This document discusses routes of drug administration. It defines a route of administration as how a drug comes into contact with the body. There are two main categories of routes: local, which act on nearby tissues, and systemic, which distribute drugs throughout the body. Common systemic routes include oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, and parenteral. The document provides details on factors considered for each route like absorption rate, first-pass metabolism, drug properties, and patient condition. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of various local and systemic administration routes.
This document classifies and describes various routes of drug administration, including their advantages and disadvantages. It discusses enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal. It also covers parenteral routes such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and others. Other routes described are inhalation, topical, and transdermal administration. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics of different administration routes and examples of drugs commonly used with each.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
This document discusses the different routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and local application. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and enema administration. Parenteral routes involve injection techniques like intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and others. Inhalation is also discussed as a parenteral route. The advantages and disadvantages of each route are provided.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors that influence drug absorption. It describes enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. For each route, it outlines advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, bioavailability, and site of drug absorption. It also discusses mechanisms of drug transport, the impact of first-pass metabolism, and formulations like time-release preparations that influence drug absorption rates. The key message is that the optimal route of administration depends on the drug's properties and the desired therapeutic effects.
This document outlines various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical routes. The enteral route includes oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Oral administration is the most common due to ease of use but can cause nausea. Sublingual administration allows for rapid absorption of certain drugs but has limited drug options. Rectal administration can be used when vomiting occurs but is inconvenient. The parenteral route includes various types of injections directly into tissues or cavities, as well as inhalation of gases, vapors, or smokes for rapid systemic effects. Topical administration applies drugs directly to body surfaces like skin, eyes, ears, lungs and others.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It defines a route of administration as how a drug comes into contact with the body. There are two main categories of routes: local, which act on nearby tissues, and systemic, which distribute drugs throughout the body. Common systemic routes include oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, and parenteral. The document provides details on factors considered for each route like absorption rate, first-pass metabolism, drug properties, and patient condition. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of various local and systemic administration routes.
This document classifies and describes various routes of drug administration, including their advantages and disadvantages. It discusses enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal. It also covers parenteral routes such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and others. Other routes described are inhalation, topical, and transdermal administration. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics of different administration routes and examples of drugs commonly used with each.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
This document discusses the different routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and local application. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and enema administration. Parenteral routes involve injection techniques like intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and others. Inhalation is also discussed as a parenteral route. The advantages and disadvantages of each route are provided.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors that influence drug absorption. It describes enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and inhalation. For each route, it outlines advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, bioavailability, and site of drug absorption. It also discusses mechanisms of drug transport, the impact of first-pass metabolism, and formulations like time-release preparations that influence drug absorption rates. The key message is that the optimal route of administration depends on the drug's properties and the desired therapeutic effects.
This document outlines various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical routes. The enteral route includes oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Oral administration is the most common due to ease of use but can cause nausea. Sublingual administration allows for rapid absorption of certain drugs but has limited drug options. Rectal administration can be used when vomiting occurs but is inconvenient. The parenteral route includes various types of injections directly into tissues or cavities, as well as inhalation of gases, vapors, or smokes for rapid systemic effects. Topical administration applies drugs directly to body surfaces like skin, eyes, ears, lungs and others.
8.general anesthetics and local anaesthetics Dr.Manish Kumar
General anesthetics are drugs that produce reversible loss of consciousness and sensations. They have four main features: reversible loss of consciousness, reversible loss of sensations, analgesia and amnesia, and muscle relaxation and abolition of reflexes. There are two main classifications of general anesthetics - inhalational anesthetics which are volatile liquids or gases administered via inhalation, and parenteral anesthetics which are intravenous inducing drugs or slower-acting drugs. General anesthetics are used for operations on the head, neck and face, for induction and maintenance of anesthesia for procedures like cardiac catheterization and bronchoscopy, and for short procedures and postoperative pain management. Complications can occur during or after anesthesia and include respiratory depression, cardiac issues, falling
Clinical pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through, and out of the body. It involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Pharmacokinetics helps understand how the body affects a drug over time. Drugs are transported across biological membranes via passive diffusion, filtration, or specialized carrier transport systems. Once in circulation, drugs are distributed to tissues depending on factors like lipid solubility and plasma protein binding. The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, which alters drugs through oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation to make them more polar and excretable. Understanding a drug's pharmacokinetics allows for individualization of drug therapy and
This document provides information on the pharmacology of diuretics. It begins by explaining that diuretics cause a net loss of sodium and water in urine but sodium balance is restored through homeostatic mechanisms. It then classifies diuretics and describes various classes in detail, including their mechanisms and sites of action, uses, and adverse effects. The classes discussed include high efficacy loop diuretics like furosemide, medium efficacy thiazides, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, potassium sparing aldosterone antagonists, and renal sodium channel inhibitors.
