The document summarizes findings from excavations at Manunggul Cave, one of the Tabon Caves sites in the Philippines. Manunggul Cave consists of four chambers used for jar burials dating back over 7,000 years. The 1964 excavation uncovered numerous intact and decorated jars, skulls, and bones in Chamber A. Chamber B contained older, plain and scattered pottery shards. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples indicated the decorated pots in Chamber A were older, dating the site's occupation to the late Neolithic period around 7,000 years ago. The cave provides evidence of early burial practices and material culture in the Philippines.

1. Readings in
Philippine
History

2. Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General
by: Santiago Alvarez

3. Santiago V. Alvarez
known as "Kidlat ng Apoy" due to his fearless
bravery, was born in Imus and raised in
Noveleta, Cavite. He was the child of
revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez and
Nicolasa Virata. Santiago played a significant
role in the Philippine Revolution against
Spain and was a key figure in the Battle of
Dalahican, where he achieved a decisive
victory.
(July 25, 1872- October 30, 1930)

4. After the establishment of the American
civil government in the Philippines in
1901, Santiago helped organize the
Nacionalista Party and later became its
directorate president. During the 1920s,
his memoirs were serialized in a
Tagalog weekly called Sampaguita and
later translated into English by Paula
Carolina S. Malay.
Santiago V. Alvarez
(July 25, 1872- October 30, 1930)
Paula Carolina S. Malay
(April 14, 1968 - December 24, 1993

5. In his memoirs, Santiago recounted his experiences during the
Katipunan and the Revolution, striving for an accurate historical
account while avoiding disparaging the patriotism and
greatness of his contemporaries. His writings provide valuable
insights into this critical period in Philippine history.
Santiago V. Alvarez
(July 25, 1872- October 30, 1930)

6. Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General
by: Santiago Alvarez

7. On March 14, 1896, Santiago accompanied Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Mata to Manila
for their initiation into the Katipunan secret society. Aguinaldo and Mata were notable figures
from Kawit in Cavite, the author's home province. Upon reaching Manila in the late
afternoon, they waited at the residence of Jacinto Lumbreras, a Katipunan member who
worked at the central telephone exchange on San Jacinto Street in Binondo.
Around 7 o'clock in the evening, a Katipunan director arrived and blindfolded Santiago’s
two companions. They then rode in a horsecart (calesa) for about an hour, eventually
reaching the home of Andres Bonifacio, the Katipunan Supremo. The house was moderately
sized, with wooden walls and a thatched roof made of nipa palm leaves. It was located on
Cervantes Street (now Rizal Avenue) in the San Ygnacio area of Bambang, Manila. The house
was heavily guarded by both Katipunan members and some police officers, and Gregoria de
Jesus, Bonifacio's wife, was overseeing the operations.

8. During the ritual, a woman lookout signaled "Cool!" as the code word for "all clear." The
blindfolded initiates were led into the house. They pledged to fight oppression, signing their
names in their own blood. After the ritual, Katipunan members warmly embraced the
newcomers, shouting "Brother! Brother!" in celebration.
In the inner part of Andres Bonifacio's house, the author and the initiates found a room
with a table covered in black cloth. On this table were various items: a human skull and
crossbones, a new weapon, an old revolver, a sharp knife, a new pen, a copy of the Katipunan
"primer," and a sheet of paper with blood-colored characters. There were Katipuneros
blindfolded on both sides of the table. On the wall behind the skull was a rectangular banner
with the same skull and crossbones motif, along with three K's in white paint arranged like a
tripod.

9. Later, Emilio Aguinaldo asked Santiago to accompany him for another meeting with
Bonifacio, which took place on April 6, 1896. They traveled to Manila on "Ynchausti boats,"
Spanish vessels managed by Mr. Luis Yango's son, Teodor.
After the initiation, the blindfolded initiates were warmly farewelled and escorted down
from Bonifacio's house. Santiago, accompanied Aguinaldo and Mata to Jacinto Lumbreras'
quarters at the telephone exchange, where they spent the night. That night, Lumbreras' wife
gave birth, and the author witnessed the event.
In the morning, the author and Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Manila from Cavite. Aguinaldo
had a brief confrontation with Ramon Padilla, a port office functionary, which upset him.
They proceeded to visit Dr. Pio Valenzuela's house on Lavezares Street in Binondo. Valenzuela
was the provisional chairman of the Katipunan. There, they met Andres Bonifacio, Gregoria
de Jesus (Bonifacio's wife), Jose Dizon, and Dr. Valenzuela. Despite recognizing Aguinaldo,
they didn't identify him as he had been blindfolded during their first meeting.

