start to stalk their partners with generating a different motive such as anger, hostility, paranoia, and delusion towards their partners (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). One partner verbally threats his/her partner through using emails, text messaging, and social network Internet sites. In 2012, 4th February, a 21-year-old California boyfriend had bound legs of his girlfriend with tape and threatened her with pointing a gun towards her and beaten her, and kept her for nine days. This situation occurred as the girl received a text message from another man on her cellphone (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). It is clear that technology can lead to intimate partner abuse. In this paper, I will argue that technology in terms of electronic devices can be used as the trigger for more intimate partner violent abuse. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I would suggest having someone review your writing to help improve your ability to convey your ideas. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am wondering what this means- different from what? From IPV? It seems to me that it is a similar motive so I am unclear. Comment by Sarah McMahon: The purpose of this assignment is: “Develop an argument that compares these types of violence in a specific way(s), such as the root causes, the impact on victims, society's perception of the crime, or our response to the crime. How are they similar or different?” I am not sure your thesis answers that question?
Causes and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking and Electronic Abuse
These days, out of ten women, one lady murdered or badly injured by her intimate partner. Life threatening matters are the most common factor which can create physical violence among intimate partners. Comment by Sarah McMahon: This is not a full sentence. I would suggest having someone proofread your paper as I suggested last time. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am unclear on what this means. What are the life-threatening matters and what is the most common factor that causes physical violence? If you are talking about the causes of IPV .
Running head: COUNSELOR ETHICS
1
PAGE
7
COUNSELOR ETHICS
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
Grand Canyon University: PCN 505
Dr
November 15, 2017
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
To be a successful counselor and abide within the ethical and legal guidelines, counselors must take into consideration what is involved in providing sound and ethical judgements. Being a counselor should not be taken lightly, someone is trusting us to provide them with the best care possible and assist in finding solutions that will possibly work for the betterment of their livelihood. Counselors must ensure that their clients confidentiality will not be misused and counselor’s guarantee that appropriate measures are in place to provide a professional, safe, nonjudgmental environment.
Client Rights
Principles of Ethical Practice
There are five key principles of ethical practices, and Davis and Miller (2014), references Kitchener (2000) models on the following five principles:
a.) Autonomy addresses the concept of independence. Counselors should make sure they are not pushing their own values and beliefs onto clients, but rather encourage them to make their own decisions and act within their values. He/She would ensure clients fully understand how their differences may affect others whether positive or negative. He/She would also ensure they are competent to understand the choices they are making are theirs without any other influences. Clients who are children or persons with mental limitations, he/she need to make sure they have a well-informed, competent adult making decisions in their best interest.
b.) Nonmaleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. Professionals should ensure clients are positively engaged during sessions and are not misconstruing information given to them.
c.) Beneficence shows the responsibility of the counselor contributing to the safety of the client. Incorporate positive outlooks and thinking in sessions. Periodically asking clients about their feelings, depending on the circumstances to make sure they have no intentions on harming themselves and be proactive when necessary.
d.) Justice in counseling means “treating equals equally and unequals unequally” (Davis & Walker, 2016). If I am providing services to two clients who are depressed. One is depressed and suicidal and the other client is not, more attention would be devoted to the client who is suicidal, and the proper steps would be taken to ensure the client does no harm to himself.
e.) Fidelity includes being, loyal, faithful and committed. Maintaining and having trust within the client-counselor relationship is crucial to successful progress, once that trust is broken, the client may leave and seek treatment elsewhere, or worse harm themselves or others. Clients need to be able to talk to about their feelings no matter how bad they think their situation is.
(Davis & Miller, 2016).
Informed Consent Process
Informed consent .
Running Head COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLANCOMMUNICATION TR.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
Communication Training Plan
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Company Culture and Communication Obstacle
Northwest Valley Community College has a culture of providing the best learning environment to its students and ensuring that school staff communicate effectively without experiencing unauthorized access to their data and information. Also, its culture is ingrained in ensuring its students are working in an environment that is healthy and safe. The management of Northwest Community understands the importance of having a healthy learning environment and effective communication network inside and outside the school premises. As such, Kelsey Elementary school is setting up measures to implement a detailed communication training plan for staff and students to gain information safety skills.
This plan will be developed by a strategic communication team selected by the school. This plan will be designed in a way that it provides a framework to manage and coordinate communication among the students, instructors and parents. The plan will identify efficient communication channels, standards, appropriate audience, and frequency. This plan will require a shared responsibility among management, students, communication team and students. After the implementation of this communication plan, the team will measure its effectiveness to ensure it meets the expected objectives and goals.
Needs and Tasks Analysis
Northwest Valley Community Collwgw communication team will conduct a needs and analysis task to determine the training needs. The management will be able to know who needs the training and the kind of training required. The following are the steps the company will use to conduct training needs analysis.
· Organizational Analysis: The school management should work with the teachers to identify the priorities of student training. In this case, the management will conduct an evaluation to ensure the training goes hand-in-hand with the school’s goals and objectives.
· Secondly, the management will list specific types of communication channels to be utilized within the school environment. Also, they will specify the skills and competencies needed by employees to ensure they clearly understand how to utilize these communication channels. By doing this, they will have a solid foundation on who should conduct the training and how it should be conducted. (Liaw, 2014)
· The last step will involve the identification of staff members who need to undergo communication training. However, since it is a learning institution, every staff member and students will be subject to training.
Research Technique
Northwest Valley management has decided to implement an external training program to address the training plan. Therefore, they need to identify and understand the organization’s communication training needs. As such, they should start by hiring an e.
Running head Commitment to Professionalism1Commitment to Prof.docxtodd271
Running head: Commitment to Professionalism 1
Commitment to Professionalism
3
Commitment to Professionalism
Your Name
Course Number & Title
Instructor's Name
Month Day, Year
Commitment to Professionalism
Advocating for _________
Identify the focus of your advocacy efforts and give an example of an issue you would like to address as an advocate. You may want to start off with something like: A great passion of mine is to advocate for __________ because___________. Research shows that this is a critical issue______________.
In the next few paragraphs be sure to:
· Identify one individual or group (local policy maker, state-level legislator, corporate leader, etc.) that you can contact for support of your issue and provide a rationale for choosing this individual/group.
· Describe the strategies you would use to gain the support needed for this issue through individual advocacy.
· Describe the strategies you would use to attract the support needed for this issue through collective advocacy.
· Create two talking points (as discussed in Chapter 13) using one concrete example (refer to key term in chapter reading for precise definition) for each point to demonstrate the importance of the issue. These talking points should be appropriate to use when talking to legislators or the media about the issue for which you are advocating.
Commitment to the Profession
In this section be sure to
· Describe how you will advocate on behalf of young children, their families, and the profession.
· Describe how you will support the development of future practitioners and leaders in the field.
· Referring to to Figure 13.1 “A Professional Continuum” and describe how your efforts will support the field away from unskilled workers and toward paradigm professionals.
Don’t forget specific details, examples, and citations to help you get a top grade
References (Text and at least TWO outside sources)
Ashford Textbook (Online edition): *
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from from URL
Example:
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):**
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s homepage URL
**When including a URL for an online journal, you must search for the journal’s home page and include this in your reference entry. You may not include the URL found through your university library, as readers will not have access to this library.
Examples:
Churchill, S. D., & Mruk, C. J. (2014). Practicing what we preach in humanistic and positive psychology. American Psychologist, 69(1), 90-92. doi:10.1037/a0034868
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retr.
Running head: COVER LETTER 1
5
Cover Letter for Grant Proposal
Pasqualina L. Anderson
Walden University
HUMN 6207-3, Grant Writing
Dr. Frances Mills
January 17, 2019
Abstract
The homeless population in communities across the United States is vulnerable to physical and mental illnesses, largely due to a lack of medical treatment resources and harsh environmental conditions. Rehabilitation centers and programs aimed at closing the gap between this population’s lack of resources and medical needs can help address many of the problems this population faces. Social programs aimed at reducing homelessness or intervening in the lives of homeless populations do not necessarily extend beyond providing food, shelter, and a means to economically transition from being homeless to being a non-homeless member of society. Mental illness is one of the barriers to economic sustainability and sustenance that have been recorded in this population. The aim of the proposed program is to offer a means of treatment for this population, using a sample size of 20. Another vital aim of the program is to examine the correlation between the homeless population, their environmental circumstances, and mental illness. It is the program leaders’ hope that the program’s analyzation of the data will lead to new intervention, treatment methods, and deep understanding of how mental illness plays a role in homelessness.
Keywords: homelessness, mental illness, intervention treatments
Cover Letter
To Whom It May Concern,
An estimated 500,000 individuals are homeless in our community and are at risk of developing serious, uncontrollable health issues (Rogers, 2018). Our grant proposal’s main objective is to improve the well-being of the homeless population within our community. Besides physical ailments and diseases that may impact the homeless population, mental health issues and challenges will need to be addressed as part of this proposal. Specifically, our project seeks to reduce the prevalence of drug addiction and substance abuse amongst the homeless.
Utilizing a case study research design, our project will aim to analyze data pertaining to the relationship(s) between our community’s homeless population and drug addiction/substance abuse. A sample size of 20 will be selected from the Homeless Health Education Group. The projected timeline for the project is three years. It will focus on providing psychiatric intervention, reduce health problems, and provide mental health care. A rehabilitation center will be established to meet these objectives. Technology assets will be necessary to enhance efficiency and collect data reports from the 20 members of the sample population (Gitilin & Lyons, 2014; Marchewka, 2014).
