Globalization has not only ushered in tremendous changes in the global economic and political arena, it has turned the world into a global village. This is to the extent that event in one part of the world replicates itself in other parts. Of note is the introduction and use of forensics in criminal justice system which has taken roots in some nations of the world while its advantages are yet to be fully utilized in some developing nations of Africa, particularly in Nigeria. This study therefore argued that forensic science, particularly forensic facial image comparison or identification, is now a common method of technology adopted in the administration of criminal justice as well as in the detection of crimes that would have been ordinarily difficult to unravel. The study, thus, situated the challenges or failures of unravelling some of the crimes, murders and assassinations committed in Nigeria in recent years to underutilization of forensics by the law enforcement agency, i.e., the police, in its investigations. The study sees this as one of the factors that rendered the country’s criminal justice system ineffective in prosecuting an alleged offender and exonerating the innocent. This study adopted the historical and explorative research designs in its methodological component. This means that the study relied on secondary sources of data via textbooks, journal articles, official documents and internet sources for relevant literatures. The study proffered some strategies that would improve forensic techniques, particularly forensic facial image comparison identification, which can be used to boost the criminal justice system in Nigeria. Oluka, Nduka Lucas | Igwe, Elijah Onyedikachi | Ativie, C. Ailende "Roles, Benefits and Challenges of Forensic Facial Image Comparison and the Nigerian Criminal Justice System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30523.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/randd-management/30523/roles-benefits-and-challenges-of-forensic-facial-image-comparison-and-the-nigerian-criminal-justice-system/oluka-nduka-lucas
Use of Scientific and Modern Techniques in Forensic Science and Their Utility...ijtsrd
Forensic Science is one of the most important parcel of a criminal investigation since it is precise, accurate and increases the chances of success of an investigation or trial. Because of its analytical nature, it plays a vital role in the criminal justice system. It helps the court to arrive at a logical conclusion. In turn, it reduces the chances of any injustice. It is extensively used worldwide today. Forensic science is not an individual subject but it is an umbrella term that consists of other disciplines of science and touches almost every boundary of medical subjects. It is an exercise of common sense coupled with the experience and knowledge already acquired from other branches of medicine, obstetrics, and surgery. Forensic evidence is a discipline that functions within the parameters of the legal system. Its purpose is to provide guidance to those conducting criminal investigation and to supply to courts accurate information upon which they can rely in resolving criminal and civil disputes. The present paper aims at to explore the applicability of use of scientific and modern techniques in forensic science in criminal investigation and what role it plays in keeping law and order in a society. This paper also throws light on the legislative frame with regard to applicability of forensic science in criminal justice with the help of case laws. Sanjeev Kumar | Deeksha "Use of Scientific and Modern Techniques in Forensic Science and Their Utility in Criminal Justice System: An Indian Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35703.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/35703/use-of-scientific-and-modern-techniques-in-forensic-science-and-their-utility-in-criminal-justice-system-an-indian-perspective/sanjeev-kumar
An application development for police stations in pakistanSalam Shah
Program slice is the part of program that may take the program off the path of the
desired output at some point of its execution. Such point is known as the slicing criterion.
This point is generally identified at a location in a given program coupled with the subset
of variables of program. This process in which program slices are computed is called
program slicing. Weiser was the person who gave the original definition of program slice
in 1979. Since its first definition, many ideas related to the program slice have been
formulated along with the numerous numbers of techniques to compute program slice.
Meanwhile, distinction between the static slice and dynamic slice was also made.
Program slicing is now among the most useful techniques that can fetch the particular
elements of a program which are related to a particular computation. Quite a large
numbers of variants for the program slicing have been analyzed along with the
algorithms to compute the slice. Model based slicing split the large architectures of
software into smaller sub models during early stages of SDLC. Software testing is
regarded as an activity to evaluate the functionality and features of a system. It verifies
whether the system is meeting the requirement or not. A common practice now is to
extract the sub models out of the giant models based upon the slicing criteria. Process of
model based slicing is utilized to extract the desired lump out of slice diagram. This
specific survey focuses on slicing techniques in the fields of numerous programing
paradigms like web applications, object oriented, and components based. Owing to the
efforts of various researchers, this technique has been extended to numerous other
platforms that include debugging of program, program integration and analysis, testing
and maintenance of software, reengineering, and reverse engineering. This survey
portrays on the role of model based slicing and various techniques that are being taken
on to compute the slices.
Normalcy of Crime as a Requirement for Intelligence Analysis:Case Study of Ni...SP. Zems Mathias, PhD.
1) The document is a dissertation defense presentation by Zems Mathias for their Doctoral degree. It examines the normalcy of crime as a requirement for intelligence analysis in Nigerian law enforcement agencies.
2) It discusses how crimes like terrorism, human trafficking, and money laundering require proactive, scientific approaches that cross jurisdictions. Understanding crime is important for intelligence gathering and analysis.
3) The study aims to analyze the relationship between criminal intelligence and law enforcement practice, internal security, and national security in Nigeria. It examines challenges to intelligence gathering and the importance of sharing information between agencies.
This document provides a summary of a dissertation defense presentation on the normalcy of crime as a requirement for intelligence analysis in Nigerian law enforcement agencies. The summary includes:
1) The dissertation examines how studying the normalcy of crime can help law enforcement agencies in gathering and managing intelligence information.
2) It analyzes challenges facing Nigerian law enforcement agencies and how understanding crime dynamics could aid intelligence assessments.
3) Several hypotheses are proposed regarding the relationships between criminal intelligence and law enforcement practices, internal security, and national security.
Effectiveness of Crime Control Measures in NigeriaGabriel Ken
This document summarizes a research study on the effectiveness of crime control measures in Nigeria. The study assessed the role of citizens in crime prevention and identified the causes and impacts of crime. A descriptive survey design was used and questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents. The findings showed that citizens play active roles in crime control, but more still needs to be done. It is recommended that the government better equip formal security agencies for effective crime prevention and that informal and formal sectors collaborate more closely to improve crime prevention and control efforts.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha ...