10. During their meeting, they discussed Katipunan's progress and exchanged news.
Aguinaldo's hesitation prompted Bonifacio to inquire about his well-being. The author
explained Aguinaldo's encounter with the port office official, leading Bonifacio to express his
determination to defend Aguinaldo's honor.
Andres Bonifacio took action by sending Dr. Pio Valenzuela and Jose Dizon to confront
Ramon Padilla for dishonoring Emilio Aguinaldo. If Padilla didn't apologize, they were to be
seconds in a duel. The Katipunan continued to spread, and on Good Friday in April 1896,
Bonifacio, Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, and Pantaleon Torres established a provincial council
called the Magdiwang in Noveleta, Cavite.
The Magdiwang council had various officers, but the events disrupted their uniform
regulations and rank insignias. On September 28, 1896, Captain General Apoy and General
Vibora were about to inspect fortifications along the Cavite-Batangas border when Major
Aklan reported enemy activity, including Spanish troop movement, near Dalahikan.

11. The Tabon Caves
Summary and
Conclusions

12. An anthropologist and leading historian on pre-
Hispanic Philippines.
In 1960s, he led the 6-year research project in
Lipuun Point, Palawan that focused in
rockshelters and caves.
In 1962 excavation of Tabon Caves - discovered
scattered fossilized bones of atleast 3 individuals
Large frontal bone
Nasal bone
Tabon Bird
Dr. Robert Bandford Fox

13. TABON CAVE
HOMO SAPIENS
Fossilized human remains discovered
in Palawan are believed to belong to
“Homo Sapiens”
“Tabon Man” got its name from the
cave where they were discovered.
The available date would suggest that
Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000
to 24,000 years
Tabon Man
William Henry Scott

14. Tabon Caves are belived to be populated by people earlier than Tabon Man.
It appears to be a kind of little Stone Age factory: both finished tools and
waste cores and flakes have been found at four different levels in the main
chamber
Tabon Caves

15. Beyer’s typological distinction between “Paleolithic and Mesolithic”
was apparently based upon a preconception that
larger stone tools which he describes as
“hand axe,” “chopper” “cleavers” or simply “Paleolithic”.
While the smaller flake tools, such as those which have been
excavated in Tabon Cave were Mesolithic.
On the contrary, those flake tools formed a significant element
of the chopper chopping tool tradition in even
the lower and middle Paleolithic of South and East Asia.

16. Your Paleolithic Period, also spelled Palaeolithic
Period, also called Old Stone Age, ancient
cultural stage, or level, of human development,
characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped
stone tools paragraph text
PALEOLITHIC
During the Paleolithic Age, hominins grouped
together in small societies
such as bands
and subsisted by gathering plants,
fishing, and hunting or scavenging wild
animals.
The Paleolithic Age is
characterized by the
use of knapped stone tools,
although at the time humans also used
wood and bone tools.
the Paleolithic era
more generally refers to a
time in human history
when foraging,
hunting,
and fishing were the
primary means of obtaining food.
Humans had yet to experiment
with domesticating
animals and growing plants.

17. Mesolithic, also called Middle Stone Age,
ancient cultural stage that existed between
the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age),
with its chipped stone tools,
and the Neolithic (New Stone Age),
with its polished stone tools.
Mesolithic
The people of this age
lived on hunting,
fishing, and food gathering;
later on they also
domesticated animals.
During the early period of
Mesolithic age thedead were buried
with body in extended
position and left arm on the trunk of
the body and
head facing towards the west.
No goods were offered during this period.

18. MANUNGGUL CAVE
SUMMARIZATION

19. Manunggul Cave
Manunggul Cave is one of
the Tabon Caves in Lipuun
Point. The Tabon Caves are
known to be a site of jar
burials with artifacts. The
settings of this burial cave is
spectacular, being tucked
into the face of a sheer cliff
overlooking the South China
sea. Manunggul Cave is 375
feet high and to the south of
Tabon Cave.

20. The discovery of Manunggul Cave by Mr. Victor Decalan, Mr. Hans Kasten, and
volunteer workers from the United States Peace Corps in March 1964, led to the re-
exploration of all of the of all high cliffs in Lipuun point. Subsequent exploration, still
not completed, led to the discovery of Pagayona Cave and three other very high
caves.
The cave is composed of four Chamber with three openings but only two were used
for jar burial. Chamber A, seven meters wide and nine meters in length, has a large
round mouth. It is light and dry throughout. Chamber B is tunnel-like having a send
opening on the northeast side of the cliff.
The first view of Chamber A was as dramatic as its setting: numerous large jars and
covers, smaller vessels, skulls and portions of painted human bones scattered over
surface of the cave. Many of the vessels were either perfect. In nearly perfect
condition or had merely collapsed in their original position striking too was the large
number of decorated and painted vessels. The pottery in Chamber B, in contrast,
was badly broken and scattered on the sloping floor, and the shards were neither
decorated nor painted.