Pharmacotherapy of Local anaesthetic drugsManoj Kumar
Local anesthetics are drugs that reversibly block sensation, especially pain, in a localized area without loss of consciousness or control of vital functions. They can be administered topically, via injection, or infiltration. The ideal local anesthetic has rapid onset, sufficient duration, is potent, stable in solutions, and does not interfere with tissue healing or cause toxicity. Common techniques for local anesthesia include infiltration, field block, nerve block, spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and intravenous regional anesthesia. Proper administration and monitoring can prevent potential toxic effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.
Factors influencing absorption of drugs can be categorized as pharmaceutical or patient related. Pharmaceutical factors include drug properties like solubility, particle size and polymorphism that impact dissolution rate, a key step for absorption. Patient factors involve aspects like age, disease state, gastrointestinal pH and transit time. Together, these factors determine the extent and rate of drug absorption after oral administration.
This document evaluates suppositories for a student named Manish Yadav with ID number 17BPH041. It contains their name, ID number, and a brief expression of gratitude for evaluating the suppositories.
1. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2. Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the body through various routes of administration and is affected by characteristics like molecular size, lipid solubility, and ionization.
3. Drugs are distributed throughout the body and metabolized, especially in the liver and GI tract, which can reduce bioavailability through first-pass metabolism before reaching systemic circulation.
4. Metabolism involves phase I and II reactions that modify and conjugate drugs to make them more excretable, and excretion removes drugs and metabolites primarily through urine, bile, and feces.
This ppt is very simple and has immence importance in dispensing pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...WHAT IS A “PRESCRIPTION” ?
A Prescription is a written order from a Registered Medical Practitioner, or any other Licensed Practitioner, such as Dentists, Veterinarian etc.
ABBREVIATIONS:-
It represents a problem in understanding the parts of a prescribing order & therefore leads to confusion…
NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of other drugs…
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENTS
It essential to mention the instructions like quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequency & timing of administration in order to avoid confusion…
INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no Pharmaceutical or Therapeutic incompatibility in a prescription…
This document discusses factors that affect the distribution of drugs in the body. It describes how physicochemical properties, plasma protein binding, tissue permeability and perfusion rates influence how drugs are distributed between compartments like blood, tissues and organs. Barriers like the blood-brain barrier can restrict drug distribution to certain sites. The apparent volume of distribution is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that depends on the extent to which drugs distribute outside of blood circulation. Redistribution can affect the duration of drug action over time.
Absorption of drugs through non oral routesAzhar iqbal
This document discusses various non-oral routes of drug administration and factors affecting drug absorption through these routes. It describes routes such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular and vaginal administration. For each route, it provides details on absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs used, advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different routes based on onset of action and absorption mechanism.
Cough can be classified as acute (<3 weeks), sub-acute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (>8 weeks) based on duration. Treatment involves pharyngeal demulcents, expectorants to enhance mucus clearance, and antitussives to suppress cough. Expectorants include guaiphenesin and mucolytics like bromhexine and carbocisteine. Antitussives include codeine, noscapine, and dextromethorphan. Bronchodilators may be used as adjuvants for cough related to bronchospasm. Common cough formulations contain combinations of expectorants, antitussives, and antihistamines.
This document provides an overview of parenterals (injectable drugs), including:
- Definitions and routes of administration for parenterals
- General requirements like vehicles, additives, and ensuring isotonicity
- Methods for sterilization, formulation, packaging, and quality control testing of parenterals
- Considerations for facilities and production areas to ensure sterility during manufacturing
It discusses key aspects of developing parenteral drugs like pre-formulation studies, adjustment of tonicity, and precautions for aseptic work. Common sterilization techniques and packaging materials are outlined. Quality control tests evaluated include leakage, clarity, sterility, and pyrogen testing. Overall, the document serves as an introduction
This document provides definitions and information about different types of liquid oral drug formulations, including suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. Suspensions are biphasic formulations where solid drug particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Emulsions contain two immiscible liquids dispersed as globules. Solutions contain one or more dissolved drug substances. Each formulation type has advantages and disadvantages related to drug delivery and stability. The document discusses ideal properties, formulation considerations, evaluation methods, and factors that influence stability for each liquid oral formulation type.