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
Use of Scientific and Modern Techniques in Forensic Science and Their Utility...ijtsrd
Forensic Science is one of the most important parcel of a criminal investigation since it is precise, accurate and increases the chances of success of an investigation or trial. Because of its analytical nature, it plays a vital role in the criminal justice system. It helps the court to arrive at a logical conclusion. In turn, it reduces the chances of any injustice. It is extensively used worldwide today. Forensic science is not an individual subject but it is an umbrella term that consists of other disciplines of science and touches almost every boundary of medical subjects. It is an exercise of common sense coupled with the experience and knowledge already acquired from other branches of medicine, obstetrics, and surgery. Forensic evidence is a discipline that functions within the parameters of the legal system. Its purpose is to provide guidance to those conducting criminal investigation and to supply to courts accurate information upon which they can rely in resolving criminal and civil disputes. The present paper aims at to explore the applicability of use of scientific and modern techniques in forensic science in criminal investigation and what role it plays in keeping law and order in a society. This paper also throws light on the legislative frame with regard to applicability of forensic science in criminal justice with the help of case laws. Sanjeev Kumar | Deeksha "Use of Scientific and Modern Techniques in Forensic Science and Their Utility in Criminal Justice System: An Indian Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35703.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/35703/use-of-scientific-and-modern-techniques-in-forensic-science-and-their-utility-in-criminal-justice-system-an-indian-perspective/sanjeev-kumar
An application development for police stations in pakistanSalam Shah
Program slice is the part of program that may take the program off the path of the
desired output at some point of its execution. Such point is known as the slicing criterion.
This point is generally identified at a location in a given program coupled with the subset
of variables of program. This process in which program slices are computed is called
program slicing. Weiser was the person who gave the original definition of program slice
in 1979. Since its first definition, many ideas related to the program slice have been
formulated along with the numerous numbers of techniques to compute program slice.
Meanwhile, distinction between the static slice and dynamic slice was also made.
Program slicing is now among the most useful techniques that can fetch the particular
elements of a program which are related to a particular computation. Quite a large
numbers of variants for the program slicing have been analyzed along with the
algorithms to compute the slice. Model based slicing split the large architectures of
software into smaller sub models during early stages of SDLC. Software testing is
regarded as an activity to evaluate the functionality and features of a system. It verifies
whether the system is meeting the requirement or not. A common practice now is to
extract the sub models out of the giant models based upon the slicing criteria. Process of
model based slicing is utilized to extract the desired lump out of slice diagram. This
specific survey focuses on slicing techniques in the fields of numerous programing
paradigms like web applications, object oriented, and components based. Owing to the
efforts of various researchers, this technique has been extended to numerous other
platforms that include debugging of program, program integration and analysis, testing
and maintenance of software, reengineering, and reverse engineering. This survey
portrays on the role of model based slicing and various techniques that are being taken
on to compute the slices.
Normalcy of Crime as a Requirement for Intelligence Analysis:Case Study of Ni...SP. Zems Mathias, PhD.
1) The document is a dissertation defense presentation by Zems Mathias for their Doctoral degree. It examines the normalcy of crime as a requirement for intelligence analysis in Nigerian law enforcement agencies.
2) It discusses how crimes like terrorism, human trafficking, and money laundering require proactive, scientific approaches that cross jurisdictions. Understanding crime is important for intelligence gathering and analysis.
3) The study aims to analyze the relationship between criminal intelligence and law enforcement practice, internal security, and national security in Nigeria. It examines challenges to intelligence gathering and the importance of sharing information between agencies.
This document provides a summary of a dissertation defense presentation on the normalcy of crime as a requirement for intelligence analysis in Nigerian law enforcement agencies. The summary includes:
1) The dissertation examines how studying the normalcy of crime can help law enforcement agencies in gathering and managing intelligence information.
2) It analyzes challenges facing Nigerian law enforcement agencies and how understanding crime dynamics could aid intelligence assessments.
3) Several hypotheses are proposed regarding the relationships between criminal intelligence and law enforcement practices, internal security, and national security.
Effectiveness of Crime Control Measures in NigeriaGabriel Ken
This document summarizes a research study on the effectiveness of crime control measures in Nigeria. The study assessed the role of citizens in crime prevention and identified the causes and impacts of crime. A descriptive survey design was used and questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents. The findings showed that citizens play active roles in crime control, but more still needs to be done. It is recommended that the government better equip formal security agencies for effective crime prevention and that informal and formal sectors collaborate more closely to improve crime prevention and control efforts.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha ...
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
IRJET- A Survey Paper of Blood Spatter Trajectory Analysis for Forensic CrimeIRJET Journal
This document discusses blood spatter analysis for forensic crime scene investigation. It begins with an abstract that outlines the application of image processing techniques to analyze blood trajectories at crime scenes. It then provides background on forensic science and crime scene analysis. Specifically, it discusses how blood stains can provide important evidence and how blood spatter analysis is used to help reconstruct crime events. The document emphasizes that accurately collecting and analyzing blood evidence is important for solving cases.
icmss-2015_Usage of Forensics Science In Intelligence Gathering (Forensics In...Government
The document discusses the use of forensic intelligence and information management in criminal investigations. It defines forensic intelligence as intelligence produced through the analysis of evidence. Forensic intelligence involves analyzing available data collected before, during or after a crime using scientific techniques and comparing it to databases to identify suspects, crime scenes or weapons. Effective information management systems that integrate different data sources can strengthen police investigations by revealing meaningful connections between evidence.
This paper examined technologies being used in crime prevention and detection with a view to
identifying such technologies, legal issues and the challenges involved in the application of these technologies
and attempted to forge an acceptable legal framework for the use of technologies in crime prevention and
detection in Nigeria. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary sources include books,
journal, publications, dailies, conventions and a host others. Secondary sources include materials sourced from
the internet. The study revealed that though there are quite a good number of technologies for crime prevention
and detection, the major issues involved are the human right abuse and the challenges of training the staff who
are expected to apply these technologies among others. The study concluded that though there is need to
employ sophisticated technologies in view of the alarming rate of crime commission worldwide and particularly
in Nigeria , however, these technologies need to be reviewed to soften the hardship and human right abuses
which are found in the application of the technologies. This can be achieved by putting in place an acceptable
world standard and robust legal framework that would help in the mitigation of hardship and human abuses
that are embedded in the application of the technologies.
Obstacles to Investigators Using Electronic Information Technology in the Pro...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to find out and examine the obstacles investigators use electronic information
technology in the process of inquiry and investigation to uncover criminal acts of persecution (a case study of
the persecution that led to the death of the victim Augustine ) normative research supported by empirical data.