Management and oversight will need to be incorporated into the proposal to ensure the project achieves its mission (Burke, 2013). The project’s projected budget expenditures total $1.638 million and its projected revenues total approx.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docx
1. Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF
EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation
Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall,
Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of
Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS
0542694
2. beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina
M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140
Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of
Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the
context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal
images compared with low arousal and
3. neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high
arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall
detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings
suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at
relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion,
visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer
to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional
Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008
by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in
which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great
importance for one’s attentional processes to
4. select only the most salient information in the environment to
which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to
attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an
obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger
(Davis & Whalen, 2001; Dolan
& Vuilleumier, 2003; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997;
LeDoux, 1995).
For example, Ohman, Flykt, and Esteves (2001)presented
participants with 3 × 3 visual
arrays with images representing four categories (snakes,
spiders, flowers, mushrooms). In half
the arrays, all nine images were from the same category,
whereas in the remaining half of the
arrays, eight images were from one category and one image was
from a different category (e.g.,
eight flowers and one snake). Participants were asked to
indicate whether the matrix included a
discrepant stimulus. Results indicated that fear-relevant images
were more quickly detected than
5. fear-irrelevant items, and larger search facilitation effects were
observed for participants who
were fearful of the stimuli. A similar pattern of results has been
observed when examining the
attention-grabbing nature of negative facial expressions, with
threatening faces (including those
not attended to) identified more quickly than positive or neutral
faces (Eastwood, Smilek, &
Merikle, 2001; Hansen & Hansen, 1988). The enhanced
detection of emotional information is
not limited to threatening stimuli; there is evidence that any
high-arousing stimulus can be
detected rapidly, regardless of whether it is positively or
negatively valenced (Anderson, 2005;
Anderson, 2005; Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie, Hinojosa,
Marin-Loeches, Mecado,
ant stimulus. Results indicated that fearr-rr relevant images
were more quickly detected than
elevant items, and larger search facilitation effects were
observed for participants who aa
arful of the stimuli. A similar pattern of results has been
observed when examining the
n-grabbing nature of negative facial expressions, with
threatening faces (includ- ing those
6. nded to) identified more quickly than positive or neutral faces
(Eastwood, Smilek, &
e, 2001; Hansen & Hansen, 1988). The enhanced detection of
emotional information is
ited to threatening stimuli; there is evidence that any high-
arousing stimulus can be
d rapidly, regardless of whether it is positively or negatively
valenced (Anderson,(( 2005;55
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 4
Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie et al., 2004; Juth, Lundqvist,
Karlsson, & Ohman, 2005;
Nummenmaa et al., 2006).
From this research, it seems clear that younger adults show
detection benefits for
arousing information in the environment. It is less clear whether
these effects are preserved
across the adult life span. The focus of the current research is
on determining the extent to which
aging influences the early, relatively automatic detection of
emotional information.
Regions of the brain thought to be important for emotional
detection remain relatively
intact with aging (reviewed by Chow & Cummings, 2000).
Thus, it is plausible that the detection
7. of emotional information remains relatively stable as adults age.
However, despite the
preservation of emotion-processing regions with age (or perhaps
because of the contrast between
the preservation of these regions and age-related declines in
cognitive-processing regions; Good
et al., 2001; Hedden & Gabrieli, 2004; Ohnishi, Matsuda,
Tabira, Asada, & Uno, 2001; Raz,
2000; West, 1996), recent behavioral research has revealed
changes that occur with aging in the
regulation and processing of emotion. According to the
socioemotional selectivity theory
(Carstensen, 1992), with aging, time is perceived as
increasingly limited, and as a result, emotion
regulation becomes a primary goal (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, &
Charles, 1999). According to
socioemotional selectivity theory, age is associated with an
increased motivation to derive
emotional meaning from life and a simultaneous decreasing
motivation to expand one’s
knowledge base. As a consequence of these motivational shifts,
emotional aspects of the
Writing the introduction, 2.05
8. Ordering citations within
the same parentheses, 6.16
Selecting
the correct
tense, 3.18
Continuity in presentation
of ideas, 3.05
Citing one
work by six
or more
authors, 6.12
No capitalization in
naming theories, 4.16
Numbers
expressed
in words,
4.32
Numbers that represent
statistical or mathematical
functions, 4.31
Use of hyphenation for
compound words, 4.13,
Table 4.1
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 5
9. To maintain positive affect in the face of negative age-related
change (e.g., limited time
remaining, physical and cognitive decline), older adults may
adopt new cognitive strategies. One
such strategy, discussed recently, is the positivity effect
(Carstensen & Mikels, 2005), in which
older adults spend proportionately more time processing
positive emotional material and less
time processing negative emotional material. Studies examining
the influence of emotion on
memory (Charles, Mather, & Carstensen, 2003; Kennedy,
Mather, & Carstensen, 2004) have
found that compared with younger adults, older adults recall
proportionally more positive
information and proportionally less negative information.
Similar results have been found when
examining eye-tracking patterns: Older adults looked at positive
images longer than younger
adults did, even when no age differences were observed in
looking time for negative stimuli
(Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006). However, this
positivity effect has not gone
uncontested; some researchers have found evidence inconsistent
with the positivity effect (e.g.,
10. Grühn, Smith, & Baltes, 2005; Kensinger, Brierley, Medford,
Growdon, & Corkin, 2002).
Based on this previously discussed research, three competing
hypotheses exist to explain
age differences in emotional processing associated with the
normal aging process. First,
emotional information may remain important throughout the life
span, leading to similarly
facilitated detection of emotional information in younger and
older adults. Second, with aging,
emotional information may take on additional importance,
resulting in older adults’ enhanced
detection of emotional information in their environment. Third,
older adults may focus
principally on positive emotional information and may show
facilitated detection of positive, but
not negative, emotional information.
The primary goal in the present experiment was to adjudicate
among these alternatives.
To do so, we employed a visual search paradigm to assess
young and older adults’ abilities to
motional processing associated with the normal aging process.
First,
11. n may remain important throughout the life span, leading to
similarly
of emotional information in younger and older adults. Second,
with aging,
n may take on additional importance, resulting in older adults’
enhanced
al information in their environment. Third, older adults may
focus
e emotional information and may show facilitated detection of
positive, but
nal information.
goal in the present experiment was to adjudicate among these
alternatives.
ed a visual search paradigm to assess young and older adults’
abilities to
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 6
rapidly detect emotional information. We hypothesized that on
the whole, older adults would be
slower to detect information than young adults would be
(consistent with Hahn, Carlson, Singer,
& Gronlund, 2006; Mather & Knight, 2006); the critical
question was whether the two age
groups would show similar or divergent facilitation effects with
regard to the effects of emotion
12. on item detection. On the basis of the existing literature, the
first two previously discussed
hypotheses seemed to be more plausible than the third
alternative. This is because there is reason
to think that the positivity effect may be operating only at later
stages of processing (e.g.,
strategic, elaborative, and emotion regulation processes) rather
than at the earlier stages of
processing involved in the rapid detection of information (see
Mather & Knight, 2005, for
discussion). Thus, the first two hypotheses, that emotional
information maintains its importance
across the life span or that emotional information in general
takes on greater importance with
age, seemed particularly applicable to early stages of emotional
processing.
Indeed, a couple of prior studies have provided evidence for
intact early processing of
emotional facial expressions with aging. Mather and Knight
(2006) examined young and older
adults’ abilities to detect happy, sad, angry, or neutral faces
presented in a complex visual array.
Mather and Knight found that like younger adults, older adults
detected threatening faces more
13. quickly than they detected other types of emotional stimuli.
Similarly, Hahn et al. (2006) also
found no age differences in efficiency of search time when
angry faces were presented in an
array of neutral faces, compared with happy faces in neutral
face displays. When angry faces,
compared with positive and neutral faces, served as nontarget
distractors in the visual search
arrays, however, older adults were more efficient in searching,
compared with younger adults,
Capitalization of words
beginning a sentence after
a colon, 4.14
Using the colon between
two grammatically
complete clauses, 4.05
Using the semicolon to
separate two independent
clauses not joined by
a conjunction, 4.04
Using the comma between
elements in a series, 4.03
Punctuation with citations
in parenthetical material,
6.21
14. Citing references in text,
inclusion of year within
paragraph, 6.11, 6.12
Hypotheses and their
correspondence to research
design, Introduction, 2.05
Prefixes and
suffixes that
do not require
hyphens,
Table 4.2
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 7
negative stimuli were not of equivalent arousal levels (fearful
faces typically are more arousing
than happy faces; Hansen & Hansen, 1988). Given that arousal
is thought to be a key factor in
modulating the attentional focus effect (Hansen & Hansen,
1988; Pratto & John, 1991; Reimann
& McNally, 1995), to more clearly understand emotional
processing in the context of aging, it is
necessary to include both positive and negative emotional items
with equal levels of arousal.