21. Excellent charcoal samples, apparently from ritual fires, were obtained during
the earliest phase of the excavation of Chambers A and B which were
forwarded immediately for radiocarbon analysis. The field estimates of the
relative age of the assemblages from revised, however, for it was originally
thought that the plain pottery in Chamber B was the earliest. The final C-14
determinations show, on the contrary, that the assemblage of Chamber A was
the earliest. The C-14 dates as published [Berger and Libby (1966) 479) for
Manunggul Cave, Chambers A and B are thus reversed the completed
excavations of these two chambers also revealed highly distinct assemblages.
Chamber A being late Neolithic and;
Chamber B, Developed Metal Age with Iron.

22. Chamber A - Seventy-eight jars, jar covers, and smaller
earthenware vessels were found in the surface and in the
subsurface levels of this chamber. The range of forma and
design is remarkable and to the writer at least, presents a
clear example of a funerary pottery: that is, vessels which is
for the most part were potted specifically for burial and ritual
purposes. Eight of the nine pottery types tentatively
established for the tabon pottery complex were recovered in
this chamber.

23. Manuggul Jar
The Manunggul Jar was recovered at Chamber A of Manunggul
Cave in Palawan. The figure on the rear is holding a steering
paddle with both hands; the blade of the paddle is missing. Both
figures appear to be wearing a band tied over the crown of the
head and under the jaw. The manner in which the hands of the
front figure are folded across the chest is a widespread practice in
the Philippines and Southeast Asia when arranging the corpse.
Early Filipinos believed that a man is composed of a body, a life
force called ginhawa, and a kaluluwa. This explains why the design
of the cover of the Manunggul Jar features three faces - the soul,
the boatman, and the boat itself that believes also represents
voyage to the afterlife

24. Many epics around the Philippines would tell us of how souls go to
the next life aboard boats, passing through the rivers and seas. The
belief was very much connected with the Austronesia belief in the
anito. Our ancestors believed that man is composed of the body, the
life force called the ginhawa, and the kaluluwa (soul). The kaluluwa,
after death, can return to earth to exist in nature and guide their
descendants.

25. Chamber B- This chamber yielded a developed metal age
assemblage of artifacts. The pottery of Chamber B is distinct from
the highly decorated funerary pottery of Chamber A, notably in the
limited range of pottery types. The pottery of Chamber B, however,
still displays the basic and diagnostic features of the tabon pottery
complex-method of manufacture, sand tempering, surface colors,
forms of burial jars, trunconical jar covers, smaller vessels with
notches on the rim made with a simple tool, angle bodied wares,
slipping, and so fort. Three pottery types are certain; tabon plain,
tabon polished, and tabon impressed.

26. Although there is continuity in the type of artifacts from
Chamber A and Chamber B of Manunggul Cave, notably in
the pottery and beads, the basic technology and the total
assemblage of artifacts from each cave are highly distinct.
That of Chamber A being late Stone Age and Chamber B,
Metal Age.

27. THANK
YOU
PRESENTERS:
CABRERA, IRISH
BUNAGAN,CRISTYNNE JOY

28. The
Maragtas
By:
Mary Claire B. Ani
Mae S. Aquiler

29. What does MARAGTAS means?
Who authored MARAGTAS?
The word “MARAGTAS in tagalog means “KASAYSAYAN”
evidences about maragtas were gathered through manuscript of father
Tomas Santaren on 1858 and after 40 years, they also found letters
written by father Angeles Perez, therefore, Pedro A. Monte Claro
initiated a research about maragtas which is written in english language
and later it was translated by Dr. Manuel Carreon, Guillermo Santiago-
Cuico, and Catalino S. Micten.