This document provides information on liquid dosage forms. It begins with definitions of monophasic and biphasic liquid forms. Monophasic forms include solutions while biphasic forms include suspensions and emulsions. Various types of monophasic forms are described like gargles, mouthwashes, syrups, and elixirs. Suspensions are defined as biphasic forms containing finely dispersed insoluble particles. The document discusses formulation, evaluation, and theories of stability for suspensions.
General anesthesia involves using drugs to induce a reversible loss of consciousness during surgery, while local anesthesia inhibits nerve impulses in a restricted area to reduce pain from procedures. The main types of general anesthetics are inhalational gases like nitrous oxide and volatile liquids like halothane administered by an anesthesiologist, and intravenous drugs used for induction and maintenance like thiopental and propofol. Anesthesia works through various stages from analgesia to unconsciousness and involves theories of action on lipid membranes or specific membrane proteins. Choice of agent depends on properties like safety, potency, and ease of administration and recovery.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics, which is the quantitative study of how the body affects drugs. It covers key pharmacokinetic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption depends on factors like drug properties, route of administration and physiological factors. Distribution is the movement of drugs from blood to tissues. The extent of distribution is determined by properties like lipid solubility and protein binding.
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
Routes of drug administration can be systemic or local. Systemic routes deliver drugs to the circulatory system and affect the entire body. These include enteral routes like oral, sublingual and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like inhalation, injection, and transdermal delivery. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like onset of action, suitability for different drug properties, patient conditions, and ease of administration. The most appropriate route is selected based on these considerations to maximize drug effectiveness and safety.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
8.general anesthetics and local anaesthetics Dr.Manish Kumar
General anesthetics are drugs that produce reversible loss of consciousness and sensations. They have four main features: reversible loss of consciousness, reversible loss of sensations, analgesia and amnesia, and muscle relaxation and abolition of reflexes. There are two main classifications of general anesthetics - inhalational anesthetics which are volatile liquids or gases administered via inhalation, and parenteral anesthetics which are intravenous inducing drugs or slower-acting drugs. General anesthetics are used for operations on the head, neck and face, for induction and maintenance of anesthesia for procedures like cardiac catheterization and bronchoscopy, and for short procedures and postoperative pain management. Complications can occur during or after anesthesia and include respiratory depression, cardiac issues, falling
Clinical pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through, and out of the body. It involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Pharmacokinetics helps understand how the body affects a drug over time. Drugs are transported across biological membranes via passive diffusion, filtration, or specialized carrier transport systems. Once in circulation, drugs are distributed to tissues depending on factors like lipid solubility and plasma protein binding. The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, which alters drugs through oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation to make them more polar and excretable. Understanding a drug's pharmacokinetics allows for individualization of drug therapy and
This document provides information on the pharmacology of diuretics. It begins by explaining that diuretics cause a net loss of sodium and water in urine but sodium balance is restored through homeostatic mechanisms. It then classifies diuretics and describes various classes in detail, including their mechanisms and sites of action, uses, and adverse effects. The classes discussed include high efficacy loop diuretics like furosemide, medium efficacy thiazides, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, potassium sparing aldosterone antagonists, and renal sodium channel inhibitors.
Pharmacotherapy of Local anaesthetic drugsManoj Kumar
Local anesthetics are drugs that reversibly block sensation, especially pain, in a localized area without loss of consciousness or control of vital functions. They can be administered topically, via injection, or infiltration. The ideal local anesthetic has rapid onset, sufficient duration, is potent, stable in solutions, and does not interfere with tissue healing or cause toxicity. Common techniques for local anesthesia include infiltration, field block, nerve block, spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and intravenous regional anesthesia. Proper administration and monitoring can prevent potential toxic effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.
Factors influencing absorption of drugs can be categorized as pharmaceutical or patient related. Pharmaceutical factors include drug properties like solubility, particle size and polymorphism that impact dissolution rate, a key step for absorption. Patient factors involve aspects like age, disease state, gastrointestinal pH and transit time. Together, these factors determine the extent and rate of drug absorption after oral administration.
This document evaluates suppositories for a student named Manish Yadav with ID number 17BPH041. It contains their name, ID number, and a brief expression of gratitude for evaluating the suppositories.
1. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2. Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the body through various routes of administration and is affected by characteristics like molecular size, lipid solubility, and ionization.
3. Drugs are distributed throughout the body and metabolized, especially in the liver and GI tract, which can reduce bioavailability through first-pass metabolism before reaching systemic circulation.
4. Metabolism involves phase I and II reactions that modify and conjugate drugs to make them more excretable, and excretion removes drugs and metabolites primarily through urine, bile, and feces.
This ppt is very simple and has immence importance in dispensing pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...WHAT IS A “PRESCRIPTION” ?
A Prescription is a written order from a Registered Medical Practitioner, or any other Licensed Practitioner, such as Dentists, Veterinarian etc.
ABBREVIATIONS:-
It represents a problem in understanding the parts of a prescribing order & therefore leads to confusion…
NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of other drugs…
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENTS
It essential to mention the instructions like quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequency & timing of administration in order to avoid confusion…
INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no Pharmaceutical or Therapeutic incompatibility in a prescription…
This document discusses factors that affect the distribution of drugs in the body. It describes how physicochemical properties, plasma protein binding, tissue permeability and perfusion rates influence how drugs are distributed between compartments like blood, tissues and organs. Barriers like the blood-brain barrier can restrict drug distribution to certain sites. The apparent volume of distribution is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that depends on the extent to which drugs distribute outside of blood circulation. Redistribution can affect the duration of drug action over time.
Absorption of drugs through non oral routesAzhar iqbal
This document discusses various non-oral routes of drug administration and factors affecting drug absorption through these routes. It describes routes such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular and vaginal administration. For each route, it provides details on absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs used, advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different routes based on onset of action and absorption mechanism.
Cough can be classified as acute (<3 weeks), sub-acute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (>8 weeks) based on duration. Treatment involves pharyngeal demulcents, expectorants to enhance mucus clearance, and antitussives to suppress cough. Expectorants include guaiphenesin and mucolytics like bromhexine and carbocisteine. Antitussives include codeine, noscapine, and dextromethorphan. Bronchodilators may be used as adjuvants for cough related to bronchospasm. Common cough formulations contain combinations of expectorants, antitussives, and antihistamines.
This document provides an overview of parenterals (injectable drugs), including:
- Definitions and routes of administration for parenterals
- General requirements like vehicles, additives, and ensuring isotonicity
- Methods for sterilization, formulation, packaging, and quality control testing of parenterals
- Considerations for facilities and production areas to ensure sterility during manufacturing
It discusses key aspects of developing parenteral drugs like pre-formulation studies, adjustment of tonicity, and precautions for aseptic work. Common sterilization techniques and packaging materials are outlined. Quality control tests evaluated include leakage, clarity, sterility, and pyrogen testing. Overall, the document serves as an introduction
This document provides definitions and information about different types of liquid oral drug formulations, including suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. Suspensions are biphasic formulations where solid drug particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Emulsions contain two immiscible liquids dispersed as globules. Solutions contain one or more dissolved drug substances. Each formulation type has advantages and disadvantages related to drug delivery and stability. The document discusses ideal properties, formulation considerations, evaluation methods, and factors that influence stability for each liquid oral formulation type.
This document provides information on liquid dosage forms. It begins with definitions of monophasic and biphasic liquid forms. Monophasic forms include solutions while biphasic forms include suspensions and emulsions. Various types of monophasic forms are described like gargles, mouthwashes, syrups, and elixirs. Suspensions are defined as biphasic forms containing finely dispersed insoluble particles. The document discusses formulation, evaluation, and theories of stability for suspensions.
General anesthesia involves using drugs to induce a reversible loss of consciousness during surgery, while local anesthesia inhibits nerve impulses in a restricted area to reduce pain from procedures. The main types of general anesthetics are inhalational gases like nitrous oxide and volatile liquids like halothane administered by an anesthesiologist, and intravenous drugs used for induction and maintenance like thiopental and propofol. Anesthesia works through various stages from analgesia to unconsciousness and involves theories of action on lipid membranes or specific membrane proteins. Choice of agent depends on properties like safety, potency, and ease of administration and recovery.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics, which is the quantitative study of how the body affects drugs. It covers key pharmacokinetic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption depends on factors like drug properties, route of administration and physiological factors. Distribution is the movement of drugs from blood to tissues. The extent of distribution is determined by properties like lipid solubility and protein binding.