The results showed that the obstacles faced by investigators at the DitreskrimumPoldaSultra in the use of
technology related to the process of investigating and investigating cases of abuse that caused the death of
people consisted of 3 (three) obstacles, namely: first , Obstacles in Legal Substance: a. The Criminal Code does
not recognize electronic evidence; b. The evidence in the Electronic Transaction Information Law is not
supported by adequate implementing regulations; and c. There is no progressive legal umbrella in terms of
Standard Operating Procedures for the use of technology in the process of investigating criminal acts of
persecution that cause people to die.
KEYWORDS: Investigators, Electronic Evidence, Persecution.
IRJET- Ameliorate Rwandan Unlawful Justice through Forensic DNA ProofIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of forensic DNA evidence in improving criminal justice in Rwanda. It notes that while DNA technology has been widely used around the world to help solve complex crimes, it has not been fully utilized in Rwanda's criminal justice system due to several factors. These include DNA and its use not being included in legal education curricula, a lack of DNA legislation, and insufficient forensic infrastructure like modern DNA labs. The document argues that introducing DNA topics to legal education, enacting DNA laws, and improving forensic facilities would help the criminal justice system in Rwanda make better use of DNA evidence to further fairness and accuracy in crime solving.
Critical Analysis of Admissibility of Forensic Evidence in the Indian Crimina...ijtsrd
is believed that forensics plays an important role in finding out the criminal and it has been legally operated. Forensic is a process by which it helps in the discovery of the crime and the criminal. The admissibility of evidence by the forensic experts and their analysis of a particular crime can be done in accordance with the evidence law. The forensic experts play an important role by following certain techniques by collecting the particular materials from the crime scene and preserving them further to investigate the crime. The collected materials will be categorized by the forensic experts which in turn helps to find the crime. In certain circumstances, the collection and preservation of the materials are not done by the experts properly as to a lack of knowledge or the influence of the external elements. Further, there are certain legal constraints in accordance with the criminal investigation being carried out by the experts and the officials. The legal constraints start from the discovery, search, and protection of forensic evidence till the investigation. This affects the proper legal action against the criminal and the evidence which are supposed to be produced in the court of law. The researcher would analyse the admissibility of evidence in a court of law as to its relevance, authenticity, and issue on it as evidence is subject to the legal constraints and its applicability of it. Nanda Kishore M "Critical Analysis of Admissibility of Forensic Evidence in the Indian Criminal Justice System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49788.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49788/critical-analysis-of-admissibility-of-forensic-evidence-in-the-indian-criminal-justice-system/nanda-kishore-m
The document discusses the increasingly international nature of crime and forensic science. It outlines how international organizations like ENFSI, INTERPOL, and IAFS are promoting cooperation across borders to tackle issues like transnational organized crime, terrorism, and the rise of internet-based offenses. The future of forensic science is portrayed as inherently global and interdependent, with practitioners needing their evidence to withstand scrutiny in diverse international legal systems. Standards are being developed to facilitate the sharing of best practices, intelligence, and expertise among forensic institutions worldwide.
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
This document discusses how data mining can be used as an active solution for crime investigation in Nigeria. It suggests that law enforcement agencies could analyze large volumes of data using data mining techniques to detect patterns related to criminal activities and predict future crime trends. Specifically, data mining algorithms could be used to cluster populations sizes to impute missing values, cluster changes in crime rates between years to forecast future trends, and detect deceptive identities by criminals through comparing identity fields across criminal records. The goal is to help security agencies prevent, arrest, and investigate crimes like terrorism more effectively.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxtodd581
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxjeanettehully
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
This document provides guidelines for law enforcement on examining digital evidence. It discusses developing policies and procedures, assessing evidence, acquiring evidence while maintaining integrity, examining evidence, and documenting examination results. The intended audience is law enforcement officers responsible for digital evidence examination. It is not mandatory but offers best practices to help agencies develop their own policies. The guidelines emphasize maintaining evidence integrity during collection and examination.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
This document provides an executive summary of an evaluation of Project Lantern, a 5-year anti-sex trafficking project in Cebu, Philippines led by the International Justice Mission. The evaluation assessed changes in the public justice system's response to sex trafficking and Project Lantern's role. Key findings include evidence that Project Lantern contributed to reduced availability of minors for commercial sex, improved law enforcement operations and court system results, and strengthened aftercare services. Overall, the project enhanced the public justice system's response to sex trafficking through building partnerships and capacity.
Abstract: The menace of corruption in Nigeria is very pervasive with global implications. So pervasive is corruption in Nigeria that almost every aspect of National life is affected one way or the other (Matthew et al 2013). According to Woodward 2015, psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers. It is however difficult to provide the exact date that corruption became a subject of national discourse in Nigeria (Matthew et al 2013). The age of corruption in Nigeria however, has affected the socio-psychology of the citizenry as there have been little or no effective measures put in place to curb the menace of corruption. It is also undisputedly true that corruption in the Nigerian society has eaten deep into the law enforcement agencies, political parties, political leaders, judicial system, government and private ministries and parastatals, law makers, etc., and above all, the psycho-social standing of the citizenry is greatly affected. Thus, curbing corruption in Nigeria may seem too daunting to dare but before proffering critical remedies/strategies/recommendations that will help tremendously in curbing corruption in Nigeria, a closer look at some two major factors that have been grossly infected by corruption will be considered. These two factors are carefully selected because the multiplier effects of corruption we see today in Nigeria find their roots in these two factors which are political corruption and judicial corruption. If corruption in these two institutions mentioned is curbed, then corruption in other aspects of life would have been greatly diminished and the slogan “change begins with me” would become more productive in the reduction of corruption as well as conscience upliftment and Nigeria would be in her way forward to a corrupt-free nation.
Keywords: corruption.
Title: TOWARDS CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN SOCIETY
Author: NWUZOR, E. EZIAKU, ANYAOGU, BONIFACE E
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH),
ISSN 2349-7831,
Paper Publications
The Importance Of Intelligence-Led PolicingMelissa Dudas
The document discusses the importance of intelligence-led policing for modern law enforcement agencies. As this concept has shaped policing, the need for intelligence analysts has grown. Analysts must have research, analytical, critical thinking, and communication skills to effectively interpret data and disseminate timely intelligence. Community policing and intelligence-led policing can complement each other by helping gather more intelligence than using just one strategy alone. Gathering intelligence about communities is important for productive community relations and counter-terrorism efforts.