In the current research, therefore, we compared young and older
15. adults’ detection of four
categories of emotional information (positive high arousal,
positive low arousal, negative high
arousal, and negative low arousal) with their detection of
neutral information. The positive and
negative stimuli were carefully matched on arousal level, and
the categories of high and low
arousal were closely matched on valence to assure that the
factors of valence (positive, negative)
and arousal (high, low) could be investigated independently of
one another. Participants were
presented with a visual search task including images from these
different categories (e.g., snakes,
cars, teapots). For half of the multi-image arrays, all of the
images were of the same item, and for
the remaining half of the arrays, a single target image of a
different type from the remaining
items was included. Participants were asked to decide whether a
different item was included in
the array, and their reaction times were recorded for each
decision. Of primary interest were
differences in response times (RTs) based on the valence and
arousal levels of the target
categories. We reasoned that if young and older adults were
16. equally focused on emotional
information, then we would expect similar degrees of
facilitation in the detection of emotional
stimuli for the two age groups. By contrast, if older adults were
more affectively focused than
were younger adults, older adults should show either faster
detection speeds for all of the
emotional items (relative to the neutral items) than shown by
young adults or greater facilitation
g y , g ,
single target image of a different type from the remaining
were asked to decide whether a different item was included in
were recorded for each decision. Of primary interest were
) based on the valence and arousal levels of the target
ung and older adults were equally focused on emotional
t similar degrees of facilitation in the detection of emotional
contrast, if older adults were more affectively focused than
should show either faster detection speeds for all of the
utral items) than shown by young adults or greater facilitation
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 8
17. for the arousing items than shown by the young adults (resulting
in an interaction between age
and arousal).
Method
Participants
Younger adults (14 women, 10 men, Mage = 19.5 years, age
range: 18–22 years) were
recruited with flyers posted on the Boston College campus.
Older adults (15 women, nine men,
Mage = 76.1 years, age range: 68–84 years) were recruited
through the Harvard Cooperative on
Aging (see Table 1, for demographics and test scores).1
Participants were compensated $10 per
hour for their participation. There were 30 additional
participants, recruited in the same way as
described above, who provided pilot rating values: five young
and five old participants for the
assignment of items within individual categories (i.e., images
depicting cats), and 10 young and
10 old participants for the assignment of images within valence
and arousal categories. All
participants were asked to bring corrective eyewear if needed,
resulting in normal or corrected
18. to normal vision for all participants.
Materials and Procedure
The visual search task was adapted from Ohman et al. (2001).
There were 10 different
types of items (two each of five Valence × Arousal categories:
positive high arousal, positive low
arousal, neutral, negative low arousal, negative high arousal),
each containing nine individual
exemplars that were used to construct 3 × 3 stimulus matrices.
A total of 90 images were used,
each appearing as a target and as a member of a distracting
array. A total of 360 matrices were
presented to each participant; half contained a target item (i.e.,
eight items of one type and one
target item of another type) and half did not (i.e., all nine
images of the same type). Within the
Prefixed words that
require hyphens,
Table 4.3
Using abbreviations, 4.22; Explanation
of abbreviations, 4.23; Abbreviations
used often in APA journals, 4.25;
Plurals of abbreviations, 4.29
Elements of the Method
section, 2.06; Organizing
19. a manuscript with levels
of heading, 3.03
Using numerals to express
numbers representing age, 4.31
Identifying
subsections
within the
Method
section, 2.06
Participant (subject)
characteristics,
Method, 2.06
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF
EMOTION 10
selected such that the arousal difference between positive low
arousal and positive high arousal
was equal to the difference between negative low arousal and
negative high arousal.
Similarity ratings. Each item was rated for within-category and
between-categories
similarity. For within-category similarity, participants were
shown a set of exemplars (e.g., a set
of mushrooms) and were asked to rate how similar each
20. mushroom was to the rest of the
mushrooms, on a 1 (entirely dissimilar) to 7 (nearly identical)
scale. Participants made these
ratings on the basis of overall similarity and on the basis of the
specific visual dimensions in
which the objects could differ (size, shape, orientation).
Participants also rated how similar
objects of one category were to objects of another category
(e.g., how similar the mushrooms
were to the snakes). Items were selected to assure that the
categories were equated on within-
category and between-categories similarity of specific visual
dimensions as well as for the
overall similarity of the object categories (ps > .20). For
example, we selected particular
mushrooms and particular cats so that the mushrooms were as
similar to one another as were the
cats (i.e., within-group similarity was held constant across the
categories). Our object selection
also assured that the categories differed from one another to a
similar degree (e.g., that the
mushrooms were as similar to the snakes as the cats were
similar to the snakes).
Procedure
21. Each trial began with a white fixation cross presented on a
black screen for 1,000 ms; the
matrix was then presented, and it remained on the screen until a
participant response was
recorded. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as
possible with a button marked yes
if there was a target present, or a button marked no if no target
was present. Response latencies
and accuracy for each trial were automatically recorded with E-
Prime (Version 1.2) experimental
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF
EMOTIONRR
selected such that the arousal difference between positive low
arousal and positi
was equal to the difference between negative low arousal and
negative high arou
Similarity ratings. Each item was rated for within-category and
between
similarity. For within-category similarity, participants were
shown a set of exem
of mushrooms) and were asked to rate how similar each
mushroom was to the re
mushrooms, on a 1 (entirely dissimilar) to 7 (nearly identical(( )
scale. Participants
22. ratings on the basis of overall similarity and on the basis of the
specific visual di
which the objects could differ (size, shape, orientation).
Participants also rated h
objects of one category were to objects of another category
(e.g., how similar the
were to the snakes). Items were selected to assure that the
categories were equate
category and between-categories similarity of specific visual
dimensions as well
overall similarity of the object categories (p(( s > .20). For
example, we selected pa
h d ti l t th t th h i il t
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 9
matrix. Within the 180 target trials, each of the five emotion
categories (e.g., positive high
arousal, neutral, etc.) was represented in 36 trials. Further,
within each of the 36 trials for each
emotion category, nine trials were created for each of the
combinations with the remaining four
other emotion categories (e.g., nine trials with eight positive
high arousal items and one neutral
item). Location of the target was randomly varied such that no
23. target within an emotion category
was presented in the same location in arrays of more than one
other emotion category (i.e., a
negative high arousal target appeared in a different location
when presented with positive high
arousal array images than when presented with neutral array
images).
The items within each category of grayscale images shared the
same verbal label (e.g.,
mushroom, snake), and the items were selected from online
databases and photo clipart
packages. Each image depicted a photo of the actual object. Ten
pilot participants were asked to
write down the name corresponding to each object; any object
that did not consistently generate
the intended response was eliminated from the set. For the
remaining images, an additional 20
pilot participants rated the emotional valence and arousal of the
objects and assessed the degree
of visual similarity among objects within a set (i.e., how similar
the mushrooms were to one
another) and between objects across sets (i.e., how similar the
mushrooms were to the snakes).
Valence and arousal ratings. Valence and arousal were judged
24. on 7-point scales (1 =
negative valence or low arousal and 7 = positive valence or high
arousal). Negative objects
received mean valence ratings of 2.5 or lower, neutral objects
received mean valence ratings of
3.5 to 4.5, and positive objects received mean valence ratings of
5.5 or higher. High arousal
objects received mean arousal ratings greater than 5, and low
arousal objects (including all
neutral stimuli) received mean arousal ratings of less than 4. We
selected categories for which
both young and older adults agreed on the valence and arousal
classifications, and stimuli were
Latin abbreviations, 4.26
Numbers expressed in words
at beginning of sentence, 4.32
Italicization of anchors
of a scale, 4.21
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 11
software. Before beginning the actual task, participants
performed 20 practice trials to assure
25. compliance with the task instructions.
Results
Analyses focus on participants’ RTs to the 120 trials in which a
target was present and
was from a different emotional category from the distractor
(e.g., RTs were not included for
arrays containing eight images of a cat and one image of a
butterfly because cats and butterflies
are both positive low arousal items). RTs were analyzed for 24
trials of each target emotion
category. RTs for error trials were excluded (less than 5% of all
responses) as were RTs that
were ±3 SD from each participant ’s mean (approximately 1.5%
of responses). Median RTs were
then calculated for each of the five emotional target categories,
collapsing across array type (see
Table 2 for raw RT values for each of the two age groups). This
allowed us to examine, for
example, whether participants were faster to detect images of
snakes than images of mushrooms,
regardless of the type of array in which they were presented.
Because our main interest was in
examining the effects of valence and arousal on participants’
26. target detection times, we created
scores for each emotional target category that controlled for the
participant’s RTs to detect
neutral targets (e.g., subtracting the RT to detect neutral targets
from the RT to detect positive
high arousal targets). These difference scores were then
examined with a 2 × 2 × 2 (Age [young,
older] × Valence [positive, negative] × Arousal [high, low])
analysis of variance (ANOVA). This
ANOVA revealed only a significant main effect of arousal, F(1,
46) = 8.41, p = .006, ηp2 = .16,
with larger differences between neutral and high arousal images
(M = 137) than between neutral
and low arousal images (M = 93; i.e., high arousal items
processed more quickly across both age
groups compared with low arousal items; see Figure 1). There
was no significant main effect for
valence, nor was there an interaction between valence and
arousal. It is critical that the analysis
Symbols, 4.45;
Numbers, 4.31
Abbreviations
accepted as
words, 4.24
27. Numbering and discussing
figures in text, 5.05
Nouns followed
by numerals or
letters, 4.17
Reporting
p values,
decimal
fractions,
4.35
Statistical symbols,
4.46, Table 4.5
Elements of the
Results section, 2.07
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 12
revealed only a main effect of age but no interactions with age.
Thus, the arousal-mediated
effects on detection time appeared stable in young and older
adults.
