3. Laboratory and imaging
Diagnosing methods
Chest X-Ray
CT(for finding Cancer stage and possible metastases)
Lung function tests
Fibrooptic BRONCHOSCOPE
Renal function if the patient is to undergo any further
test,especially those relying on a CONTRAST injection
sauch as CT AND positron Emission tomography(PET).As
patient with abnormal renal function may have a
deterioration following contact injection.
Liver and bone profiles (when lung C-r is suspected, MTs,
Ca total, and ionic Ca(may be present due to ectopic
parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion.
4. Investigation methods
Clotting time (in patients who may be undergoing
biopsies)
FBC will detect
1. Anaemia
2. WHITE cell count may show an increased
eosinophil count in ASTHMA and other allergic
diseases.
3. Lymphocytes count may be depressed in
COLLAGEN vascular disorders and sarcoidosis.
8. Asthma and COPD
Definition
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory
disease of the airways characterized by
bronchial hyperreactivity and a variable
degree of airway obstruction.
9. COPD
What is COPD? Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases
that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related
problems. It includes emphysema and chronic
bronchitis.
10.
11. Emphysema
Definition
Emphysema is a lung disease that results from
damage to the walls of the alveoli in your lungs. A
blockage (obstruction) may develop, which traps
air inside your lungs. If you have too much air
trapped in your lungs, your chest may appear
fuller or have a barrel-chested appearance.
25. Interstitial lung disease
Definition
Interstitial lung disease refers to a group of about
100 chronic lung disorders characterized by
inflammation and scarring that make it hard for
the lungs to get enough oxygen. The scarring is
called pulmonary fibrosis.
28. Interstitial lung diseases 🫁
Symptoms
1. Dry cough
2. Breathlessness
3. Fever
4. Myalgia
5. Weight loss
In physics examination
1. Localized inspiratory Crackles-fine to medium,that do not change on
coughing.
2. In lung diseases that produce airway narrowing may lead to a wheezes or
squeaks.
3. Clubbing sign
53. Pleurisy or pleuritis
Pleurisy (PLOOR-ih-see) is a condition in which
the pleura — two large, thin layers of tissue that
separate your lungs from your chest wall —
becomes inflamed. Also called pleuritis, pleurisy
causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that
worsens during breathing.13 дек. 2023 г.
May be as complication of pneumonia
54. Symptoms
Symptoms of pleurisy
pain in the chest, which may be: sharp or stabbing in
nature. Aggravated by taking a deep breath in, coughing
or moving around. Felt in the muscles of the chest.
Persistent cough.
Breathing difficulties.
Generally feeling unwell.
Fever.
55. Diagnosis of pleurisy
Diagnosis of pleurisy
1. Blood tests – to determine whether the cause is
viral or bacterial.
2. Chest x-rays
3. CT scans or
4. Ultrasound scans.
5. Thoracocentesis – doctors remove and examine a
small sample of pleural fluid.
56. PE
A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood
clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking
blood flow to part of the lung. Blood clots most
often start in the legs and travel up through the
right side of the heart and into the lungs. This is
called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
57.
58.
59.
60. PE
What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?
Sudden shortness of breath (most common)
Chest pain (usually worse with breathing)
A feeling of anxiety.
A feeling of dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting.
Irregular heartbeat.
Palpitations (heart racing)
Coughing and/or coughing up blood.
Sweating.
65. For Bronchiectasis are characteristic
Cough and sputum
Polyphonic wheeze in Auscultation
Coarse to medium crackles
Pleuritic chest pain
And malaise
