1 Running head: INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS Add page number. Use header. Note the phrase “Running head” is uppercase-lowercase, but the short title is all capital letters. Short title should be different from the main title, no more than 50 letters including spaces. Make sure the font type and size through out the document is the same, this includes headers. Include an APA-style title page with your submission. This is one example of a title page. Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss Jason King Argosy University Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the second line and the university’s name in the third line. Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use your name and email address in the note. Author Note This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards the Research Methods course at Argosy University by Jason King. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jason King, Department of Psychology, Argosy University, Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Email: [email protected] Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss This is the first summary of your study. Please note that the study reference is now different form M1A3 assignment. Put main title of the study here. Emotional responses tell us how an individual is processing her environment, and if it contains negative stimuli, emotions reflect such negativity in behavior. Tamir, Robinson, and Clore (2002) carried out four experiments in this study and investigated reaction time (RT), to positive and negative adjectives. In the first study, 102 participants responded to a RT task and then completed Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, (1988) to determine their moods, followed by International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) scales (short form) by Goldberg (1997) to assess their extraversion. The RT task required each participant to respond to a block of words, the participants wanted (e.g., love, happiness etc), or not wanted (failure, pain, etc.,) or neutral (afternoon, definition, etc.,). Extraverts were faster than introverts on positive mood task, and introverts were faster with negative mood tasks. For both type of individuals, RT slowed down if they performed the opposite mood tasks. After the first experiment Tamir et al., (2002) carried out three other experiments manipulating mood conditions and found essentially the same results. This study proposes that traits of introversion and extraversion regulate mood and behavior to pleasant and non-pleasant stimulus material, and would be useful for my proposal, because it suggests that extraverted and introverted individuals may process pleasant and unpleasant affective stimulation from the spouse differently leading to marital bliss or nightmare. Why is it that extraverts associate with positive moods and introverts w.

1. 1
Running head: INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND
MARRIAGE BLISS
Add page number.
Use header. Note the phrase “Running head” is uppercase-
lowercase, but the short title is all capital letters. Short title
should be different from the main title, no more than 50 letters
including spaces. Make sure the font type and size through out
the document is the same, this includes headers.
Include an APA-style title page with your submission. This is
one example of a title page.
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital
Bliss
Jason King
Argosy University
Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the
second line and the university’s name in the third line.

2. Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use
your name and email address in the note.
Author Note
This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards
the Research Methods course at Argosy University by Jason
King.
Correspondence concerning this article should be
addressed to Jason King, Department of Psychology, Argosy
University, Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ
85021 Email: [email protected]
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital
Bliss
This is the first summary of your study. Please note that the
study reference is now different form M1A3 assignment.
Put main title of the study here.
Emotional responses tell us how an individual is processing her
environment, and if it contains negative stimuli, emotions
reflect such negativity in behavior. Tamir, Robinson, and Clore
(2002) carried out four experiments in this study and
investigated reaction time (RT), to positive and negative
adjectives. In the first study, 102 participants responded to a RT
task and then completed Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
(PANAS) developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, (1988) to
determine their moods, followed by International Personality
Item Pool (IPIP) scales (short form) by Goldberg (1997) to
assess their extraversion. The RT task required each participant
to respond to a block of words, the participants wanted (e.g.,
love, happiness etc), or not wanted (failure, pain, etc.,) or
neutral (afternoon, definition, etc.,). Extraverts were faster than
introverts on positive mood task, and introverts were faster with
negative mood tasks. For both type of individuals, RT slowed