This document provides a guide for state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies to develop or enhance their intelligence functions. It summarizes key changes and initiatives in the field of law enforcement intelligence since 9/11. These include the development of the FBI Intelligence Program, new DHS intelligence products, the expansion of Intelligence-Led Policing, and implementation of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan. The guide covers topics such as defining intelligence, intelligence processes and products, management issues, information sharing networks, intelligence requirements, threat assessment, and federal intelligence programs. The intent is to ensure the guide is contemporary, informative, prescriptive, and provides resources to aid law enforcement intelligence efforts.
Running head RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINERESEARCH REPORT TOPIC.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE
RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE 5
Research report topic outline
Name of student
Course
Name of professor
Date of submission
Part 1A
Real or physical evidence
Physical evidence refers to anything that can be used as prove to a crime that happened and is connected to the criminal. Some examples of physical evidence include a knife that has blood on it, shoe impression, fingerprints, DNA, weapons, documents or glass. Real evidence describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence.
It is used to describe the items that are collected as prove arguments at a trial or hearing. Physical evidence has a wide variety of issues. This research report will focus on exploring fingerprints and DNA as aspects of physical evidence. The report will also examine the strategies, advancements and innovations in the criminal evidence regarding to fingerprints and DNA.
A search for fingerprints is usually done on a body before it is moved to the mortuary since it is also a source of physical evidence. The technology used in collecting the fingerprints and analyzing them has been refined from one decade to the other. Fingerprints are necessary as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness. There are no people who have the same fingerprints.
Identification is made when a fingerprint from a crime scene is linked to another one from a suspect or a database. DNA is a new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal. DNA evidence is admissible in court and therefore is frequently used. The evidence is linked to DNA profiles of offenders through national, state and local DNA databases known as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
Part 1B- Tier 1
Selected topic name
Real or physical evidence
Definition of key terms
Physical evidence -Involves objects that are found at the scene of a crime.
Real evidence-Describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence
Fingerprints- used as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness.
DNA-A new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal.
Crime scene-A place that is under investigation because a crime took place at that location
A criminal-An individual who is guilty of a crime
History
During the late 1980’s and early 90’s, States started passing laws that required offenders convicted of several offenses to give their DNA samples. The DNA samples could be used to identify the criminal and their link with the offense they have been convicted of committing. Currently, all States and federal government have passed laws that require the provision of DNA samples for some categories of criminals. Fingerprint identification was developed for offender’s ...
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
More Related Content
Similar to Roles, Benefits and Challenges of Forensic Facial Image Comparison and the Nigerian Criminal Justice System
IRJET- A Survey Paper of Blood Spatter Trajectory Analysis for Forensic CrimeIRJET Journal
This document discusses blood spatter analysis for forensic crime scene investigation. It begins with an abstract that outlines the application of image processing techniques to analyze blood trajectories at crime scenes. It then provides background on forensic science and crime scene analysis. Specifically, it discusses how blood stains can provide important evidence and how blood spatter analysis is used to help reconstruct crime events. The document emphasizes that accurately collecting and analyzing blood evidence is important for solving cases.
icmss-2015_Usage of Forensics Science In Intelligence Gathering (Forensics In...Government
The document discusses the use of forensic intelligence and information management in criminal investigations. It defines forensic intelligence as intelligence produced through the analysis of evidence. Forensic intelligence involves analyzing available data collected before, during or after a crime using scientific techniques and comparing it to databases to identify suspects, crime scenes or weapons. Effective information management systems that integrate different data sources can strengthen police investigations by revealing meaningful connections between evidence.
This paper examined technologies being used in crime prevention and detection with a view to
identifying such technologies, legal issues and the challenges involved in the application of these technologies
and attempted to forge an acceptable legal framework for the use of technologies in crime prevention and
detection in Nigeria. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary sources include books,
journal, publications, dailies, conventions and a host others. Secondary sources include materials sourced from
the internet. The study revealed that though there are quite a good number of technologies for crime prevention
and detection, the major issues involved are the human right abuse and the challenges of training the staff who
are expected to apply these technologies among others. The study concluded that though there is need to
employ sophisticated technologies in view of the alarming rate of crime commission worldwide and particularly
in Nigeria , however, these technologies need to be reviewed to soften the hardship and human right abuses
which are found in the application of the technologies. This can be achieved by putting in place an acceptable
world standard and robust legal framework that would help in the mitigation of hardship and human abuses
that are embedded in the application of the technologies.
Obstacles to Investigators Using Electronic Information Technology in the Pro...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to find out and examine the obstacles investigators use electronic information
technology in the process of inquiry and investigation to uncover criminal acts of persecution (a case study of
the persecution that led to the death of the victim Augustine ) normative research supported by empirical data.
The results showed that the obstacles faced by investigators at the DitreskrimumPoldaSultra in the use of
technology related to the process of investigating and investigating cases of abuse that caused the death of
people consisted of 3 (three) obstacles, namely: first , Obstacles in Legal Substance: a. The Criminal Code does
not recognize electronic evidence; b. The evidence in the Electronic Transaction Information Law is not
supported by adequate implementing regulations; and c. There is no progressive legal umbrella in terms of
Standard Operating Procedures for the use of technology in the process of investigating criminal acts of
persecution that cause people to die.
KEYWORDS: Investigators, Electronic Evidence, Persecution.
IRJET- Ameliorate Rwandan Unlawful Justice through Forensic DNA ProofIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of forensic DNA evidence in improving criminal justice in Rwanda. It notes that while DNA technology has been widely used around the world to help solve complex crimes, it has not been fully utilized in Rwanda's criminal justice system due to several factors. These include DNA and its use not being included in legal education curricula, a lack of DNA legislation, and insufficient forensic infrastructure like modern DNA labs. The document argues that introducing DNA topics to legal education, enacting DNA laws, and improving forensic facilities would help the criminal justice system in Rwanda make better use of DNA evidence to further fairness and accuracy in crime solving.
