ancient ayurveda Also known about the importance of drug administration roots.

1. ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA AND MODERN
Dr.Deepak Verma
BAMS MD DIP.Y&P
Lecturer Dravyaguna
DAC,jalandhar

3. Definition:-
• A drug will produce its action only when it enters
the body, tissue or cells (site of action). So the
entrance through which a drug is entered is called
the route of drug administration.

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• HkS"kT;ekxZ fpfdRlk dk fofHkUu ?kVdgS A
• fofHkUu nzO;ks dh fdz;k vyx vyx LFkku ijfo'ks"k izdkj dh gksrh gS A
tSls%& enuQy eq[k ls &oked ysfdu
xqnkekxZls &cfLr ds fy,
• vr % nks"kksds vf/k"Bku ds vuqlkj vkS"k/k dk iz;ksx 'kjhjds fofHkUu
L=ksrks}kjkgksrk gSA
• nzO;ks dh dk;Z'kfDr o`f) gsrq fHkUu-fHkUunzO;ks dks
fofHkUuekxZ ls mi;ksx esafy;k tkrk gS A tSls &dqVt esa mifLFkr
Alkaloid eq[kekxZ lsT;knk izHkkodkjh A

5. vkpk;Zpjdkuqlkj HkS"kT;ekxZdk
egRo
vkL;knkek'k;LFkkufgjksxkuuLr%f'kjksxrkuA
xqnkriDok'k;LFkka'pgUR;k'kqnrekS"k/ke AA
'kjhjko;oksRFks"kqfoliZfiMdkfn"kqA
;Fkkns'kaiznsgkfn'keuaL;kf}'ks"kr%A (p.fp
.30/ 294 -295)
• vkL;ekxZ(eq[kekxZ)- vkek'k;LFkjksxesaA
• uL;(uklkekxZ)- f'kjksjksxesa
• xqnekxZ &iDok'k;tU;jksxesa
• iznsg(ckg;ekxZ)- foliZfiMdkfn"kqesaA

6. • vkpk;Z okXHkV vuqlkj
gUR;k'kq ;qDra oD=s.k nzO;ekek'k;kUeykuA
?kzk.ksupks/oZt=qxrku iDok/kkukr xqnsu pAA
• vkek'k;ds nks"keq[k }kjk ,f'kj ds nks"kuL; }kjk vkSjiDok'k; ds nks"k
fojspu }kjkxqnekxZls 'kh?kz u"V gks tkrs gSA
• 'kjhjesa 9 L=ksrl gS eq[k uklkus= d.kZ xqnk vkSjew=ekxZ a
A

7. ‘’Jo.ku;uonu?kzk.kxqnes<ªkf.kuo
L=ksrkafl ujk.kkacfgZeq[kkfu’’
• 1]eq[kekxZ % eq[kekxZvkS"kf/kiznkudjus dkizeq[k ekxZ gSA
• LFkkfuddekZFkZ%eq[k vkSj daB fodkj esa LFkkfuddekZFkZtSls xaMw"k ,doy,izfrlkj.k ds fy,mi;ksx djrs
gSA
mnkgj.k%&eq[knqxZU/kesa yrkdLrwjh]tkrhQy]yoaxvkfn dk mi;ksx
• ikpulLaFkku%nhiu, ikpu, oeu ,fojspukfn deZkFkZ
nhiu %fgxq]fp=d vkfn A
ikpu%eqLrd vkfnA
• 'olu lLaFkku%/kwweikukfndekZFkZ
• lkoZnSfgd dekZFkZ %;gnzO; vkek'k;vkSj vkU=esa ifpr gksdj 'kjhjds fofHkUu nks"k/kkrqeyksij viukdeZ
djrh gSA
mnkgj.k%-ânjksx esa vtZqu{khjikd
'okl,dkl ,jkt;{ek esa oklk , d.Vdkjh vkfn nzO;ksdk iz;ksx

8. UkklkekxZ
uL; m/oZt=qxr O;kf/k;ks dks u’V djus ds fy, loZJs’B ekxZ gS A
uL; nzO; J`xkkaVdeeZ ds }kjkf”kjds fofHkUu L=ksrlesa QSydj
f”kjksjksxksdks u’V djrs gSA
mnkgj.k %&T;ksfr’erh rSy &v/kkZoHksnd esa
uklkekxZlsfuEu dk;kZFkZ vkS’kf/knzO; nsrs gS %-
• LFkkfud dekZFkZ - uL; iz;ksxkFkZ]tSls&jDrfir esa nwokZ Lojldk mi;ksx
• izk.kog L=ksrl - fo”ks’kr% Qq¶Qql ijfdz;k gsrq /kweiku ds fy,
• f”kjksjksx- f”kjksfojspukFkZ
tSls %&lSa/ko fiiY;kfn“kks/ku voihM uL; dk mi;ksx f”kjds dQiw.kZ gksus
dh voLFkk esa fn;k tkrk gS A