3. down if they performed the opposite mood tasks. After the first
experiment Tamir et al., (2002) carried out three other
experiments manipulating mood conditions and found
essentially the same results. This study proposes that traits of
introversion and extraversion regulate mood and behavior to
pleasant and non-pleasant stimulus material, and would be
useful for my proposal, because it suggests that extraverted and
introverted individuals may process pleasant and unpleasant
affective stimulation from the spouse differently leading to
marital bliss or nightmare.
Why is it that extraverts associate with positive moods and
introverts with negative? In a series of three experiments
Lischetzke and Eid (2006) proposed that extraverts could
maintain better moods than introverts; and for extraverts mood
regulation abilities maintained their happiness. By using trait
measures, the first study (N = 500) provided evidence for mood
maintenance, and accounted for the link between extraversion
and pleasant mood. In the second study (N= 241), the above
findings were replicated in a different sample, and in the last
study (N = 55) to test the idea of mood regulation abilities,
extraverts when presented with ambivalent emotional situations,
maintained a more positive outlook on them than introverts.
These studies suggest, that extraversion is self-regulated and is
linked with pleasantness. These experiments, like Tamir et al.
(2002) suggest that extraverts have this inherent ability or trait
to have positive moods in their lives. Since both studies
corroborate, it will be beneficial for my proposal to focus on the
ability to regulate mood in spousal relationships, and develop a
hypothesis on how marital bliss could be influenced by this
ability.
Second summary.
What factor or factors are likely to make introverts’ mood so
negative? Gudjonsson, Sigurdsson, Bragason, Einarsson, and
Valdimarsdottir (2004) think it is compliance. They purpose
that compliance, which is an individuals’ tendency to go along

4. with “propositions, requests or instructions, for some immediate
instrumental gain”, pressurizes them to remain congenial with
others, avoiding confrontation and providing pleasure. Although
immediate gains of such compliant behavior are obvious,
however its long-term effect strains relationships. This
correlational study, with 1969 participants, showed that
compliant behavior was positively associated with introversion,
and negatively with extraversion. In the light of these results,
one may speculate that individual’s capacity to comply
eventually lead to negative moods which may be detrimental for
marital relations. Whether complying behavior is inherent or
learnt or both, remains to be understood? For my study some
clarity may be there; the above studies suggest that
extraversion-introversion could be documented by behaviors,
influencing martial relationships.
Third summary.
Could couple’s similarity in personality lead to better marital
adjustment and happiness? Barelds (2005) believe that
personality of couples (N = 282) can be different, yet they can
enjoy marital bliss and happiness. However, like the studies
above, they also found that extraversion was related to marital
happiness and introversion to marital difficulties. This study too
suggests that inherent traits of extraversion are likely to result
in marital bliss than anguish. The study points to the idea that
married individuals may have variety in their personality traits,
but marital happiness at the core may be linked to the trait of
extraversion.
Fourth summary.
In a cross-cultural perspective, Chen, Tanaka, Uji, Hiramura,
Shikai, Fujihara, and Kitamura (2007) found that neuroticism of
the husbands lead to marital satisfaction in the wives; but
wives’ extraversion made husbands’ less satisfied with their
marriage (N = 66 couples). So marital bliss may work
differently in other cultural contexts. This study will provide a

5. backdrop to suggest a caution that marital bliss in different
cultures may work differently and may be related to other
factors.
Other five summaries.
Fifth summary.
Gattis, Berns, Simpson & Christensen (2004) propose that we
are not totally clear about introversion and extraversion as
potential personality markers for marital bliss and suggest that
these personality factors may not be connected to such bliss.
For example, extraversion in men but not women was associated
with marital dissatisfaction and divorce (Kelly & Conley, 1987)
however; Lester, Haig, and Monello (1989; but see O'Rourke,
Claxton, Chou, Smith & Hadjistavropoulos, 2011; Gaunt, 2006)
suggest high extraversion in either spouse was associated with a
more dissatisfied relationship. So, in a study with 132
distressed couples and 48 controls Gattis, et al. (2004) looked at
Big Five personality factors and positive expressivity, and
found that lower agreeableness, lower conscientiousness, and
less positive expressivity, and higher neuroticism were
associated with marital dissatisfaction.
Many psychologists are investigating inherent personality traits
to ascertain which marriages last longer. The above ten studies
overall suggest, higher levels of introversion or neuroticism
will lead to marital dissatisfaction, and greater levels of
extraversion may or may not lead to marital bliss.
Hypothesis
Outline
This study proposes to investigate personality traits or factors
connected with marital bliss. The investigator proposes that
introversion would lead to marital dissatisfaction and
extraversion may reduce such distress. In US many more
marriages are turning into divorces, estimates range from 30-60
percent. If personality or other factors could be identified,
divorce and distress from marriages could be reduced, leading