Critical Analysis of Admissibility of Forensic Evidence in the Indian Crimina...ijtsrd
is believed that forensics plays an important role in finding out the criminal and it has been legally operated. Forensic is a process by which it helps in the discovery of the crime and the criminal. The admissibility of evidence by the forensic experts and their analysis of a particular crime can be done in accordance with the evidence law. The forensic experts play an important role by following certain techniques by collecting the particular materials from the crime scene and preserving them further to investigate the crime. The collected materials will be categorized by the forensic experts which in turn helps to find the crime. In certain circumstances, the collection and preservation of the materials are not done by the experts properly as to a lack of knowledge or the influence of the external elements. Further, there are certain legal constraints in accordance with the criminal investigation being carried out by the experts and the officials. The legal constraints start from the discovery, search, and protection of forensic evidence till the investigation. This affects the proper legal action against the criminal and the evidence which are supposed to be produced in the court of law. The researcher would analyse the admissibility of evidence in a court of law as to its relevance, authenticity, and issue on it as evidence is subject to the legal constraints and its applicability of it. Nanda Kishore M "Critical Analysis of Admissibility of Forensic Evidence in the Indian Criminal Justice System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49788.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49788/critical-analysis-of-admissibility-of-forensic-evidence-in-the-indian-criminal-justice-system/nanda-kishore-m
The document discusses the increasingly international nature of crime and forensic science. It outlines how international organizations like ENFSI, INTERPOL, and IAFS are promoting cooperation across borders to tackle issues like transnational organized crime, terrorism, and the rise of internet-based offenses. The future of forensic science is portrayed as inherently global and interdependent, with practitioners needing their evidence to withstand scrutiny in diverse international legal systems. Standards are being developed to facilitate the sharing of best practices, intelligence, and expertise among forensic institutions worldwide.
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
This document discusses how data mining can be used as an active solution for crime investigation in Nigeria. It suggests that law enforcement agencies could analyze large volumes of data using data mining techniques to detect patterns related to criminal activities and predict future crime trends. Specifically, data mining algorithms could be used to cluster populations sizes to impute missing values, cluster changes in crime rates between years to forecast future trends, and detect deceptive identities by criminals through comparing identity fields across criminal records. The goal is to help security agencies prevent, arrest, and investigate crimes like terrorism more effectively.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxtodd581
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxjeanettehully
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
This document provides guidelines for law enforcement on examining digital evidence. It discusses developing policies and procedures, assessing evidence, acquiring evidence while maintaining integrity, examining evidence, and documenting examination results. The intended audience is law enforcement officers responsible for digital evidence examination. It is not mandatory but offers best practices to help agencies develop their own policies. The guidelines emphasize maintaining evidence integrity during collection and examination.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
This document provides an executive summary of an evaluation of Project Lantern, a 5-year anti-sex trafficking project in Cebu, Philippines led by the International Justice Mission. The evaluation assessed changes in the public justice system's response to sex trafficking and Project Lantern's role. Key findings include evidence that Project Lantern contributed to reduced availability of minors for commercial sex, improved law enforcement operations and court system results, and strengthened aftercare services. Overall, the project enhanced the public justice system's response to sex trafficking through building partnerships and capacity.
Abstract: The menace of corruption in Nigeria is very pervasive with global implications. So pervasive is corruption in Nigeria that almost every aspect of National life is affected one way or the other (Matthew et al 2013). According to Woodward 2015, psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers. It is however difficult to provide the exact date that corruption became a subject of national discourse in Nigeria (Matthew et al 2013). The age of corruption in Nigeria however, has affected the socio-psychology of the citizenry as there have been little or no effective measures put in place to curb the menace of corruption. It is also undisputedly true that corruption in the Nigerian society has eaten deep into the law enforcement agencies, political parties, political leaders, judicial system, government and private ministries and parastatals, law makers, etc., and above all, the psycho-social standing of the citizenry is greatly affected. Thus, curbing corruption in Nigeria may seem too daunting to dare but before proffering critical remedies/strategies/recommendations that will help tremendously in curbing corruption in Nigeria, a closer look at some two major factors that have been grossly infected by corruption will be considered. These two factors are carefully selected because the multiplier effects of corruption we see today in Nigeria find their roots in these two factors which are political corruption and judicial corruption. If corruption in these two institutions mentioned is curbed, then corruption in other aspects of life would have been greatly diminished and the slogan “change begins with me” would become more productive in the reduction of corruption as well as conscience upliftment and Nigeria would be in her way forward to a corrupt-free nation.
Keywords: corruption.
Title: TOWARDS CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN SOCIETY
Author: NWUZOR, E. EZIAKU, ANYAOGU, BONIFACE E
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH),
ISSN 2349-7831,
Paper Publications
The Importance Of Intelligence-Led PolicingMelissa Dudas
The document discusses the importance of intelligence-led policing for modern law enforcement agencies. As this concept has shaped policing, the need for intelligence analysts has grown. Analysts must have research, analytical, critical thinking, and communication skills to effectively interpret data and disseminate timely intelligence. Community policing and intelligence-led policing can complement each other by helping gather more intelligence than using just one strategy alone. Gathering intelligence about communities is important for productive community relations and counter-terrorism efforts.
This document provides a guide for state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies to develop or enhance their intelligence functions. It summarizes key changes and initiatives in the field of law enforcement intelligence since 9/11. These include the development of the FBI Intelligence Program, new DHS intelligence products, the expansion of Intelligence-Led Policing, and implementation of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan. The guide covers topics such as defining intelligence, intelligence processes and products, management issues, information sharing networks, intelligence requirements, threat assessment, and federal intelligence programs. The intent is to ensure the guide is contemporary, informative, prescriptive, and provides resources to aid law enforcement intelligence efforts.
Running head RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINERESEARCH REPORT TOPIC.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE
RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE 5
Research report topic outline
Name of student
Course
Name of professor
Date of submission
Part 1A
Real or physical evidence
Physical evidence refers to anything that can be used as prove to a crime that happened and is connected to the criminal. Some examples of physical evidence include a knife that has blood on it, shoe impression, fingerprints, DNA, weapons, documents or glass. Real evidence describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence.
It is used to describe the items that are collected as prove arguments at a trial or hearing. Physical evidence has a wide variety of issues. This research report will focus on exploring fingerprints and DNA as aspects of physical evidence. The report will also examine the strategies, advancements and innovations in the criminal evidence regarding to fingerprints and DNA.
A search for fingerprints is usually done on a body before it is moved to the mortuary since it is also a source of physical evidence. The technology used in collecting the fingerprints and analyzing them has been refined from one decade to the other. Fingerprints are necessary as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness. There are no people who have the same fingerprints.
Identification is made when a fingerprint from a crime scene is linked to another one from a suspect or a database. DNA is a new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal. DNA evidence is admissible in court and therefore is frequently used. The evidence is linked to DNA profiles of offenders through national, state and local DNA databases known as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
Part 1B- Tier 1
Selected topic name
Real or physical evidence
Definition of key terms
Physical evidence -Involves objects that are found at the scene of a crime.