30. Chapters
First Chapter
Describes
the customs,
way of
clothing,
dialect,
heredity and
organization
Second Third Fourth Fifth
He narrates
the flight of
10 datu of
borneo from
the panay
island
He talks
about the
love story of
sumakwel,
kapinangan
and her
lover gurong
- gurong
All about the
tale of 10
datus, their
political
arrangements
and their
journey to
island
He describe the
language,
commerce,
clothing, customs,
marriages, funeral
mourning habits,
cockfighthing,
timekeeping
techniques,
calendars and
personal
characteristics

31. Summary
(Ang Kwento ng 10 Datu ng Borneo)
Sultan makatunaw
Datu Puti
Datu Bangkaya
Datu Dumangsol
Datu Lubay
Datu Paduhinog
Datu Paiburong
Datu Sumakwel
Datu Dumangsil
Datu Balinsusang
Sultan Marikudo
Pinang pangan
Maniwantiwan
Characters:
Bayan ng Borneo
Pulo ng Panay
Batangas
Settings:
Balangay - serve as their
transportation in water

32. Summary and
Conclusions

33. The stated purpose of this book was to
present a summary of what is actually
known about the Filipino people before
the coming of the Spaniards in 1521 from
prehispanic source materials.

34. 50,000 years ago
Men of the species of homo
sapiens lived in cages in
Palawan.
They also lived in Batangas,
which they reached by
crossing narrow interisland
channels.

35. 400,000 BC
Rhinoceros
Homo Erectus
Pygmy Elephant
Giant Turtle
Crocodile
Earlier men of the species of
homo erectus may also have
lived in the Cagayan Valley
They lived together with now
extinct species like the pygmy
elephant, rhinoceros, giant
turtle, and crocodile.

36. Stone Age
Palawan inhabitants made simple tools or
weapons of stone flakes with little
technological change, but during the last
5,000 years of the pre-Christian era, their
successors learned or developed superior
methods of manufacture which ultimately
produced skillful techniques of sawing,
drilling, and polishing such hard stones as
jade.

37. These stone age Filipinos occupied the major islands of the archipelago, with
hundreds of known settlements in Sulu, Zamboanga, Davao, Negros, Samar,
Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan, Cagayan provinces, and the shores of Palanan
Bay Austronesian languages entered the archipelago about the fifth millennium
BC, and eventually replaced or absorbed all earlier languages.
In the third millennium BC, adzes and ornaments of seashells were being
produced and well-made pottery of several types and decoration , and betelnut
was being chewed.
In the last pre-Christian millennium, Filipinos became excellent potters,
practiced jar burial, made bark cloth with stone beaters, and wore a vast array of
local and imported jewelry of stone, shell, carnelian, jade and gold; and they were
casting bronze and working iron by the third century BC.

38. Christian Era
In the beginning, Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron and making glass
ornaments, and probably all speaking Austronesian languages.
During the next thousand years. they were occupying even interior mountain
regions like Ifugao on the Cordillera Central, making sophisticated pottery,
exquisite goldwork and imaginative grave furniture, importing Indian beads and
Chinese porcelain, sailing in plank-built-edge=pegged vessels, and sending
merchants to mainland Asia with local products, while hunters and gatherers of
forest products continued to live in caves and make stone tools.
They also filed, stained, blackened or chipped their teeth and decorated them
with gold, reshaped their children’s skulls in infancy, buried their dead in jars or
coffins in caves or graves, and disinterred, venerated and reburied their bones.

39. 10th
Century AD
Butuan was trading with Champa (Vietnam)
and Ma-i (Mindoro) with China, where
mention of its name in a 972 note on foreign
trade provides the first calendar date in
Philippine history.
A Butuan ruler with the Indianized name of
Sari Bata Shaja sent a tribute mission to China;
about the same time, Samal-speaking traders
based on the Basilan Strait were sailing the
whole length of the archipelago.
At the end of 12th century, Visayan sea-raiders
attacked the Fukien coast, sailing by way of the
Babuyan Islands and staging in the Pescadores.
At the beginning of 13th century, Mindoro, Butuan,
and Sulu were Bornean outposts; Chinese merchant-
men were regularly calling at Mindoro to trade
porcelain, silk, beads, lead, tin, ironware, needles and
gold, for wax, cotton, native cloth, betelnuts, tortoise,
shell, pearls and coral, transferring their goods to
Philippine shipping local retail; horses appeared in
Laguna, and it was probably during this century that
the Taosugs migrated from Butuan to Sulu
11th Century
AD
12th
Century AD
13th
Century AD