6. to happy married life. We hypothesize, higher levels of
introversion or neuroticism will lead to marital dissatisfaction,
and greater levels of extraversion may or may not lead to
marital bliss.
Review of the Literature
1. Brief description of personality traits and marital bliss
(Barelds, 2005; Gudjonsson et al. 2004; Lester, Haig &
Monello, 1989; Lischetzke & Eid, 2006). Cultural differences in
marital bliss as a result of personality differences (Chen et al.
2007; Gudjonsson et al. 2004).
2. How widespread is distress or bliss is marital relationships
based on divorce data? (Copen, Daniels, Vespa & Mosher,
2012).
3. List factors that put couples at risk for marital relationships
(Kelly & Conley, 1987).
a. Personality factors (Kelly & Conley, 1987; O'Rourke et al.
2011).
b. Cultural factors (Chen et al. 2007).
4. Demographic characteristics (O'Rourke et al. 2011; Shanhong
et al. 2008).
a. Relationship between age and marital bliss (O'Rourke et al.
2011).
b. Relationship between marital status, personality and
compatibility (Kelly & Conley, 1987).
Put “Method” of the study here.
Method
Participants
Participant section has all your sample information.
In order to address the hypothesis above, we will solicit
participants from a marriage-counseling center, using a
convenient sample. We wish to get 40 or more couples, which
have been together for at least five years, but are now seeking
counseling for their dissatisfied marital life; and 40 other
couples with five years of marriage, who are enjoying happy

7. married life. These couples will also be extracted using
convenient sampling through classified ads, or personal
contacts. The age range of these participants is expected to be
between 25-45 years, and should generalize to respective
populations of married couples who are either dissatisfied or
satisfied in their marriage. When the number of participants
gets greater than 30, homogeneity of sample variance increases
representing the population of interest.
We would exclude all those couples that have been together for
less than five years, and if one of the couple is younger than 25
years. The reason for doing this is to exclude short span
marriage, and inexperience in age on the part of couples. We
would also exclude re-married couples, or couples who are
living together but are not married. For the distressed couples
seeking therapeutic help, we will exclude those who are
diagnosed with mental disorders, mental retardation, or other
physical medical conditions that could interfere with day-to-day
activities. Couples with emotional problems, especially in their
marriage will be included.
Handling couples that are in strained marital relationships opens
up a number of ethical issues and concerns. The first ethical
issue in this regard would be getting informed consent from
each member of the couple. This consent would work in tandem
with the counselor’s approval, so that participants can be a part
of this study. This approval is necessary, for it lets the
counselor know about the nature of the study and makes sure
that the study would not have any kind of repercussion on the
spouses endangering their therapy. All data from all couples
would be kept confidential, and codified to make it anonymous
and held in reserve under lock and key. The investigator will
make sure that couples are not subject to any kind of physical or
psychological harm, and all of them are handled with respect
and courtesy. If the study brings forth effective results, which
could improve the spousal relationship; and the counselor deems
it as important piece of information in therapy; such
information will be shared for their betterment.