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
Routes of drug administration can be systemic or local. Systemic routes deliver drugs to the circulatory system and affect the entire body. These include enteral routes like oral, sublingual and rectal administration as well as parenteral routes like inhalation, injection, and transdermal delivery. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like onset of action, suitability for different drug properties, patient conditions, and ease of administration. The most appropriate route is selected based on these considerations to maximize drug effectiveness and safety.
Know About Your Drug ,,, Part - II ( Route of Drug Administration) for study purpose pharmaceutical professional such as students and other specialized field. Presentation for "LEARN & EARN KNOWLEDGE" based.
Thanks all of you for your support...Part-I success and your comments.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors to consider when choosing a route. The main routes discussed are oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral (which includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal), and inhalation. For each route, the key advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document emphasizes that no single route is ideal for all drugs or situations, and the properties of the drug as well as patient factors must be considered when determining the optimal administration route.
Routes of drug administration can be systemic or local. Systemic routes include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (inhalation, injection, transdermal) routes. The oral route is most common due to its convenience but has limitations. Sublingual and buccal routes provide rapid onset due to avoidance of first-pass metabolism. The rectal route can be used when oral is not possible. Parenteral routes have faster onset but require sterile techniques. Injections can be intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous. Transdermal routes provide sustained delivery for select drugs. Choice of route depends on drug properties and patient factors.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
The document discusses the various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, parenteral, injection, inhalation, and others. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, the organ or tissue to be treated, absorption rate, patient condition, and accuracy of dose required. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, side effects, and applicability based on the drug and patient.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parental, and topical routes. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parental routes include inhalation, injection routes like intramuscular, intravenous, and intrathecal. Injection routes provide faster onset but require aseptic technique. Topical routes include ocular, nasal, dermal, and transdermal administration for local or systemic effects. Each route has advantages and disadvantages for drug absorption and patient factors.
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformationnaseemashraf2
The document provides an overview of routes of drug administration and biotransformation. It defines routes of administration as enteral or parenteral, depending on whether the drug passes through the intestinal tract. Oral administration is the most common route due to convenience, but has limitations including first-pass metabolism in the liver. Other routes discussed include sublingual/buccal, rectal, parenteral (intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous), and emerging routes like transdermal delivery. The document also defines biotransformation as the process by which organisms metabolize compounds not normally part of their metabolism, and outlines drug metabolizing organs, enzymes, and factors affecting metabolism.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical routes. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract through injections that are intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or other localized sites. Topical routes apply drugs directly to surfaces like the skin, eyes, or vagina for local effects. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
This document discusses routes of drug administration (ROA). It describes factors that influence ROA choice such as ease of use, site of action, onset and duration. It then summarizes various ROAs including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral and inhalation. For each ROA it provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like first pass effect, types of parenteral routes and references.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It describes several factors that influence the choice of route, including the drug's properties, desired site of action, absorption rate, and patient condition. Systemic routes aim to distribute drugs through the bloodstream and include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (injections, inhalation, transdermal) routes. Local routes deliver high drug concentrations locally with minimal systemic absorption. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular and intravenous injections.
presentation Route of drug Administration by dixhu raj Dixit.pptxDikuNath
This document discusses various routes of drug administration. It begins by defining route of administration and noting that drugs can be applied locally or administered orally/parenterally. Factors that influence route choice include the drug's properties, desired site of action, absorption rate, dosage accuracy needs, and patient condition. The main types discussed are parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and non-injectable routes like cutaneous and inhalation. Advantages of parenteral routes include use when patients cannot swallow or have vomiting/diarrhea, while disadvantages include inconvenience and higher expense compared to other routes.
The document discusses routes of drug administration. There are local routes that target specific areas with minimal systemic absorption, including topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply. Systemic routes distribute drugs through the bloodstream, including enteral routes like oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectal administration. Factors like drug properties, desired effects, absorption rates, and patient condition influence which route is chosen. The oral route is most common but can be impacted by first-pass metabolism and interactions in the GI tract.
03.(LEC 3) ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINSTRATION.pptAyush Chavhan
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Routes of Drug Administration
Jul 31, 2014
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Routes of Drug Administration. The “Right” ways of administering drugs. Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time Right documentation. Significance of Drug Administration. Input of drug in the Human body.