The results described above suggested that there was no
influence of age on the
influences of emotion. To further test the validity of this
hypothesis, we submitted the RTs to the
28. five categories of targets to a 2 × 5 (Age [young, old] × Target
Category [positive high arousal,
positive low arousal, neutral, negative low arousal, negative
high arousal]) repeated measures
ANOVA.2 Both the age group, F(1, 46) = 540.32, p < .001,
ηp2 = .92, and the ta rget category,
F(4, 184) = 8.98, p < .001, ηp2 = .16, main effects were
significant, as well as the Age Group ×
Target Category interaction, F(4, 184) = 3.59, p = .008, ηp2 =
.07. This interaction appeared to
reflect the fact that for the younger adults, positive high arousal
targets were detected faster than
targets from all other categories, ts(23) < –1.90,p < .001, with
no other target categories
differing significantly from one another (although there were
trends for negative high arousal
and negative low arousal targets to be detected more rapidly
than neutral targets (p < .12). For
older adults, all emotional categories of targets were detected
more rapidly than were neutral
targets, ts(23) > 2.56, p < .017, and RTs to the different
emotion categories of targets did not
differ significantly from one another. Thus, these results
provided some evidence that older
29. adults may show a broader advantage for detection of any type
of emotional information,
whereas young adults’ benefit may be more narrowly restricted
to only certain categories of
emotional information.
Discussion
As outlined previously, there were three plausible alternatives
for young and older adults’
performance on the visual search task: The two age groups
could show a similar pattern of
enhanced detection of emotional information, older adults could
show a greater advantage for
Elements of the
Discussion section, 2.08
Statistics
in text, 4.44
Capitalize effects
or variables when
they appear with
multiplication
signs, 4.20
Spacing, alignment,
and punctuation of
mathematical copy, 4.46
30. Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 13
emotional detection than young adults, or older adults could
show a greater facilitation than
young adults only for the detection of positive information. The
results lent some support to the
first two alternatives, but no evidence was found to support the
third alternative.
In line with the first alternative, no effects of age were found
when the influence of
valence and arousal on target detection times was examined;
both age groups showed only an
arousal effect. This result is consistent with prior studies that
indicated that arousing information
can be detected rapidly and automatically by young adults
(Anderson, Christoff, Panitz, De
Rosa, & Gabrieli, 2003; Ohman & Mineka, 2001) and that older
adults, like younger adults,
continue to display a threat detection advantage when searching
for negative facial targets in
arrays of positive and neutral distractors (Hahn et al., 2006;
Mather & Knight, 2006). Given the
31. relative preservation of automatic processing with aging
(Fleischman, Wilson, Gabrieli, Bienias,
& Bennett, 2004; Jennings & Jacoby, 1993), it makes sense that
older adults would remain able
to take advantage of these automatic alerting systems for
detecting high arousal information.
However, despite the similarity in arousal-mediated effects on
detection between the two
age groups, the present study did provide some evidence for
age-related change (specifically,
age-related enhancement) in the detection of emotional
information. When examining RTs for
the five categories of emotional targets, younger adults were
more efficient in detecting positive
high arousal images (as presented in Table 2), whereas older
adults displayed an overall
advantage for detecting all emotional images compared with
neutral images. This pattern
suggests a broader influence of emotion on older adults’
detection of stimuli, providing support
for the hypothesis that as individuals age, emotional
information becomes more salient.
It is interesting that this second set of findings is clearly
inconsistent with the hypothesis
32. that the positivity effect in older adults operates at relatively
automatic stages of information
nd neutral distractors (Hahn et al., 2006; Mather & Knight,
2006). Given the 66
n of automatic processing with aging (Fleischman, Wilson,
Gabrieli, Bienias,
nnings & Jacoby, 1993), it makes sense that older adults would
remain able 33
f these automatic alerting systems for detecting high arousal
information.
espite the similarity in arousal-mediated effects on detection
between the two
ent study did provide some evidence for age-related change
(specifically,
ment) in the detection of emotional information. When
examining RTs for
of emotional targets, younger adults were more efficient in
detecting positive
(as presented in Table 2), whereas older adults displayed an
overall22
ting all emotional images compared with neutral images. This
pattern
nfluence of emotion on older adults’ detection of stimuli,
providing support
33. hat as individuals age, emotional information becomes more
salient.
ng that this second set of findings is clearly inconsistent with
the hypothesis
ffect in older adults operates at relatively automatic stages of
information
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 14
processing, given that no effects of valence were observed in
older adults’ detection speed. In the
present study, older adults were equally fast to detect positive
and negative information,
consistent with prior research that indicated that older adults
often attend equally to positive and
negative stimuli (Rosler et al., 2005). Although the pattern of
results for the young adults has
differed across studies—in the present study and in some past
research, young adults have shown
facilitated detection of positive information (e.g., Anderson,
2005; Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie
et al., 2004; Juth et al., 2005; Nummenmaa et al., 2006),
whereas in other studies, young adults
have shown an advantage for negative information (e.g.,
Armony & Dolan, 2002; Hansen &
Hansen, 1988; Mogg, Bradley,de Bono, & Painter, 1997; Pratto
34. & John, 1991; Reimann &
McNally, 1995; Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996)—what
is important to note is that the
older adults detected both positive and negative stimuli at equal
rates. This equivalent detection
of positive and negative information provides evidence that
older adults display an advantage for
the detection of emotional information that is not valence-
specific.
Thus, although younger and older adults exhibited somewhat
divergent patterns of
emotional detection on a task reliant on early, relatively
automatic stages of processing, we
found no evidence of an age-related positivity effect. The lack
of a positivity focus in the older
adults is in keeping with the proposal (e.g., Mather & Knight,
2006) that the positivity effect
does not arise through automatic attentional influences. Rather,
when this effect is observed in
older adults, it is likely due to age-related changes in emotion
regulation goals that operate at
later stages of processing (i.e., during consciously controlled
processing), once information has
been attended to and once the emotional nature of the stimulus
35. has been discerned.
Although we cannot conclusively say that the current task relies
strictly on automatic
processes, there are two lines of evidence suggesting that the
construct examined in the current
Clear statement of support or
nonsupport of hypotheses,
Discussion, 2.08
Use of an em dash to
indicate an interruption
in the continuity of a
sentence, 4.06;
Description of an
em dash, 4.13
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 15
research examines relatively automatic processing. First, in
their previous work, Ohman et al.
(2001) compared RTs with both 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 arrays. No
significant RT differences based on
the number of images presented in the arrays were found.
Second, in both Ohman et al.’s (2001)
study and the present study, analyses were performed to
examine the influence of target location
36. on RT. Across both studies, and across both age groups in the
current work, emotional targets
were detected more quickly than were neutral targets, regardless
of their location. Together,
these findings suggest that task performance is dependent on
relatively automatic detection
processes rather than on controlled search processes.
Although further work is required to gain a more complete
understanding of the age-
related changes in the early processing of emotional
information, our findings indicate that
young and older adults are similar in their early detection of
emotional images. The current
study provides further evidence that mechanisms associated
with relatively automatic processing
of emotional images are well maintained throughout the latter
portion of the life span
(Fleischman et al., 2004; Jennings & Jacoby, 1993; Leclerc &
Hess, 2005). It is critical that,
although there is evidence for a positive focus in older adults’
controlled processing of emotional
information (e.g., Carstensen & Mikels, 2005; Charles et al.,
2003; Mather & Knight, 2005), the
37. present results suggest that the tendency to focus on the positive
does not always arise when
tasks require relatively automatic and rapid detection of
information in the environment.
he early processing of emotional information, our findings
indicate that
ults are similar in their early detection of emotional images. The
current
her evidence that mechanisms associated with relatively
automatic processing
s are well maintained throughout the latter portion of the life
span
2004; Jennings & Jacoby, 1993;33 Leclerc & Hess, 2005). It is
critical that,
idence for a positive focus in older adults’ controlled
processing of emotional
Carstensen & Mikels, 2005; Charles et al., 2003; Mather &
Knight, 2005), the
est that the tendency to focus on the positive does not always
arise when
ely automatic and rapid detection of information in the
environment.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 16
Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Panitz, D., De Rosa , E., &
38. Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2003). Neural
correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signals.
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Discussion section ending
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Construction of an accurate and
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Example of reference to a
periodical, 7.01
134. doi:
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 20
Nummenmaa, L., Hyona, J., & Calvo, M. G. (2006). Eye
movement assessment of selective
49. attentional capture by emotional pictures. Emotion, 6, 257–268.
doi:10.1037/1528-
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attention: Detecting the snake in the
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Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and
preparedness: Toward an evolved module
of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522.
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Ohnishi, T., Matsuda, H., Tabira, T., Asada, T., & Uno, M.
(2001). Changes in brain morphology
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22
54. Footnotes
covariance were conducted with these covariates, with no
resulting
influences of these variables on the pattern or magnitude of the
results.
2 These data were also analyzed with a 2 × 5 ANOVA to
examine the effect of target
category when presented only in arrays containing neutral
images, with the results remaining
qualitatively the same. More broadly, the effects of emotion on
target detection were not
qualitatively impacted by the distractor category.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION
Analyses of 1
Article with more than
seven authors, 7.01,
Example 2
Placement and format
of footnotes, 2.12
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
24
55. EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION
Note. Values represent median response times, collapsing across
array type and excluding arrays
of the same category as targets (i.e., positive high arousal
represents the median RT to respond to
positive high arousal targets, collapsing across positive low
arousal, neutral, negative high
arousal, and negative low arousal array categories). The median
response time values were
recorded in milliseconds.
Table 2
Raw Response Time (RT) Scores for Young and Older Adults
Category Young group Older group
Positive high arousal 825 1,580
Positive low arousal 899 1,636
Neutral 912 1,797
Negative high arousal 885 1,578
Negative low arousal 896 1,625
24
CTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION
Values represent median response times, collapsing across array
type and excluding arrays
same category as targets (i.e., positive high arousal represents
the median RT to respond to
56. e high arousal targets, collapsing across positive low arousal,
neutral, negative high
, and negative low arousal array categories). The median
response time values were
ed in milliseconds.