8. References
The word “References” is NOT BOLD, but is centered.
Barelds, D. H. (2005). Self and partner personality in intimate
relationships. European Journal of Personality, 19(6), 501-518.
doi:10.1002/per.549
Alphabetize references list using author’s last name.
Bodenmann, G., & Randall, A. K. (2012). Common factors in
the enhancement of dyadic coping. Behavior Therapy, 43(1),
88-98. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.003
Chen, Z., Tanaka, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Shikai, N.,
Fujihara, S., & Kitamura, T. (2007). The role of personalities in
the marital adjustment of Japanese couples. Social Behavior and
Personality, 35(4), 561-572. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.4.561
Copen, C. E., Daniels, K., Vespa, J., Mosher, W. D. (2012).
First marriages in the United States: Data from the 2006-2010
National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics
Report 1-21.
Gattis, K. S., Berns, S., Simpson, L. E., & Christensen, A.
(2004). Birds of a Feather or Strange Birds? Ties Among
Personality Dimensions, Similarity, and Marital Quality.
Journal of Family Psychology, 18(4), 564-574.
doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.564
Gaunt, R. (2006). Couple Similarity and Marital Satisfaction:
Are Similar Spouses Happier? Journal of Personality, 74(5),
1401-1420. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00414.x
Gudjonsson, G. H., Sigurdsson, J., Bragason, O. O., Einarsson,
E., & Valdimarsdottir, E. B. (2004). Compliance and
personality: The vulnerability of the unstable introvert.
European Journal of Personality, 18(5), 435-443.
doi:10.1002/per.514
Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987). Personality and

9. compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and
marital satisfaction.Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 52, 27–40.
Lester, D., Haig, C., & Monello, C. (1989). Spouses’
personality and marital satisfaction. Personality and Individual
Differences,10, 253–254.
Lischetzke, T., & Eid, M. (2006). Why extraverts are happier
than introverts: The role of mood regulation. Journal of
Personality, 74(4), 1127-1162. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
6494.2006.00405.x
O'Rourke, N., Claxton, A., Chou, P., Smith, J. Z., &
Hadjistavropoulos, T. (2011). Personality trait levels within
older couples and between-spouse trait differences as predictors
of marital satisfaction. Aging & Mental Health, 15(3), 344-353.
doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.519324
Shanhong, L., Hao, C., Guoan, Y., Guangjian, Z., Ruixue, Z., &
Dan, X. (2008). Predicting Marital Satisfaction From Self,
Partner, and Couple Characteristics: Is It Me, You, or Us?
Journal Of Personality, 76(5), 1231-1266. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
6494.2008.00520.x
Tamir, M., Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). The
epistemic benefits of trait-consistent mood states: An analysis
of extraversion and mood. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 83(3), 663-677. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.663
Include all your TEN references here according to APA format.
Only first five reference shown here for example.
THIS HOW PART THREE SHOULD BE SET UP BUT PUT IT
IN A NEW WORD DOCUMENT
Extraverts and Not Introverts Secure Marital Bliss
Jason Williams

10. Argosy University
Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the
second line and the university’s name in the third line.
Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use
your name and email address in the note.
Author Note
This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards
experimental methods course by Jason Williams.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Jason Williams, Department of Psychology, Argosy University,
Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Email:
Email: [email protected]
Extraverts and Not Introverts Secure Marital Bliss
Put main title of the study here.
1. What is your research question? (Explanation and
justification of research question).
2. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null
hypothesis?
Method
3. How many participants would you like to use and why? What
are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in
order to be included in your study (for example, gender,
diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion
characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would
exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need
to be diverse? Why or why not (see Shauhnessey, Zechmeister,

11. & Zechmeister, 2009 for more information)?
4. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample?
What population does your sample generalize to?
5. What are the variables in your study? HINT: Refer back to
your hypothesis or hypotheses.
6. Provide operational definitions for each variable.
7. How will you measure (questionnaires, survey instruments
etc.,) each variable? Discuss the reliability and validity of these
measures in general terms.
8. What technique will be used for data collection (e.g.,
observation, survey, interview, archival, etc.)?
9. What type of research design is being used?
10. Briefly discuss the procedure that would be followed when
conducting the research.
11. What are some POTENTIAL ethical issues? How might they
be addressed?
Reference
The word “Reference” is NOT BOLD, and is centered.
Alphabetize references list using author’s last name.
Shauhnessey, J., Zechmeister, E., & Zechmeister, J. (2009).
Research methods in psychology (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Violent Media is Good for Kids
By Gerard Jones
Published June 27, 2000, on Mother Jones.com, a nonprofit
news organization that specializes in investigative, political,
and social justice reporting.