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Routes of Drug Administration
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Routes of Drug Administration
The “Right” ways of administering drugs • Right patient • Right drug • Right dose • Right route • Right time • Right documentation
Significance of Drug Administration • Input of drug in the Human body. • Permits entry of the therapeutic agent either Directly or Indirectly into the Plasma. • A drug once taken in any form has to be then distributed, metabolized and finally eliminated from the body.
How do we choose the right route of administration • The route of administration is determined primarily by the properties of the drug (such as water or lipid solubility, ionization, etc.) and by the therapeutic objectives • (for example, the desirability of a rapid onset of action or the need for long-term administration or restriction to a local site). • The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts.
Enteral/paraentral Oral Buccal Rectal Sublingual Topical Transdermal Inhalant Ophthalmic Intranasal Otic Vaginal Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Intraosseous Intrathecal Routes
Enteral routes • Drug placed directly in the GI tract: • Oral - swallowing • Sublingual- placed under the tongue • Buccal route • Rectum- absorption through the rectum (suppositories, anemas) • GI tubes (e.g. nasogastric, gastrotomy)
Oral Route
Oral Route • Giving a drug by mouth is the most common route of administration but it is also the most variable , and requires the most complicated pathway to the tissues. • Little absorption occurs until the drug enters the small intestine.
Drugs are absorbed by: • Passive Diffusion: • Determined by the lipophilcity of the drug compound • Ionized drugs are poorly absorbed (Strong bases of pKa 10 or higher are poorly absorbed, as are strong acids of pKa less than 3, because they are fully ionized) • Active Diffusion: • By carrier proteins • Example: ca+2 is carried by V.t-D dependent carrier system
Why most of the drugs are absorbed from the small intestine? • Small intestine has a much larger surface area for absorption (~200 m2) as compared to the stomach (~1-3 m2). •
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The document discusses principles of drug administration, including the different routes of administration. It describes the five rights of drug administration as well as local and systemic routes. The main local routes are topical and infiltration, while the main systemic routes are enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc.). Factors such as drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition influence route selection.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes are used for localized drug effects and include topical application to the skin or mucous membranes. Systemic routes allow drugs to enter circulation and have widespread effects. These include oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal, inhalation, and parenteral routes. Parenteral routes involve injection and have sub-categories like intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to onset of action, convenience, dosage requirements, and drug stability.
This is the second part of my presentation. It is all about the review on Routes and rights of drug administration. The slide also covers IP & Drug Laws too.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including systemic, parenteral, local, and specialized delivery routes. Systemic routes include inhalation, intraperitoneal, intracardial, intrapleural, epidural, and intraosseous. Parenteral routes include intravenous and intramuscular injections, as well as subcutaneous administration. Local routes involve topical application to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, nose, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, urethra, vagina, and anal canal. Intra-arterial and intrathecal injections are also local routes. The document then discusses advantages and disadvantages of several common routes.
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4. Introduction-
Most drugs can be administered by a variety of routes.
It is important to know the route of administration
because it determine
(I) Onset
(II) Duration
(III) Intensity
(IV) Degree of localization.
5. The route of administration can be divided into
two main parts-
1. Local Routes
2. Systemic Route
1. Local Routes- These routes can only used for
drugs whose systemic absorption from these site is
minimun or absent.
The local routes are-
6. Topical-
Drugs can be applied to the skin for local action, such
as- Antiseptic, Antifungal, protectants.
Various site for local action such as-
A. Oral cavity: As a suspension, e.g. nystatin; as a
troche, e.g. clotrimazole.
B. GI tract: As tablet that is not absorbed, e.g.
neomycin.
7. C. Rectum and anal canal: As an enema and
suppository are used for this route.
D. Eye, ear and nose: As drops, ointments and
sprays (for infection, allergic conditions, etc.), e.g.
gentamicin eye/ear drops.
E. Skin: As ointment, cream, lotion or powder, e.g.
clotrimazole (antifungal) for cutaneous candidiasis.
9. Intra-arterial route:
It is mainly used during diagnostic studies such as-
coronary angiography, and for the administration of
some anticancer drugs.
Administration in deep tissues:
Inject in deeper tissue e.g. administration of
triamcinolone directly into the joint space in
rheumatoid arthritis.
11. Advantage-
Systemic side effects are minimal.
Easily applied.
Onset action
Easily removable if show any adverse effect.
Intra-artrial Route
13. Systemic Routes-
It is a route of administration of medication, nutrients
etc. into the circulatory system.