Real evidence-Describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence
Fingerprints- used as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness.
DNA-A new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal.
Crime scene-A place that is under investigation because a crime took place at that location
A criminal-An individual who is guilty of a crime
History
During the late 1980’s and early 90’s, States started passing laws that required offenders convicted of several offenses to give their DNA samples. The DNA samples could be used to identify the criminal and their link with the offense they have been convicted of committing. Currently, all States and federal government have passed laws that require the provision of DNA samples for some categories of criminals. Fingerprint identification was developed for offender’s ...
Similar to Roles, Benefits and Challenges of Forensic Facial Image Comparison and the Nigerian Criminal Justice System (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 510
little success has been recorded in its development in the
Nigerian criminal justice system. It is on this basis that this
study is posed to examine the role, benefit and challenges of
forensic science in general and facial image comparison or
identification in the Nigerian criminal justice system in
particular. This has become important because of the
underutilization of forensics in our criminal justice system
so as to contribute to policing of crime andthe eliminationof
the challenges of resolving obnoxious crimes in Nigeria, and
help to exonerate the innocent.
1.2. Aims and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to examine the role, benefit and
challenges of forensic facial image comparison in crime
investigation and detection in Nigeria. While the specific
objectives are:
A. To examine the general role and benefit of forensic
science, particularly forensic facial imagecomparisonin
crime investigation, detection and management in
Nigeria,
B. To identify the challenges of forensic facial image
comparison or identification in the criminal justice
system of Nigeria, and
C. To proffer useful strategies that could improve forensic
technology and forensic facial image comparison in
criminal justice system in Nigeria.
1.3. Research Questions
The following questions are raised to provide directions to
this study:
A. What are the roles and benefits of forensic technology
and forensic facial image comparisonincrimedetection,
investigation and management in Nigeria?
B. What are the challenges of forensic facial image
comparison or identification in criminal justice system
in Nigeria?
C. What are the strategies to improve forensic technology
and facial image comparison oridentificationincriminal
justice system in the country?
1.4. Research Method
The study adopts historical and explorative research as its
methodology. This means that the study relies solely on
secondary sources to derive data through relevant
literatures. Secondary sources constitute information
gleaned from already existing literature or the opinions or
perceptions of scholars on a particular subject area. In other
words, data for the study were derived from textbooks,
magazines, newspapers, and official bulletin, as well as
library and internet sources.
2.1. Forensic Facial Image Comparison: Conceptual
Explanation
As noted earlier, technology has infiltrated every facet of
man’s life on earth, and in the criminal justice system of
virtually all the developed nations of the world. Forensic
science, in particular, has taken diverse forms in the
investigation of crimes in developed nations since its
development and adoption. Resolving crime through
forensics has become almost futuristic in some of the
developing countries of the world. It is so advanced that it
has resolved seemly difficult situations and has exonerated
the innocent in advanced countries. It is no doubt one of the
fastest growing technologiesofcrimeresolutioninthe world
in recent times. Undoubtedly, its contributions in resolving
crimes have been acknowledged in civilized societies and
have subsequently led to a plethora of definitions of the
concept as observed lately. This notion was complimented
by Ribaux et al. (2006) when they argued that forensic
science has grown wide with lots of sub fields in the areas of
medical sciences, security, law, jurisprudence and in the
engineering world. Further to this notion, they identified
three major roles of forensic science to includeinvestigation,
evaluation and intelligence gathering (Ribaux etal.,2006).In
the same manner, Solomon and Iheanyi (2007) cited in
Anyanabia et al. (2019: 48) noted that the term forensic
technology is the application of a broadspectrumofsciences
to answer question of interest in legal system in relation to
crime, and in civil actions. These authors also see it as a
technology used in the detection and prosecution of crimes
or the application of scientific skills, to examine and to
evaluate social and legal issues in order to resolve them. It is
as well the application of science, and the law in resolving
crime or managing it. In a broad manner, they see it as the
adoption of scientific methods in establishing facts or in
corroborating pieces of evidences gathered from other
sources by detectives in relation to a given case under
investigation (Solomon & Iheanyi, 2007).McCartney(2006),
also in Anyanabia et al. (2019: 48), defined forensic
technology as the identification, collection and processing of
evidence gathered from crime scene and other sources by a
detective, which may be useful in the investigation and
unravelling of a crime.
The United Kingdom Public Service (2009) report
provided a broader perspective to the definition of forensic
technology when it relatesforensicsciencetotheapplication
of science and technology in the collection of evidence at all
stages of investigation in order to locate, recover, analyze
and interpret the purpose of a crime on the one hand,andon
the other hand, to support effective administrationofjustice
and to inspire public confidence in the criminal justice
system. For Saferstein (2010), forensic technology is the
application of science to criminal and civil laws enforced by
the police and other security agencies in a criminal justice
system.
The terms forensic facial image comparison and facial
image identification are often used interchangeably to
define the use of human face in a photographic template
(also known as photographs or videos). Thus, the forensic
facial image comparison or identification is used to study
and identify suspects or victims and other persons involved
in crime scenes, to establish evidence or proof in thecourtof
law. Its importance in criminal justice system therefore
cannot be neglected. This is evident in the perception of
Ribaux et al. (2006) of the utility in forensic image in the
field of law. To them, the adoption of forensic facial image
identification in the criminal justice system is not a new
development. But the collective efforts of forensic
anthropologists in other fields of learning like mathematics
and engineering, forensic technology became popular in the
criminal justice system in the developed nations of the
world.
Davis et al. (2012) noted that the use of facial image
comparison as a biometric markerormethodinidentifying
persons involves capturing and storing individual’s face,
voice and iris, as a photographic forensicevidencewhich has
become a part of the digital tool-kit of forensics.Theyargued
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 511
that this is completely a new forensic area that has been
developed, and now widely used by expert witnesses in
providing opinion testimony toascertainwhetherornottwo
images could depict same person. With the quest of the
American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) in
collaboration with the Forensic Institute Scientific Working
Group (ASTM, 2018) perceived facial image comparisonasa
method that involves the ability to acquire rightful evidence
especially at the scene ofcrime.Totheseorganizations,facial
comparison method in biometric analysis and in forensic
science involves the development of facial components and
some morphological comparison methods. It also uses the
combination of traditional fingerprints and DNA as markers
in either apprehending a criminal or in exonerating a
wrongly accused victim of a crime (cf. ASTM, 2018).
The above method was illustrated in Captain Kelvin L.