9. • us=ekxZ
vkpk;Z lqJqr us mrjrU= v/;k; 18 fdz;kdYi esa fofHkUu dYiks dk
o.kZu ftuesa vkS’kf/k nzO;ks dk iz;ksx LFkkfud dekZFkZus=ekxZls fd;k
x;k gS
riZ.kaiqVikd lsdvk”P;ksrukUtus A
• “kk-lfgrk esa Hkh o.kZu gS-
Lksd vk”P;ksrua fi.MhfcMkyLriZ.ka rFkkA
IkqVikdksvtua pSfHk% dYiSusZ=eqikpjsrAA
LFkkfud deZ& us=kfHk’;anesa us= ij&eehjk dk ysi

10. • d.kZekxZ %
LFkkfud dekZFkZ%
d.kZ/kkou
d.kZiwj.k
d.kZ/kwiu vkfn vkS’kf/k;ks dk iz;ksx d.kZ ds }kjkgksrk gSaA
mnkgj.k %&
d.kZL=ko ]d.kZ”kwy vkfn esa lqn”kZu i=Lojldk iz;ksx

11. xqnkekxZ %LFkkfudvkSjlkoZnSfgdnksuksdekZFkZxqnkekxZlsvkS’kf/k
dkiz;ksxdjrsgS
• LFkkfuddeZ-iqjh’kvuqykseukFkZeyk”k;ijLFkkfudfdz;kiz;kstugsrq
QyofrZdkiz;ksxdjusdsfy,xqnkekxZlsvkS’kf/knsrsgSA
tSls%&fiiY;kfnofrZ
• lkoZnSfgddeZ%&vuqokluvkSjvkLFkkiucfLrgsrqiz;qDrA
Ewk=ekxZ
• mrjcfLriz;ksxkFkZblekxZlsvkS’kf/k nsrsgSA
lkekU;r%lHkhew=ekxZxr]xHkkZ”k;xr]”kqdznks’kks]”kqdzogovkroZog
L=ksrlks esamrjcfLr nsusdkfo/kkugSa A
tSlsca/;RoesaQyÄ`rdhmrjcfLr

12. ;ksfuekxZ%
• fL=;ks dks xHkkZ”k;vkSj ;ksfuekxZ dh O;kf/k esa ;ksfuekxZls vkS’kf/k
iznku djrs gSA
• ;ksfuekxZesa ;ksfu/kwiu ,QyofrZ , rSyfipq ,;ksfuiwj.k ,;ksfu/kkou vkfn
fn, tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k %&ykaxyh ewy ;ksfuekxZesa /kkj.k djus ls xHkZvklkuhls
fu’dklu
RopkekxZ
• Lusgu ,Losnu ,vH;axkfn , cfgifjektZukFkZRopkekxZ ls vkS’k/k dk
iz;ksx djrs gSA
• oz.kksa esa Hkh RopkekxZ ls vkS’k/k dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
• izysi , eq[kysikFkZvkS’k/k dk iz;ksx Ropk }kjkgksrkgSA

13. jl] xq.k]oh;Z]foikd dh n`f’V ls vkS’k/k
ekxZ
fLuX/ko “khr%&eq[kekxZ
vEyjl%&
m’.k]fLuX/k]y?kqxq.kgksuslsvklkuhlsvkek”k; ovkU=dh “yS’edykds
}kjkvo”kksf’krgkstkrsgSAvr%budkseq[kekxZlsfy;ktkrkgSA
dVqfoikd%& ;snzO;y?kq]”khrxq.kgksuslsvkek”k; ovkU=dh“yS’edyko
{kqnzoo`gnvka= dh“yS’edyklsHkhvo”kksf’krgkstkrsgSvr%bUgs
eq[koxqnknksuksekxZlsfy;ktkrk gS A

14. Route Of Administration Of
Drugs
• Classification of route of drug administration
Routes of administration basically be classified whether
the effect is
A. Topical / Local Route(in topical administration)
B. systemic (in Enteral or parenteral
administration)

15. A . Topical /local Routes
These routes can only be used for localized lesions at
accessible sites.
Divided into:-
a) SKIN :-Drug is applied as
1. ointment
2. cream
3. lotion
4. paste
5. powder
6. dressing etc.

16. B) MUCOUS MEMBRANE
The dosage form depends on the site
1)Mouth and pharynx: Paints, lozenges, mouth
washes, gargles.
2) Eyes, ears and nose : As drops, ointments, irrigation,
nasal spray.
3)Urethra : As jellies e.g. lidocaine, irrigating
solutions.
4)Vagina : As pessaries, vaginal tablets, inserts,
cream, powders, douches.
5)Anal canal : As ointment, suppositories.