2
esponse Time (RT) Scores for Young and Older Adults
oryy Young groupg g p Older groupg p
ve high arousal 825 1,580
ve low arousal 899 1,636
al 912 1,797
ive high arousal 885 1,578
ive low arousal 896 1,625
23EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION
Note. The Beck Anxiety Inventory is from Beck et al. (1988);
the Behavioral Assessment of the
Dysexecutive Syndrome—Dysexecutive Questionnaire (BADS–
DEX) is from Wilson et al.
(1996); the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measures are
from Spielberger et al. (1970);
and the Digit Symbol Substitution, Digit Span–Backward, and
Arithmetic Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale—III and Wechsler Memory Scale—III
measures are from Wechsler (1997).
57. Generative naming scores represent the total number of words
produced in 60 s each for letter
F, A, and S. The Vocabulary measure is from Shipley (1986);
the Mental Control measure is
from Wechsler (1987); the Self-Ordered Pointing measure was
adapted from Petrides and Milner
(1982); and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) measure
is from Nelson (1976).
Table 1
Participant Characteristics
Younger group Older group
Measure M SD M SD F (1, 46) p
Years of education 13.92 1.28 16.33 2.43 18.62 <.001
Beck Anxiety Inventory 9.39 5.34 6.25 6.06 3.54 .066
BADS–DEX 20.79 7.58 13.38 8.29 10.46 .002
STAI–State 45.79 4.44 47.08 3.48 1.07 .306
STAI–Trait 45.64 4.50 45.58 3.15 0.02 .963
Digit Symbol Substitution 49.62 7.18 31.58 6.56 77.52 <.001
Generative naming 46.95 9.70 47.17 12.98 .004 .951
Vocabulary 33.00 3.52 35.25 3.70 4.33 .043
Digit Span–Backward 8.81 2.09 8.25 2.15 0.78 .383
Arithmetic 16.14 2.75 14.96 3.11 1.84 .182
Mental Control 32.32 3.82 23.75 5.13 40.60 <.001
Self-Ordered Pointing 1.73 2.53 9.25 9.40 13.18 .001
WCST perseverative errors 0.36 0.66 1.83 3.23 4.39 .042
All values represent raw, nonstandardized scores.
Selecting effective
presentation, 4.41;
58. Logical and effective
table layout, 5.08
Elements of
table notes, 5.16
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 25
.
Figure 1. Mean difference values (ms) representing detection
speed for each target category
subtracted from the mean detection speed for neutral targets. No
age differences were found in the
arousal-mediated effects on detection speed. Standard errors are
represented in the figure by the
error bars attached to each column.
Figure legends
and captions, 5.23
Principles of figure use and
construction, types of figures;
standards, planning, and
preparation of figures, 5.20–5.25
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
59. INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 1
Inhibitory Influences on Asychrony as a Cue for Auditory
Segregation
Auditory grouping involves the formation of auditory objects
from the sound mixture
reaching the ears. The cues used to integrate or segregate these
sounds and so form auditory
objects have been defined by several authors (e.g., Bregman,
1990; Darwin, 1997; Darwin &
Carlyon, 1995). The key acoustic cues for segregating
concurrent acoustic elements are
differences in onset time (e.g., Dannenbring & Bregman, 1978;
Rasch, 1978) and harmonic
relations (e.g., Brunstrom & Roberts, 1998; Moore, Glasberg, &
Peters, 1986). In an example of
the importance of onset time, Darwin (1984a, 1984b) showed
that increasing the level of a
harmonic near the first formant (F1) frequency by adding a
synchronous pure tone changes the
phonetic quality of a vowel. However, when the added tone
began a few hundred milliseconds
before the vowel, it was essentially removed from the vowel
percept.… [section continues].
60. General Method
Overview
In the experiments reported here, we used a paradigm developed
by Darwin to assess the
perceptual integration of additional energy in the F1 region of a
vowel through its effect on
phonetic quality (Darwin, 1984a, 1984b; Darwin & Sutherland,
1984).…[section continues].
Stimuli
Amplitude and phase values for the vowel harmonics were
obtained from the vocal-tract
transfer function using cascaded formant resonators (Klatt,
1980). F1 values varied in 10-Hz
steps from 360–550 Hz—except in Experiment 3, which used
values from 350–540 Hz—to
produce a continuum of 20 tokens.…[section continues].
Listeners
Elements of empirical studies, 1.01
Figure 2.2. Sample Two-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer
to num-
bered sections in the Publication Manual. This abridged manu-
script illustrates the organizational structure characteristic of
multiple-experiment papers. Of course, a complete multiple-
experiment paper would include a title page, an abstract page,
61. and so forth.)
Paper adapted from “Inhibitory Influences on Asychrony as a
Cue for Auditory Segregation,” by S. D.
Holmes and B. Roberts, 2006, Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32,
pp. 1231–1242. Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological
Association.
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 2
Listeners were volunteers recruited from the student population
of the University of
Birmingham and were paid for their participation. All listeners
were native speakers of British
English who reported normal hearing and had successfully
completed a screening procedure
(described below). For each experiment, the data for 12
listeners are presented.…[section
continues].
Procedure
At the start of each session, listeners took part in a warm-up
block. Depending on the
number of conditions in a particular experiment, the warm-up
block consisted of one block of all
the experimental stimuli or every second or fourth F1 step in
62. that block. This gave between 85
and 100 randomized trials.… [section continues].
Data Analysis
The data for each listener consisted of the number of /I/
responses out of 10 repetitions
for each nominal F1 value in each condition. An estimate of the
F1 frequency at the phoneme
boundary was obtained by fitting a probit function (Finney,
1971) to a listener ’s identification
data for each condition. The phoneme boundary was defined as
the mean of the probit function
(the 50% point).…[section continues].
Experiment 1
In this experiment, we used noise-band captors and compared
their efficacy with that of a
pure-tone captor. Each noise-band captor had the same energy
as that of the corresponding pure-
tone captor and a center frequency equal to the frequency of this
tonal captor…[section
continues].
Method
pe e t
63. iment, we used noise-band captors and compared their efficacy
with that of a
ach noise-band captor had the same energy as that of the
corresponding pure- -
nter frequency equal to the frequency of this tonal
captor…[section
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 3
There were nine conditions: the three standard ones (vowel
alone, incremented fourth,
and leading fourth) plus three captor conditions and their
controls. A lead time of 240 ms was
used for
Results and Discussion
Figure 4 shows the mean phoneme boundaries for all conditions
and the restoration effect
for each captor type. The restoration effects are shown above
the histogram bars both as a
boundary shift in hertz and as a percentage of the difference in
boundary position between the
incremented-fourth and leading-fourth conditions.… [section
continues].
Experiment 2
64. This experiment considers the case where the added 500-Hz
tone begins at the same time
as the vowel but continues after the vowel ends.… [section
continues].
Method
There were five conditions: two of the standard ones (vowel
alone and incremented
fourth), a lagging-fourth condition (analogous to the leading-
fourth condition used elsewhere),
and a captor condition and its control. A lag time of 240 ms was
used for the added 500-Hz
tone.… [section continues]
Results and Discussion
the added 500-Hz tone.… [section continues].
Policy on metrication, 4.39;
Style for metric units, 4.40
Abbreviating units
of measurement,
4.27, Table 4.4
Plural forms of nouns
of foreign origin, 3.19
Multiple Experiments, 2.09
Figure 2.2. Sample Two-Experiment Paper (continued)
65. Running head: INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY
5
a perceptual group between the leading portion and the captor
tone, on the basis of their common
onset time and harmonic relationship, leaving the remainder of
the extra energy to integrate into
the vowel percept… .[section continues].
[Follow the form of the one-experiment sample paper to type
references, the author note,
footnotes, tables, and figure captions.]
Running head: INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY
a perceptual group between the leading portion and the captor
tone, on the basis o
INHIBITORY INFLUENCES ON ASYCHRONY 4
1984; Roberts & Holmes, 2006). This experiment used a gap
between captor offset and vowel
onset to measure the decay time of the captor effect …[section
continues].
Method
There were 17 conditions: the three standard ones (vowel alone,
incremented fourth, and
66. leading fourth), five captor conditions and their controls, and
four additional conditions
(described separately below). A lead time of 320 ms was used
for the added 500-Hz tone. The
captor conditions were created by adding a 1.1-kHz pure-tone
captor, of various durations, to
each member of the leading-fourth continuum.…[section
continues].
Results
Figure 6 shows the mean phoneme boundaries for all conditions.
There was a highly
significant effect of condition on the phoneme boundary values,
F(16, 176) = 39.10, p < .001.
Incrementing the level of the fourth harmonic lowered the
phoneme boundary relative to the
vowel-alone condition (by 58 Hz, p < .001), which indicates
that the extra energy was integrated
into the vowel percept.…[section continues].
Discussion
The results of this experiment show that the effect of the captor
disappears somewhere
between 80 and 160 ms after captor offset. This indicates that
the captor effect takes quite a long
67. time to decay away relative to the time constants typically
found for cells in the CN using
physiological measures (e.g., Needham & Paolini,
2003).…[section continues].