It is subdivided into two main parts-
Enteral Routes
Parenteral Route
14. Enteral Routes -
Enteral administration is food or drug administration via
the human GIT.
It includes oral, sublingual and rectal routes.
Oral Route- The mouth is the most common
and acceptable route for drug administration.
Dosage forms are tablet, capsule, syrup, mixture,
etc.
16. Disadvantages-
Not suitable for emergency
It is not suitable for Unpalatable and highly irritant
drugs.
It is not suitable for Unabsorbable drugs (e.g.
aminoglycosides).
It is not suitable for drugs that are destroyed by
digestive juices (e.g. insulin).
It is not suitable for drugs with extensive first-pass
metabolism (e.g. lignocaine).
17. It is not suitable for Unconscious patients,
Uncooperative and unreliable patients.
18. Sublingual Route-
In this type of route drugs are put under the tongue.
The drug is absorbed through the buccal mucous
membrane and enters the systemic circulation
directly e.g. nitroglycerin.
19. Advantages-
Quick onset of action.
Action can be terminated by spitting out the
tablet.
Bypasses first-pass metabolism.
Self-administration is possible.
Disadvantages-
It is not suitable for irritant and lipid-insoluble
drugs.
It is not suitable for drugs with bad smell and
taste.
20. Rectal Route
Drugs can be introduced into the body from the rectam.
Suppository- It can be used for local as well as
systemic effect.
Enema- The drug is absorbed through rectal mucous
membrane and produces systemic effect.
21. Parenteral Routes
From this route, every liquid injectable formulation are
introduced into the body that direct reaches into the
blood circulation.
Advantages
Onset of action of drugs is faster.
Useful in unconscious patient.
Useful in uncooperative and unreliable patients.
22. Disadvantages
Require aseptic conditions.
Preparations should be sterile and is expensive.
Requires invasive techniques that are painful.
Cannot be usually self-administered.
Can cause local tissue injury to nerves, vessels, etc.
23. Injections
The injectable formulation is very common that inject
into the body.
Some different types of injectable routes are-
Intradermal rout- The drug is injected
into the layers of the skin, e.g. Bacillus Calmette–
Guérine (BCG). It is painful and only a small
amount of the drug can be administered.
24. Subcutaneous route
The drug is injected into the subcutaneous tissues of
the thigh, bdomen and arm, e.g. adrenaline, insulin.
25. Disadvantages
It is suitable only for nonirritant drugs.
Drug absorption is slow; hence it is not suitable for
emergency.
Advantages
Self-administration is possible (e.g. insulin).
Depot preparations can be inserted into the
subcutaneous tissue.
26. Intramuscular route
Drugs are injected into large muscles such as deltoid,
gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis, e.g. paracetamol,
diclofen.
Advantages
Absorption is more rapid as compared to oral route.
Mild irritants, depot injections can be given by this
route.
27. Disadvantages
Aseptic conditions are needed.
Intramuscular injections are painful and may cause
abscess.
Self-administration is not possible.
29. Intravenous route
Drugs are injected directly into the blood stream
through a vein.
Advantages
Bioavailability is 100%.
Quick onset of action
Large volume of fluid can be administered
Highly irritant drugs, e.g. anticancer drugs can be
given because they get diluted in blood.
Hypertonic solution can be infused by intravenous
route, e.g. 20% mannitol in cerebral oedema
30. Disadvantages
Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted.
Local irritation may cause phlebitis.
Self-medication is not possible.
Strict aseptic conditions are needed.
Extravasation of some drugs can cause injury, necrosis
and sloughing of tissues.
Depot preparations cannot be given by this route.
32. Inhalation route
Some important volatile liquids and gases are given
by inhalation for systemic effects, e.g. general
anaesthetics.
Advantages
Quick onset of action.
Dose required is very less, so systemic toxicity is
minimized.
Amount of drug administered can be regulated.
33. Disadvantages
Local irritation may cause increased respiratory
secretions and bronchospasm.
Do not take large particle solid dosage form.
It is not suitable for unpleasant taste drugs.
35. Transdermal route
The drug is administered in the form of a patch or
ointment that delivers the drug into the circulation.
36. Disadvantages
Expensive
Local irritation may cause dermatitis and itching.
It remove from site of administration unnoticed.
Advantages
Self administration is possible
Duration of action is prolonged
Provide constant plasma conc. of drug.