Weise’s (2009) report on how photographs proved positive
in collecting evidence regarding a detainee for the court of
law in Iraq. This shows that in forensics, in the course of
investigation for evidence for the courts, a photograph
enhancement and comparison illustration including video
images obtained in a crime scene has been beneficial in
admitting evidence by security experts or persons who
specialize in the technique in advanced countries. In other
words, forensic analytical evidence in gathering intelligence
in this 21st Century cannot be underestimated because of its
proven utility in criminal justice administration across the
world. However, from the plethora of definitions of forensic
technology above, it is obvious that the primary objective of
the adoption of forensic technology in all its forms in the
criminal justice system is to bring offenders to justice,
exonerate the innocent, to detect crime, and ensure that
there is an efficient as well as an effective criminal
investigation, to gain better understanding on criminality.
Indisputably, forensic technology, in all its forms, including
facial image comparison or identification, has not only
expanded criminal investigationbuthasalsoyieldedpositive
impact tantamount to digital forensic, though it is doubtless
to say that modest recognition has been given to forensic
technology in Less Developed Countries (LDCs),particularly
in Nigeria.
Suffice it to state, therefore, that forensic investigationisnot
only a search for the truth of what has happened in a crime
scene but also it establishes who and who were involvedina
crime, in order to exonerate the innocent and prosecute
probable offenders. This notion was complimented by
Lambrechts (2002) who suggested that forensic
investigators, for the purpose of fairnessandadmissibilityof
facts of a crime in a court of law, should not rely on
presumptions only, but that a proven expertise of the
scientific fact of a crime must compliment their evidences.
Furthermore, he argued that the effectiveness of accurate
forensic evidence is often linked to its appropriateness.
Thus, investigators need to prove a crimebeforeanycourtof
law with unbiased factsorchestratedbyinvestigatingagents.
The researcher, thus, perceived the concept of forensic
science/technology as a whole in relation to criminal justice
system. It is considered as the adoption of scientific tool,
instrument or devices in criminal investigation or other
sundry issues relating to crime in order to charge, try or
prosecute the actual offender in a court of competent
jurisdiction, and to discharge or exonerate theinnocent who
may have been alleged to commit a crime.
3.1. Empirical Review
3.1.1. Benefits of Forensics in the Nigerian Justice
System
Recent literatures, generally, reveal significant roles which
forensic has played in the criminal justice systems of the
nations of the world. Although, the introduction and use of
forensics is not a very recent invention, however, in the
advanced countries of the world and in some developing
countries as well, the use of forensics and its proven
reliability has made it a reliable method of gathering
intelligent information appertaining to crime by security
agencies, and evidences obtained in the cause of
investigation are also tenable in law courts to prosecute
offenders and exonerate the innocent (see NationalInstitute
of Justice, NIJ Report 2017). In other words, forensic
technology plays a vital role in the criminal justice system of
a country by providing scientifically based information
through the analysis of physical evidences obtained in a
crime scene and in other sundry places in the cause of
investigation by experts or by a state police department.
During investigation, evidences are collected at a crime
scene or from a person or group of personsandanalyzedina
crime laboratory and the results are presentedina lawcourt
to prove the involvement of an accused or his innocence of
the crime. Forensic investigation is increasingly reliable in
assisting law enforcement agencies, especially the police
department, in resolving crimes and to gain convictions in
the court of law. It also assists the judiciaryinadjudicationof
certain criminal cases (see Roberta et al., 2011; National
Institute of Justice, NIJ Report, 2017).
As the application of sciences in crime management and
investigation, forensic science has been effective in physics,
chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering, as
well as in matters that appertain to law. Thisisevidentinthe
broad spectrum of the U.S NIJ’sforensicscience researchand
development program which emphasizes basic and applied
scientific research with the intent to: firstly, direct the
findings of basic scientific research in broader scientific
fields applicable to forensic science; and secondly,
emphasize the application of forensic science research to
developing highly discriminating,accurate,reliableandcost-
effective evidences; and thirdly, apply rapid methods for the
identification, analysis and interpretation of physical
evidences in processes of criminal justice. In essence,
forensic investigation has been adopted to resolve
incidences of aggravated assaults, burglary, homicide, rape,
and robbery (see Peterson et al., 2010: 11-14; U. S. NIJ
Report, 2017).
Fisher (2004) cited in McEwen (2011: 10) argued that the
collection of forensicevidenceandtheapplicationofforensic
science have become essential tocriminal investigations and
prosecutions, and have also fulfilled several rolesincriminal
investigations such as establishing the key elements of a
crime, placing a suspect in contact with a crime victim or
bringing the suspect or victim to a crime scene, establishing
the identity of persons associated with a crime, exonerating
the innocent, corroborating a victim’s testimony, and
assisting to establish the factsofwhathappenedoroccurred.
McEwen (2011: 11) on the other hand, noted that the
emergence of forensic database systems containingforensic
information in located areas at the local, state and national
levels has assisted the police in the United States of America
and in other developed countries tocollectforensicevidence
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 512
effortlessly. McEwen also stated that the introduction of
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)andthe
installation of 10-print card readers for computerized print
matching in police departments by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation Department (FBI) in the United States hasalso
made forensic investigation very easy. The establishment of
the FBI Laboratory which combines DNA Index System
(CODIS) at all levels in the State has also complimented
forensic investigation (see McEwen, 2011: 11). This implies
that the effectiveness of forensic evidence depends on the
reliability of the typologies or variety of forensic evidences
collected at crime scenes, such as fingerprints, impression
evidence, hair, fiber, firearms, and biological evidences such
as semen and bloodstains, drugevidence,andmorphological
evidence. These are used not only in the jurisprudenceinthe
United States of America but also in other parts of the world
where forensic science and technology are accorded high
regards in criminal justice system. Thus, forensic science
report or the testimony of a crime has its importance or
impact at the time of sentencing an accused person or
exonerating the innocent in law courts (see Peterson et al.,
1987).
In recent years, there has been lots of breakthrough in
forensic science as a valuable tool in criminal justice. Even
so, significant gains will be realized since new technologies
are invented in obtaining accurate and reliable evidences in
serious criminal cases. In law courts, such evidences are
characterized by the presence of a reliable laboratory
analysis and an expert’s prepared interpretation and
testimony of the scientific result obtained in the cause of
investigation. Such is the role of forensics in criminal justice
systems across the continent of American, Europe, Asia and
Africa. To this effect, Peterson et al. (1987) identified three
roles which forensic evidence play in judicial processes.