40. 14th
Century AD
Sulu made an attack on Borneo from which it
was only beaten off by Javanese forces;
Mindoro cloth was being traded on the west
coast of Malaysia, and Basilan was exporting
cotton to China
Madjapahit Hindu-Buddhist influence
appeared in the Philippines religious imagery
Luzon sent a tribute mission to China, and both
Mindanao and Sulu were trading centers for
non-Philippine tropical products on the trade
route between the Moluccas and mainland
Asia;
And early in the century a foreign Muslim with
the Malay title of Tuhan was buried on Bud
Dato in Jolo
In this century, Pangasinan and Luzon sent
tribute missions to China, Mindoro or
Marinduque sent a Muslim envoy, and three
Sulu rulers went in person, where one of
them with the Malay-Sanskrit name of
Paduka Batara died and left two sons to settle
in a Muslim community in Shantung
A Chinese minister visited Mindanao to
organize trade and tribute missions and took
a Kumalarang (Sibuguey) ruler back with
him
Sharif ul-Hashim Abu Bakr became the first
Sultan of Sulu, and Manila was founded.
15th
Century AD

41. When the prehispanic epoch was brought to a close by
Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival in 1521, Luzon traders were sailing
to Timor, Malacca and Canton, had a colony in Minjam on the
Malay Peninsula, a Portuguese-appointed magistrate in
Malacca, and marriage relations with the Sultan of Brunei, and
the Manila bourgeoisie were learning to speak Malay.
In Bintang Island near Singapore, the father of a young
Malaccan prince by the name of Kabungsuwan who would
soon become the pregenitor of the Sultanate of Maguindanao,
was making a losing stand against the Portuguese.

42. Conclusions
The earliest descriptions of the Philippines - or part of the Philippines - are the
Chinese accounts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A time when the
archipelago was already flooded with imported porcelain and Filipinos had been
sailing to China and Champa for 300 years.
Yams, taro, rice, wheat and millet, and fermented beverages of rice and sugarcane
are mentioned, and local governments ranging from harbor authorities who
controlled foreign shipping to independent tribes with local chieftains.
The Chinese do not find Filipinos features different enough from their own to
mention it, an observation which parallels archaeological findings of skeletal
remains belonging to the Southern Mongoloid type.
Any theory which describes such details is therefore a pure hypothesis and
should be honestly presented as such.

43. Conclusions
Philippine archaeology, two medieval Chinese accounts, and a comparison of
Philippine languages and alphabets make it clear there were cultural contacts
ultimately derived from the Indian subcontinent, though mediated through
nearer insular or continental neighbors - religious figures and terminology,
artistic motifs in jewelry, self-immolation of widows, and Sanskrit loan-words-
all of which might be accounted for by the expansion of Majapahit influence,
although there is no evidence of Philippine inclusion in any Javanese or Sumatran
empire.

44. Conclusions
Chinese influences are more enigmatic: on the one hand, the archipelago
is full of tradewares but, on the other, Chinese loan-words have
penetrated Philippine languages only to a limited extent; moreover,
Chinese goldwork has not been identified if for no other reason than the
absence of any overall study of gold artifacts recovered in the
archipelago.
This enigma may well serve to underscore the fact that Philippine
archaeology, two medieval Chinese accounts, and a comparison of
Philippine languages are at present the only valid prehispanic source
materials available for the study of Philippine history.

45. Conclusions
The summary above discloses a considerable discrepancy between what is
actually known about the prehispanic Philippines and what has been written
about it.
The popular texts present a picture of law codes, membership in Asian empires,
and political confederations projected against a background of 250,000 years of
migrating waves of Filipino progenitors, almost complete with their points of
departure, sailing dates and baggage.
The discrepancy has both negative and positive aspects, for, while the popular
picture includes details for which there is no evidence, it also leaves out details for
which there is plentiful evidence.
So Filipino children learn about prehispanic phantoms who never existed in the
flesh but not the solid facts of the exquisite jadework and gold dentistry produced
by their ancestors.

46. Conclusions
The study has also suggested reasons for the existence of the discrepancy in the
first place. Part of it was due to honest error like mistranslation from foreign
languages, and part to innocent misuse of historic data by non-historians and
untrained amateurs.
This was especially true in the case of the wave migration theory because it
offered a simple explanation for the present linguistic and economic diversity
throughout the Philippines - namely, everybody's ancestors came in a different
boat. Their acceptance may have been made all the more ready by varying
degrees of disinterest in a primitive past and a reluctance to recognize a common
cultural heritage, and their propagation was guaranteed by respect for a man who
was not only the leading authority in the field, but the only one.

47. Conclusions
This was the cumulative frame of mind, no doubt, which provided
the market for the dubious or even dishonest scholarship
encountered in the present study, and the evident determination to
preserve it unemended for Philippine posterity.

48. THANK YOU!
Have a great day ahead :)

49. Your paragraph text