Summary and Concluding Discussion
Darwin and Sutherland (1984) first demonstrated that
accompanying the leading portion
of additional energy in the F1 region of a vowel with a captor
tone partly reversed the effect of
the onset asynchrony on perceived vowel quality. This finding
was attributed to the formation of
Use of statistical term rather
than symbol in text, 4.45
Figure 2.2. Sample Two-Experiment Paper (continued)
THE SLEEPER EFFECT IN PERSUASION 1
The Sleeper Effect in Persuasion:
A Meta-Analytic Review
Persuasive messages are often accompanied by information that
induces suspicions of
invalidity. For instance, recipients of communications about a
political candidate may discount a
68. message coming from a representative of the opponent party
because they do not perceive the
source of the message as credible (e.g., Lariscy & Tinkham,
1999). Because the source of the
political message serves as a discounting cue and temporarily
decreases the impact of the
message, recipients may not be persuaded by the advocacy
immediately after they receive the
communication. Over time, however, recipients of an otherwise
influential message may recall
the message but not the noncredible source and thus become
more persuaded by the message at
that time than they were immediately following the
communication. The term sleeper effect was
used to denote such a delayed increase in persuasion observed
when the discounting cue (e.g.,
noncredible source) becomes unavailable or “dissociated” from
the communication in the
memory of the message recipients (Hovland, Lumsdaine, &
Sheffield, 1949).…[section
Method
Sample of Studies
We retrieved reports related to the sleeper effect that were
available by March 2003 by
69. means of multiple procedures. First, we searched computerized
databases, including PsycINFO
(1887–2003), Dissertation Abstracts International (1861–2003),
ERIC (1967–2003), and the
Social-Science-Citation-Index (1956–2003), using the keywords
sleeper effect, delayed-action,
credibility, source credibility, source expertise, attitude change,
discounting cue, attitude
persistence, attitude maintenance, persuasion, propaganda,
attitude and memory, attitude and
a delayed increase in persuasion observed when the discounting
cue (e.g.,
becomes unavailable or “dissociated” from the communication
in the
sage recipients (Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield,
1949).…[section
Method
d reports related to the sleeper effect that were available by
March 2003 by
rocedures. First, we searched computerized databases, including
PsycINFO
rtation Abstracts International (1861–2003), ERIC (1967–77
2003), and the
70. tion-Index (1956–66 2003), using the keywords sleeper effect,tt
delayed-action,
redibility, source expertise, attitude change, discounting cue,
attitude
maintenance, persuasion, propaganda, attitude and memoryrr ,
attitude and
THE SLEEPER EFFECT IN PERSUASION 2
retention, attitude and decay, and persuasion and decay .
Because researchers often use the terms
opinion and belief, instead of attitude , we conducted searches
using these substitute terms as
well.
Second, … [section continues].
Selection Criteria
We used the following criteria to select studies for inclusion in
the meta-analysis.
1. We only included studies that involved the presentation of a
communication containing
persuasive arguments. Thus, we excluded studies in which the
participants played a role or were
asked to make a speech that contradicted their opinions. We
also excluded developmental studies
involving delayed effects of an early event (e.g., child abuse),
71. which sometimes are also referred
to as sleeper effects .…[section continues] .
Moderators
For descriptive purposes, we recorded (a) the year and (b)
source (i.e., journal article,
unpublished dissertations and theses, or other unpublished
document) of each report as well as
(c) the sample composition (i.e., high-school students,
university students, or other) and (d) the
country in which the study was conducted.
We also coded each experiment in terms of .…[section
continues].
Studies were coded independently by the first author and
another graduate student.
Italicize key terms, 4.21
Description of meta-analysis, 1.02;
Guidelines for reporting meta-analysis,
2.10; see also Appendix
Identification of elements in a
series within a sentence, 3.04
Figure 2.3. Sample Meta-Analysis (The numbers refer to
numbered sec-
tions in the Publication Manual. This abridged manuscript illus-
trates the organizational structure characteristic of reports of
72. meta-analyses. Of course, a complete meta-analysis would
include a title page, an abstract page, and so forth.)
Paper adapted from “The Sleeper Effect in Persuasion: A Meta-
Analytic Review,” by G. Kumkale and D.
Albarracin, 2004, Psychological Bulletin, 130, pp. 143–172.
Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological
Association.
THE SLEEPER EFFECT IN PERSUASION 3
was satisfactory (Orwin, 1994). We resolved disagreements by
discussion and consultation with
colleagues. Characteristics of the individual studies included in
this review are presented in
Table 1. The studies often contained several independent
datasets such as different messages and
different experiments. The characteristics that distinguish
different datasets within a report
appear on the second column of the table.
Dependent Measures and Computation of Effect Sizes
We calculated effect sizes for (a) persuasion and (b) recall–
recognition of the message
content. Calculations were based on the data described in the
primary reports as well as available
responses of the authors to requests of further
73. information.…[section continues].
Analyses of Effect Sizes
There are two major models used in meta-analysis: fixed-effects
and random-
effects.…[section continues].
To benefit from the strengths of both models, we chose to
aggregate the effect sizes and to
conduct analyses using both approaches.…[section continues].
Results
The data analysis included a description of the experiments we
summarized, an
estimation of overall effects, moderator analyses, and tests of
mediation.
Sample of Studies and Datasets
Descriptive characteristics of the datasets included in the
present meta-analysis appear in
Table 2.…[section continues].
Overview of the Average Effect Sizes
A thorough understanding of the sleeper effect requires
examining (a) the between-
condition differences at each time point as well as (b) the
within-condition changes that take
74. Analyses of Effect Sizes
wo major models used in meta-aa analysis: fixed-effects and s
random-
ontinues].
e strengths of both models, we chose to aggregate the effect
sizes and to
ing both approaches.…[section continues].
Results
alysis included a description of the experiments we summarized,
an
l effects, moderator analyses, and tests of mediation.
and Datasets
characteristics of the datasets included in the present meta-aa
analysis appear in
continues].
verage Effect Sizes
understanding of the sleeper effect requires examining (a) the
between-
es at each time point as well as (b) the within-condition changes
that take
THE SLEEPER EFFECT IN PERSUASION 4
75. place over time.…[section continues].
In light of these requirements, we first examined whether
discounting cues led to a decrease in
agreement with the communication (boomerang effect).
Next,.…[section continues].
Ruling out a nonpersisting boomerang effect. To determine
whether or not a delayed
increase in persuasion represents an absolute sleeper effect, one
needs to rule out a nonpersisting
boomerang effect, which takes place when a message initially
backfires but later loses this
reverse effect (see panel A of Figure 1).…[section continues].
Average sleeper effect. Relevant statistics corresponding to
average changes in
persuasion from the immediate to the delayed posttest appear in
Table 4, organized by the
different conditions we considered (i.e., acceptance-cue,
discounting-cue, no-message control,
and message-only control). In Table 4, positive effect sizes
indicate increases in persuasion over
time, negative effect sizes indicate decay in persuasion, and
zero effects denote stability in
persuasion. Confidence intervals that do not include zero
76. indicate significant changes over time.
The first row of Table 4 shows that recipients of acceptance
cues agreed with the message less as
time went by (fixed-effects, d + = –0.21; random-effects, d+ = –
0.23). In contrast to the decay in
persuasion for recipients of acceptance cues, there was a slight
increase in persuasion for
recipients of discounting cues over time (d+ = 0.08). It is
important to note that change in
discounting-cue conditions significantly differed from change in
acceptance-cue conditions,
(fixed-effects; B = –0.29, SE = 0.04), QB(1) = 58.15, p < .0001;
QE(123) = 193.82, p <
.0001.…[section continues].
Summary and variability of the overall effect. The overall
analyses identified a relative
sleeper effect in persuasion, but no absolute sleeper effect. The
latter was not surprising, because
the sleeper effect was expected to emerge under specific
conditions.…[section continues].
Use at least
two subheadings
in a section, 3.02
Figure 2.3. Sample Meta-Analysis (continued)
77. THE SLEEPER EFFECT IN PERSUASION 5
Moderator Analyses
Although overall effects have descriptive value, the
variability in the change observed in
discounting-cue conditions makes it unlikely that the same
effect was present under all
conditions. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that the sleeper
effect would be more likely (e.g.,
more consistent with the absolute pattern in Panel B1 of Figure
1) when…[section continues].
THE SLEEPER EFFECT IN PERSUASION 6
. . . [references continue]
[Follow the form of the one-experiment sample paper to type
the author note, footnotes,
tables, and figure captions.]
References
References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in
the meta-analysis.
Albarracín, D. (2002). Cognition in persuasion: An analysis of
information processing in
response to persuasive communications. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.),
78. Advances in experimental
social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 61–130). doi:10.1016/S0065-
2601(02)80004-1
… [references continue]
Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Effects of involvement
in persuasion: A meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 106, 290–314. doi:10.1037/0033-
2909.106.2.290
*Johnson, H. H., Torcivia, J. M., & Poprick, M. A. (1968).
Effects of source credibility on the
relationship between authoritarianism and attitude change.
Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 9, 179–183. doi:10.1037/h0021250
*Johnson, H. H., & Watkins, T. A. (1971). The effects of
message repetitions on immediate and
delayed attitude change. Psychonomic Science, 22, 101–103.
Jonas, K., Diehl, M., & Bromer, P. (1997). Effects of attitudinal
ambivalence on information
processing and attitude-intention consistency. Journal of
Experimental Social
Psychology, 33, 190–210. doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.1317
Format for references included
in a meta-analysis with less
79. than 50 references, 6.26
Figure 2.3. Sample Meta-Analysis (continued)
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF
EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation
Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall,
Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of
Psychology,
Boston College.
80. Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS
0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina
M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140
Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of
Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the
81. context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal
images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high
arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall
detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings
suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at
relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion,
visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer
to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional
Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008
by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in
82. which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great
importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to
which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to
attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an
obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger
(Davis & Whalen, 2001; Dolan
& Vuilleumier, 2003; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997;
LeDoux, 1995).