12. Gerard Jones is an award-winning American author and comic
book writer.
At 13 I was alone and afraid. Taught by my well-meaning,
progressive, English-teacher parents that violence was wrong,
that rage was something to be overcome and cooperation was
always better than conflict, I suffocated my deepest fears and
desires under a nice-boy persona. Placed in a small,
experimental school that was wrong for me, afraid to join my
peers in their bumptious rush into adolescent boyhood, I
withdrew into passivity and loneliness. My parents, not trusting
the violent world of the late 1960s, built a wall between me and
the crudest elements of American pop culture.
Then the Incredible Hulk smashed through it.
One of my mother's students convinced her that Marvel Comics,
despite their apparent juvenility and violence, were in fact
devoted to lofty messages of pacifism and tolerance. My mother
borrowed some, thinking they'd be good for me. And so they
were. But not because they preached lofty messages of
benevolence. They were good for me because they were
juvenile. And violent.
The character who caught me, and freed me, was the Hulk:
overgendered and undersocialized, half-naked and half-witted,
raging against a frightened world that misunderstood and
persecuted him. Suddenly I had a fantasy self to carry my
stifled rage and buried desire for power. I had a fantasy self
who was a self: unafraid of his desires and the world's
disapproval, unhesitating and effective in action. "Puny boy
follow Hulk!" roared my fantasy self, and I followed.
I followed him to new friends -- other sensitive geeks chasing
their own inner brutes -- and I followed him to the arrogant,
self-exposing, self-assertive, superheroic decision to become a

13. writer. Eventually, I left him behind, followed more
sophisticated heroes, and finally my own lead along a twisting
path to a career and an identity. In my 30s, I found myself
writing action movies and comic books. I wrote some Hulk
stories, and met the geek-geniuses who created him. I saw my
own creations turned into action figures, cartoons, and computer
games. I talked to the kids who read my stories. Across
generations, genders, and ethnicities I kept seeing the same
story: people pulling themselves out of emotional traps by
immersing themselves in violent stories. People integrating the
scariest, most fervently denied fragments of their psyches into
fuller senses of selfhood through fantasies of superhuman
combat and destruction.
I have watched my son living the same story -- transforming
himself into a bloodthirsty dinosaur to embolden himself for the
plunge into preschool, a Power Ranger to muscle through a
social competition in kindergarten. In the first grade, his friends
started climbing a tree at school. But he was afraid: of falling,
of the centipedes crawling on the trunk, of sharp branches, of
his friends' derision. I took my cue from his own fantasies and
read him old Tarzan comics, rich in combat and bright with
flashing knives. For two weeks he lived in them. Then he put
them aside. And he climbed the tree.
But all the while, especially in the wake of the recent burst of
school shootings, I heard pop psychologists insisting that
violent stories are harmful to kids, heard teachers begging
parents to keep their kids away from "junk culture," heard a
guilt-stricken friend with a son who loved Pokémon lament,
"I've turned into the bad mom who lets her kid eat sugary cereal
and watch cartoons!"
That's when I started the research.
"Fear, greed, power-hunger, rage: these are aspects of our