17. SYSTEMIC ROUTES
The drug administered through systemic routes is
intended to be absorbed into blood and distributed all over,
including the site of action, through circulation.
1. Oral
The drug is taken through the mouth and it is absorbed
from the gastro-intestinal tract
Drugs are administered in simple dosage form like tablets,
capsules, liquid oral.
Advantage:
• Safe, convenient, cheap.
• Self medication is possible.
• It is painless.

18. Disadvantages:
• First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are
transported to the general circulation via the liver.
Thus drugs which are extensively metabolized will be
metabolized in the liver during absorption.
• irritant, unpalatable drugs cannot be given by this
route.
• In nausea, vomiting this route cannot be used.
• 100% absorption is not possible.
• Not useful in emergency.

20. SUB-LINGUAL ROUTE

21. The tablet or pellet containing the drug is placed
under the tongue (sublingual) and spread over the
buccal mucosa. The drug is absorbed through the
buccal mucosa.
Advantages:
First pass - The liver is by-passed thus there is no loss
of drug by first pass effect for buccal or sublingual
administration. Bioavailability is higher.
Rapid absorption - Because of the good blood supply
to the area of absorption is usually quite rapid,
especially for drugs with good lipid solubility.

22. Drug stability - pH in mouth relatively neutral (cf.
stomach - acidic). Thus a drug may be more stable.
Disadvantages:
Holding the dose in the mouth is inconvenient. If any part
of the dose is swallowed that portion must be treated as
an oral dose and subject to first pass metabolism.

23. 3. Rectal
The drug containing dosage form is either inserted or put into the rectum as
suppositories or retention enema. One part of the absorbed drug passes to the
liver, another part to the systemic circulation.
Advantages :
(i) Drugs having bad taste or odour can be given through this route.
(ii) Drug that degrades in acidic pH of the gastric juice can be given
through this route.
(iii) This route can also be used when the patient is having recurrent
vomiting.
Disadvantages:
(i) Administration of drug through this route is rather inconvenient and
embarrassing.
(ii) Absorption is slower, irregular and often unpredictable.
(iv) Rectal inflammation can result from highly irritant drugs.

24. • 4.Cutaneous
The dosage form is applied or placed on the skin and the
drug penetrates the skin to reach the blood i.e. cutaneous
route is meant for systemic absorption.
Advantages:
(i) Highly lipid soluble drugs can be applied over the
skin for slow and prolonged absorption.
(ii) The liver is bypassed through this route.
Disadvantages:
(i) Absorption is very slow . So it cannot be used in
emergency situation.
(ii) Water soluble drugs are minimally absorbed through
the skin.

25. 5. Inhalation
The drug is administered through nose or mouth,
carried by the air to reach the lung. The alveoli
are rich with capillary vessels. The drug is
diffused into the blood stream. Thus systemic
action is obtained.

26. 6) Nasal
The drug is administered as snuff or spray or nebulized
solution in the nose; where the drug penetrates the nasal
mucous membrane to reach the blood.
Advantages:
(i) The drug can avoid digestive juices and liver.
(ii) Drugs are readily absorbed from this route.
Disadvantages:
(i) Irritant drugs cannot be administered through this
route.

27. Parenteral
( Para - beyond, enteral -intestinal) Routes of drug administration other than oral route are
known as parenteral route. This refers to administration by injection which takes the drug
directly into the tissue fluid or blood .
Advantages:
(i) Absorption is faster and surer, hence drug can be administered rapidly and in
accurate dose in time of emergencies.
(ii) Gastric irritation and vomiting are not provoked.
(iii) It can be employed, unconscious, uncooperative or vomiting patients.
Disadvantages:
(i) The preparation has to be sterilized and is costlier.
(ii) The injection may be painful.
(iii) Self medication is difficult - another trained person is required to give the injection.
(iv) Abcess and inflammation at the site of injection may take place.

28.  Intradermal (I/D)
 Intramuscular (I/M)
 Subcutaneous (s/c)
 Intravenous (I/V)
VARIOUS TYPE OF INJECTION METHODS

29. vaccination
Vaccine When to give Dose route Site
BCG At birth, as
early as
possible
0.1 ml ID Upper arm
(deltoid)
Hep.-B At birth, 0.5 ml IM Thigh(anterol
ateral aspect)
Mid Thigh
OPV-0 At birth 2 drop Oral Oral
DPT-1/2/3 6,10,14 week 0.5 ml IM Thigh
Pentavalent
vaccine
6,10,14 week 0.5 ml IM Thigh
Measels 9 month 0.5 ml Subcutaneous Upper arm
Vit. A 18 month 1ml Oral Oral
TT 10,16 years &
pregnancy
0.5 MI IM Upper arm