For example, Ohman, Flykt, and Esteves (2001)presented
participants with 3 × 3 visual
arrays with images representing four categories (snakes,
spiders, flowers, mushrooms). In half
the arrays, all nine images were from the same category,
whereas in the remaining half of the
arrays, eight images were from one category and one image was
from a different category (e.g.,
eight flowers and one snake). Participants were asked to
indicate whether the matrix included a
83. discrepant stimulus. Results indicated that fear-relevant images
were more quickly detected than
fear-irrelevant items, and larger search facilitation effects were
observed for participants who
were fearful of the stimuli. A similar pattern of results has been
observed when examining the
attention-grabbing nature of negative facial expressions, with
threatening faces (including those
not attended to) identified more quickly than positive or neutral
faces (Eastwood, Smilek, &
Merikle, 2001; Hansen & Hansen, 1988). The enhanced
detection of emotional information is
not limited to threatening stimuli; there is evidence that any
high-arousing stimulus can be
detected rapidly, regardless of whether it is positively or
negatively valenced (Anderson, 2005;
Anderson, 2005; Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie, Hinojosa,
Marin-Loeches, Mecado,
ant stimulus. Results indicated that fearr-rr relevant images
were more quickly detected than
elevant items, and larger search facilitation effects were
observed for participants who aa
arful of the stimuli. A similar pattern of results has been
observed when examining the
84. n-grabbing nature of negative facial expressions, with
threatening faces (includ- ing those
nded to) identified more quickly than positive or neutral faces
(Eastwood, Smilek, &
e, 2001; Hansen & Hansen, 1988). The enhanced detection of
emotional information is
ited to threatening stimuli; there is evidence that any high-
arousing stimulus can be
d rapidly, regardless of whether it is positively or negatively
valenced (Anderson,(( 2005;55
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 4
Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie et al., 2004; Juth, Lundqvist,
Karlsson, & Ohman, 2005;
Nummenmaa et al., 2006).
From this research, it seems clear that younger adults show
detection benefits for
arousing information in the environment. It is less clear whether
these effects are preserved
across the adult life span. The focus of the current research is
on determining the extent to which
aging influences the early, relatively automatic detection of
emotional information.
Regions of the brain thought to be important for emotional
85. detection remain relatively
intact with aging (reviewed by Chow & Cummings, 2000).
Thus, it is plausible that the detection
of emotional information remains relatively stable as adults age.
However, despite the
preservation of emotion-processing regions with age (or perhaps
because of the contrast between
the preservation of these regions and age-related declines in
cognitive-processing regions; Good
et al., 2001; Hedden & Gabrieli, 2004; Ohnishi, Matsuda,
Tabira, Asada, & Uno, 2001; Raz,
2000; West, 1996), recent behavioral research has revealed
changes that occur with aging in the
regulation and processing of emotion. According to the
socioemotional selectivity theory
(Carstensen, 1992), with aging, time is perceived as
increasingly limited, and as a result, emotion
regulation becomes a primary goal (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, &
Charles, 1999). According to
socioemotional selectivity theory, age is associated with an
increased motivation to derive
emotional meaning from life and a simultaneous decreasing
motivation to expand one’s
knowledge base. As a consequence of these motivational shifts,
86. emotional aspects of the
Writing the introduction, 2.05
Ordering citations within
the same parentheses, 6.16
Selecting
the correct
tense, 3.18
Continuity in presentation
of ideas, 3.05
Citing one
work by six
or more
authors, 6.12
No capitalization in
naming theories, 4.16
Numbers
expressed
in words,
4.32
Numbers that represent
statistical or mathematical
functions, 4.31
Use of hyphenation for
compound words, 4.13,
Table 4.1
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
87. EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 5
To maintain positive affect in the face of negative age-related
change (e.g., limited time
remaining, physical and cognitive decline), older adults may
adopt new cognitive strategies. One
such strategy, discussed recently, is the positivity effect
(Carstensen & Mikels, 2005), in which
older adults spend proportionately more time processing
positive emotional material and less
time processing negative emotional material. Studies examining
the influence of emotion on
memory (Charles, Mather, & Carstensen, 2003; Kennedy,
Mather, & Carstensen, 2004) have
found that compared with younger adults, older adults recall
proportionally more positive
information and proportionally less negative information.
Similar results have been found when
examining eye-tracking patterns: Older adults looked at positive
images longer than younger
adults did, even when no age differences were observed in
looking time for negative stimuli
(Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006). However, this
88. positivity effect has not gone
uncontested; some researchers have found evidence inconsistent
with the positivity effect (e.g.,
Grühn, Smith, & Baltes, 2005; Kensinger, Brierley, Medford,
Growdon, & Corkin, 2002).
Based on this previously discussed research, three competing
hypotheses exist to explain
age differences in emotional processing associated with the
normal aging process. First,
emotional information may remain important throughout the life
span, leading to similarly
facilitated detection of emotional information in younger and
older adults. Second, with aging,
emotional information may take on additional importance,
resulting in older adults’ enhanced
detection of emotional information in their environment. Third,
older adults may focus
principally on positive emotional information and may show
facilitated detection of positive, but
not negative, emotional information.
The primary goal in the present experiment was to adjudicate
among these alternatives.
To do so, we employed a visual search paradigm to assess
young and older adults’ abilities to
89. motional processing associated with the normal aging process.
First,
n may remain important throughout the life span, leading to
similarly
of emotional information in younger and older adults. Second,
with aging,
n may take on additional importance, resulting in older adults’
enhanced
al information in their environment. Third, older adults may
focus
e emotional information and may show facilitated detection of
positive, but
nal information.
goal in the present experiment was to adjudicate among these
alternatives.
ed a visual search paradigm to assess young and older adults’
abilities to
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 6
rapidly detect emotional information. We hypothesized that on
the whole, older adults would be
slower to detect information than young adults would be
(consistent with Hahn, Carlson, Singer,
& Gronlund, 2006; Mather & Knight, 2006); the critical
90. question was whether the two age
groups would show similar or divergent facilitation effects with
regard to the effects of emotion
on item detection. On the basis of the existing literature, the
first two previously discussed
hypotheses seemed to be more plausible than the third
alternative. This is because there is reason
to think that the positivity effect may be operating only at later
stages of processing (e.g.,
strategic, elaborative, and emotion regulation processes) rather
than at the earlier stages of
processing involved in the rapid detection of information (see
Mather & Knight, 2005, for
discussion). Thus, the first two hypotheses, that emotional
information maintains its importance
across the life span or that emotional information in general
takes on greater importance with
age, seemed particularly applicable to early stages of emotional
processing.
Indeed, a couple of prior studies have provided evidence for
intact early processing of
emotional facial expressions with aging. Mather and Knight
(2006) examined young and older
adults’ abilities to detect happy, sad, angry, or neutral faces
91. presented in a complex visual array.
Mather and Knight found that like younger adults, older adults
detected threatening faces more
quickly than they detected other types of emotional stimuli.
Similarly, Hahn et al. (2006) also
found no age differences in efficiency of search time when
angry faces were presented in an
array of neutral faces, compared with happy faces in neutral
face displays. When angry faces,
compared with positive and neutral faces, served as nontarget
distractors in the visual search
arrays, however, older adults were more efficient in searching,
compared with younger adults,
Capitalization of words
beginning a sentence after
a colon, 4.14
Using the colon between
two grammatically
complete clauses, 4.05
Using the semicolon to
separate two independent
clauses not joined by
a conjunction, 4.04
Using the comma between
elements in a series, 4.03
92. Punctuation with citations
in parenthetical material,
6.21
Citing references in text,
inclusion of year within
paragraph, 6.11, 6.12
Hypotheses and their
correspondence to research
design, Introduction, 2.05
Prefixes and
suffixes that
do not require
hyphens,
Table 4.2
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 7
negative stimuli were not of equivalent arousal levels (fearful
faces typically are more arousing
than happy faces; Hansen & Hansen, 1988). Given that arousal
is thought to be a key factor in
modulating the attentional focus effect (Hansen & Hansen,
1988; Pratto & John, 1991; Reimann
& McNally, 1995), to more clearly understand emotional
processing in the context of aging, it is
93. necessary to include both positive and negative emotional items
with equal levels of arousal.
In the current research, therefore, we compared young and older
adults’ detection of four
categories of emotional information (positive high arousal,
positive low arousal, negative high
arousal, and negative low arousal) with their detection of
neutral information. The positive and
negative stimuli were carefully matched on arousal level, and
the categories of high and low
arousal were closely matched on valence to assure that the
factors of valence (positive, negative)
and arousal (high, low) could be investigated independently of
one another. Participants were
presented with a visual search task including images from these
different categories (e.g., snakes,
cars, teapots). For half of the multi-image arrays, all of the
images were of the same item, and for
the remaining half of the arrays, a single target image of a
different type from the remaining
items was included. Participants were asked to decide whether a
different item was included in
the array, and their reaction times were recorded for each
decision. Of primary interest were
94. differences in response times (RTs) based on the valence and
arousal levels of the target
categories. We reasoned that if young and older adults were
equally focused on emotional
information, then we would expect similar degrees of
facilitation in the detection of emotional
stimuli for the two age groups. By contrast, if older adults were
more affectively focused than
were younger adults, older adults should show either faster
detection speeds for all of the
emotional items (relative to the neutral items) than shown by
young adults or greater facilitation
g y , g ,
single target image of a different type from the remaining
were asked to decide whether a different item was included in
were recorded for each decision. Of primary interest were
) based on the valence and arousal levels of the target
ung and older adults were equally focused on emotional
t similar degrees of facilitation in the detection of emotional
contrast, if older adults were more affectively focused than
should show either faster detection speeds for all of the
95. utral items) than shown by young adults or greater facilitation
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 8
for the arousing items than shown by the young adults (resulting
in an interaction between age
and arousal).