14. selves that we try not to experience in our lives but often want,
even need, to experience vicariously through stories of others,"
writes Melanie Moore, Ph.D., a psychologist who works with
urban teens. "Children need violent entertainment in order to
explore the inescapable feelings that they've been taught to
deny, and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more
complex, more resilient selfhood."
Moore consults to public schools and local governments, and is
also raising a daughter. For the past three years she and I have
been studying the ways in which children use violent stories to
meet their emotional and developmental needs -- and the ways
in which adults can help them use those stories healthily. With
her help I developed Power Play, a program for helping young
people improve their self-knowledge and sense of potency
through heroic, combative storytelling.
We've found that every aspect of even the trashiest pop-culture
story can have its own developmental function. Pretending to
have superhuman powers helps children conquer the feelings of
powerlessness that inevitably come with being so young and
small. The dual-identity concept at the heart of many superhero
stories helps kids negotiate the conflicts between the inner self
and the public self as they work through the early stages of
socialization. Identification with a rebellious, even destructive,
hero helps children learn to push back against a modern culture
that cultivates fear and teaches dependency.
At its most fundamental level, what we call "creative violence"
-- head-bonking cartoons, bloody videogames, playground
karate, toy guns -- gives children a tool to master their rage.
Children will feel rage. Even the sweetest and most civilized of
them, even those whose parents read the better class of literary
magazines, will feel rage. The world is uncontrollable and
incomprehensible; mastering it is a terrifying, enraging task.
Rage can be an energizing emotion, a shot of courage to push us

15. to resist greater threats, take more control, than we ever thought
we could. But rage is also the emotion our culture distrusts the
most. Most of us are taught early on to fear our own. Through
immersion in imaginary combat and identification with a violent
protagonist, children engage the rage they've stifled, come to
fear it less, and become more capable of utilizing it against
life's challenges.
I knew one little girl who went around exploding with fantasies
so violent that other moms would draw her mother aside to
whisper, "I think you should know something about Emily...."
Her parents were separating, and she was small, an only child, a
tomboy at an age when her classmates were dividing sharply
along gender lines. On the playground she acted out "Sailor
Moon" fights, and in the classroom she wrote stories about
people being stabbed with knives. The more adults tried to
control her stories, the more she acted out the roles of her angry
heroes: breaking rules, testing limits, roaring threats.
Then her mother and I started helping her tell her stories. She
wrote them, performed them, drew them like comics: sometimes
bloody, sometimes tender, always blending the images of pop
culture with her own most private fantasies. She came out of it
just as fiery and strong, but more self-controlled and socially
competent: a leader among her peers, the one student in her
class who could truly pull boys and girls together.
I worked with an older girl, a middle-class "nice girl," who held
herself together through a chaotic family situation and a
tumultuous adolescence with gangsta rap. In the mythologized
street violence of Ice T, the rage and strutting of his music and
lyrics, she found a theater of the mind in which she could be
powerful, ruthless, invulnerable. She avoided the heavy drug
use that sank many of her peers, and flowered in college as a
writer and political activist.

16. I'm not going to argue that violent entertainment is harmless. I
think it has helped inspire some people to real-life violence. I
am going to argue that it's helped hundreds of people for every
one it's hurt, and that it can help far more if we learn to use it
well. I am going to argue that our fear of "youth violence" isn't
well-founded on reality, and that the fear can do more harm
than the reality. We act as though our highest priority is to
prevent our children from growing up into murderous thugs --
but modern kids are far more likely to grow up too passive, too
distrustful of themselves, too easily manipulated.
We send the message to our children in a hundred ways that
their craving for imaginary gun battles and symbolic killings is
wrong, or at least dangerous. Even when we don't call for
censorship or forbid "Mortal Kombat," we moan to other parents
within our kids' earshot about the "awful violence" in the
entertainment they love. We tell our kids that it isn't nice to
play-fight, or we steer them from some monstrous action figure
to a pro-social doll. Even in the most progressive households,
where we make such a point of letting children feel what they
feel, we rush to substitute an enlightened discussion for the raw
material of rageful fantasy. In the process, we risk confusing
them about their natural aggression in the same way the
Victorians confused their children about their sexuality. When
we try to protect our children from their own feelings and
fantasies, we shelter them not against violence but against
power and selfhood.