Method
Participants
Younger adults (14 women, 10 men, Mage = 19.5 years, age
range: 18–22 years) were
recruited with flyers posted on the Boston College campus.
Older adults (15 women, nine men,
Mage = 76.1 years, age range: 68–84 years) were recruited
through the Harvard Cooperative on
Aging (see Table 1, for demographics and test scores).1
Participants were compensated $10 per
hour for their participation. There were 30 additional
participants, recruited in the same way as
described above, who provided pilot rating values: five young
and five old participants for the
assignment of items within individual categories (i.e., images
depicting cats), and 10 young and
10 old participants for the assignment of images within valence
and arousal categories. All
96. participants were asked to bring corrective eyewear if needed,
resulting in normal or corrected
to normal vision for all participants.
Materials and Procedure
The visual search task was adapted from Ohman et al. (2001).
There were 10 different
types of items (two each of five Valence × Arousal categories:
positive high arousal, positive low
arousal, neutral, negative low arousal, negative high arousal),
each containing nine individual
exemplars that were used to construct 3 × 3 stimulus matrices.
A total of 90 images were used,
each appearing as a target and as a member of a distracting
array. A total of 360 matrices were
presented to each participant; half contained a target item (i.e.,
eight items of one type and one
target item of another type) and half did not (i.e., all nine
images of the same type). Within the
Prefixed words that
require hyphens,
Table 4.3
Using abbreviations, 4.22; Explanation
of abbreviations, 4.23; Abbreviations
used often in APA journals, 4.25;
97. Plurals of abbreviations, 4.29
Elements of the Method
section, 2.06; Organizing
a manuscript with levels
of heading, 3.03
Using numerals to express
numbers representing age, 4.31
Identifying
subsections
within the
Method
section, 2.06
Participant (subject)
characteristics,
Method, 2.06
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF
EMOTION 10
selected such that the arousal difference between positive low
arousal and positive high arousal
was equal to the difference between negative low arousal and
negative high arousal.
Similarity ratings. Each item was rated for within-category and
between-categories
98. similarity. For within-category similarity, participants were
shown a set of exemplars (e.g., a set
of mushrooms) and were asked to rate how similar each
mushroom was to the rest of the
mushrooms, on a 1 (entirely dissimilar) to 7 (nearly identical)
scale. Participants made these
ratings on the basis of overall similarity and on the basis of the
specific visual dimensions in
which the objects could differ (size, shape, orientation).
Participants also rated how similar
objects of one category were to objects of another category
(e.g., how similar the mushrooms
were to the snakes). Items were selected to assure that the
categories were equated on within-
category and between-categories similarity of specific visual
dimensions as well as for the
overall similarity of the object categories (ps > .20). For
example, we selected particular
mushrooms and particular cats so that the mushrooms were as
similar to one another as were the
cats (i.e., within-group similarity was held constant across the
categories). Our object selection
also assured that the categories differed from one another to a
similar degree (e.g., that the
99. mushrooms were as similar to the snakes as the cats were
similar to the snakes).
Procedure
Each trial began with a white fixation cross presented on a
black screen for 1,000 ms; the
matrix was then presented, and it remained on the screen until a
participant response was
recorded. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as
possible with a button marked yes
if there was a target present, or a button marked no if no target
was present. Response latencies
and accuracy for each trial were automatically recorded with E-
Prime (Version 1.2) experimental
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF
EMOTIONRR
selected such that the arousal difference between positive low
arousal and positi
was equal to the difference between negative low arousal and
negative high arou
Similarity ratings. Each item was rated for within-category and
between
similarity. For within-category similarity, participants were
shown a set of exem
of mushrooms) and were asked to rate how similar each
100. mushroom was to the re
mushrooms, on a 1 (entirely dissimilar) to 7 (nearly identical(( )
scale. Participants
ratings on the basis of overall similarity and on the basis of the
specific visual di
which the objects could differ (size, shape, orientation).
Participants also rated h
objects of one category were to objects of another category
(e.g., how similar the
were to the snakes). Items were selected to assure that the
categories were equate
category and between-categories similarity of specific visual
dimensions as well
overall similarity of the object categories (p(( s > .20). For
example, we selected pa
h d ti l t th t th h i il t
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 9
matrix. Within the 180 target trials, each of the five emotion
categories (e.g., positive high
arousal, neutral, etc.) was represented in 36 trials. Further,
within each of the 36 trials for each
emotion category, nine trials were created for each of the
combinations with the remaining four
101. other emotion categories (e.g., nine trials with eight positive
high arousal items and one neutral
item). Location of the target was randomly varied such that no
target within an emotion category
was presented in the same location in arrays of more than one
other emotion category (i.e., a
negative high arousal target appeared in a different location
when presented with positive high
arousal array images than when presented with neutral array
images).
The items within each category of grayscale images shared the
same verbal label (e.g.,
mushroom, snake), and the items were selected from online
databases and photo clipart
packages. Each image depicted a photo of the actual object. Ten
pilot participants were asked to
write down the name corresponding to each object; any object
that did not consistently generate
the intended response was eliminated from the set. For the
remaining images, an additional 20
pilot participants rated the emotional valence and arousal of the
objects and assessed the degree
of visual similarity among objects within a set (i.e., how similar
the mushrooms were to one
102. another) and between objects across sets (i.e., how similar the
mushrooms were to the snakes).
Valence and arousal ratings. Valence and arousal were judged
on 7-point scales (1 =
negative valence or low arousal and 7 = positive valence or high
arousal). Negative objects
received mean valence ratings of 2.5 or lower, neutral objects
received mean valence ratings of
3.5 to 4.5, and positive objects received mean valence ratings of
5.5 or higher. High arousal
objects received mean arousal ratings greater than 5, and low
arousal objects (including all
neutral stimuli) received mean arousal ratings of less than 4. We
selected categories for which
both young and older adults agreed on the valence and arousal
classifications, and stimuli were
Latin abbreviations, 4.26
Numbers expressed in words
at beginning of sentence, 4.32
Italicization of anchors
of a scale, 4.21
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
103. EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 11
software. Before beginning the actual task, participants
performed 20 practice trials to assure
compliance with the task instructions.
Results
Analyses focus on participants’ RTs to the 120 trials in which a
target was present and
was from a different emotional category from the distractor
(e.g., RTs were not included for
arrays containing eight images of a cat and one image of a
butterfly because cats and butterflies
are both positive low arousal items). RTs were analyzed for 24
trials of each target emotion
category. RTs for error trials were excluded (less than 5% of all
responses) as were RTs that
were ±3 SD from each participant ’s mean (approximately 1.5%
of responses). Median RTs were
then calculated for each of the five emotional target categories,
collapsing across array type (see
Table 2 for raw RT values for each of the two age groups). This
allowed us to examine, for
example, whether participants were faster to detect images of
snakes than images of mushrooms,
104. regardless of the type of array in which they were presented.
Because our main interest was in
examining the effects of valence and arousal on participants’
target detection times, we created
scores for each emotional target category that controlled for the
participant’s RTs to detect
neutral targets (e.g., subtracting the RT to detect neutral targets
from the RT to detect positive
high arousal targets). These difference scores were then
examined with a 2 × 2 × 2 (Age [young,
older] × Valence [positive, negative] × Arousal [high, low])
analysis of variance (ANOVA). This
ANOVA revealed only a significant main effect of arousal, F(1,
46) = 8.41, p = .006, ηp2 = .16,
with larger differences between neutral and high arousal images
(M = 137) than between neutral
and low arousal images (M = 93; i.e., high arousal items
processed more quickly across both age
groups compared with low arousal items; see Figure 1). There
was no significant main effect for
valence, nor was there an interaction between valence and
arousal. It is critical that the analysis
Symbols, 4.45;
Numbers, 4.31
105. Abbreviations
accepted as
words, 4.24
Numbering and discussing
figures in text, 5.05
Nouns followed
by numerals or
letters, 4.17
Reporting
p values,
decimal
fractions,
4.35
Statistical symbols,
4.46, Table 4.5
Elements of the
Results section, 2.07
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (continued)
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 12
revealed only a main effect of age but no interactions with age.
Thus, the arousal-mediated
effects on detection time appeared stable in young and older
adults.
The results described above suggested that there was no
106. influence of age on the
influences of emotion. To further test the validity of this
hypothesis, we submitted the RTs to the
five categories of targets to a 2 × 5 (Age [young, old] × Target
Category [positive high arousal,
positive low arousal, neutral, negative low arousal, negative
high arousal]) repeated measures
ANOVA.2 Both the age group, F(1, 46) = 540.32, p < .001,
ηp2 = .92, and the ta rget category,
F(4, 184) = 8.98, p < .001, ηp2 = .16, main effects were
significant, as well as the Age Group ×
Target Category interaction, F(4, 184) = 3.59, p = .008, ηp2 =
.07. This interaction appeared to
reflect the fact that for the younger adults, positive high arousal
targets were detected faster than
targets from all other categories, ts(23) < –1.90,p < .001, with
no other target categories
differing significantly from one another (although there were
trends for negative high arousal
and negative low arousal targets to be detected more rapidly
than neutral targets (p < .12). For
older adults, all emotional categories of targets were detected
more rapidly than were neutral
targets, ts(23) > 2.56, p < .017, and RTs to the different