These include the establishment of the element of a crime,
associating defendantswith crimesordissociatingthem, and
finally, it helps in reconstructing the crime or the crime
scene.
Unfortunately, despite the roles and benefits of forensic
technology in criminal justice in our modern world, a good
number of the LDCs, including Nigeria, are yet to fully
embrace forensic science in their justice system. The
consequence of underutilization of forensics (especially
forensic facial image comparison or identification) in
resolving crime is obvious in the case of Nigeria in which
several cases of murder and assassination overtheyears are
yet to be resolved up to the present time. Specifically, the
role and benefit of forensics, especially forensic facial image
comparison or identification, have eludedthecountryinthis
era of globalization and scientific advancement in science
and technology particularly in the areas of crime
investigation, crime control and crime management. This
singular factor (i.e., the underutilization of forensics) has
been the focus of researchers as one of the challenges faced
by the security agencies in resolving some critical issues
which ordinarily, would have been resolved by forensic
experts in the country. Examples of unresolved high profile
murder include such cases as the gruesome assassination of
Chief James Ajibola Idowu Adegoke Ige, popularly known as
Chief Bola Ige. He was a chieftain of the Alliance for
Democracy in Osun State and a former Governor of the old
Oyo State and former Minister of Justice of the Federation.
He was murdered on 23 December 2001 (see Ojo, 2018;
Komolafe, 2019). Other sensitive cases where forensic
science was underutilized in Nigeria include the
assassination of Dele Giwa, a veteran news magazine editor
who was murdered through a letter-bombin1986,aswell as
the murder in 1995 of Alfred Rewane, a top-notch politician
and businessman; Mrs. Kudirat Abiola, wife of an
international business mogul and frontline politician, who
was murdered in 1996, and whose husband, Chief Moshood
Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, the Social Democratic Party
(SDP) Presidential flag bearer and acclaimed winner of the
annulled 1993 presidential election in Nigeria, who was
suspected to be murdered in detention in 1998 over the
insistence of his electoral mandate; and Marshall Harry, a
PDP chieftain who was murdered in Abuja in 2003.
Furthermore, forensicevidencewasalsounderutilizedin the
following randomly picked incidents which occurredamong
some of the more common cases include the case of
Aminosari Dikibo, a PDP Deputy National Chairman, who
was murdered in Asaba, Delta State in 2004; Funsho
Williams, a Lagos State governorship hopeful who was
murdered in Lagos in 2006; Dipo Dina, Ogun State
governorship candidate of the Action Congress of Nigeria
(ACN) murdered in 2010; and Funke Olakunrin, daughter of
Reuben Fasoranti, erstwhile leader of Afenifere, the Pan-
Yoruba socio-cultural group, who was murdered in Ore
town, Ondo State, in 2019 (see Komolafe, 2019). Othercases
of high profile murder which occurred in the regions of the
South-East, South-West, South-South and a few from the
Northern part of Nigeria and randomly selected are
illustrated in the table below.
S/N
NAME OF
VICTIM
ASSOCIATION TO WHICH
VICTIM BELONGED
PLACE OF
ASSASSINATION
DATE OF
ASSASSINATION
STATUS OF
ASSASSINATION
1 Sunday Ugwu
Member, Enugu State
House of Assembly
Enugu State 9 September 1999 Unresolved
2 Lai Balogun Frontline Politician Lagos State December 2000 Unresolved
3 Dan Kemibagha
Counsel to Odi Youths,
Bayelsa State
--- December 2001 Unresolved
4
Odunayo
Olagbaju
Member, Osun State
House of Assembly
Ife, Osun State 21 December 2001 Unresolved
5
Monday Ndor
Tambari
Minority Leader, Rivers
State House of Assembly
Port-Harcourt Rivers
State
18 December 2001 Unresolved
6 John Agatutu
PDP Central Senatorial
District Aspirant
--- December 2002 Unresolved
7
Ishayaku
Mohammed
UPP Party Chieftain --- December 2002 Unresolved
8 Janet Olapade PDP Leader in Ondo State --- December 2002 Unresolved
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 513
9 Ade Awonusi
Confidential Secretary to
the Chief Justice of the
Federation
---
7 January 2002
Unresolved
10 Chimere Ikoku
PDP Leader and Former
Vice Chancellor of the
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka
Enugu State 12 October 2003 Unresolved
11
Ajibola
Olanipekun
PDP Chieftain in Oyo State Ibadan, Oyo State 20 June 2003 Unresolved
12 Joyce M. Fatai --- --- 3 May 2003 Unresolved
13 Young Dimegwu
ANPP Member, Imo State
House of Assembly
Imo State 20 April 2005 Unresolved
14
Onyewuchi
Iwuchukwu ANPP Party Chieftain
Ikeduru Local Gov’t
Area of Imo State
19 April 2003 Unresolved
15 Yemi Oni AD Chieftain, Ekiti State Ekiti State March 2003 Unresolved
16 Anthony Nwodo
Secretary to ANPP Ebonyi
State
Ebonyi State 21 March 2003 Unresolved
17
Rasaki
Ibrahim
--- --- 5 March 2003 Unresolved
18 Theodore Agbatu --- Imo State 22 February 2003 Unresolved
19 Ogbonanya Uche
ANPP Senatorial
Candidate
Owerri, Imo State 8 February 2003 Unresolved
20 Ayo Daramola
Ekiti State PDP Guber
Candidate
Ekiti State 14 August 2004 Unresolved
21 Philip Olorinpa
Kogi State Electoral
Commissioner
Kogi State
7 March 2004 Unresolved
22 Luke Shingaba --- Kogi State 4 March 2004 Unresolved
23 Obi Wali
Senator, Federal Republic
of Nigeria
Rivers State 25 April 1993 Unresolved
24 Suliat Adedeji
Prominent South West
Politician & a frontline
politician in Oyo State
Ibadan, Oyo State
14 November
1996
Unresolved
25
Babatunde
Elegbede
Rear Admiral Gbagada, Lagos State 19 June 1994 Unresolved
26 Tunde Ashafa Navy Captain Lagos State 11 June 1995 Unresolved
27 Obatou Mumbo ---
Onitsha, Anambra
State
17 October 2000 Unresolved
28 Idowu Braimoh --- Ondo State 5 November 2000 Unresolved
29 Lateef Olaniyan
Acolyte of the Ibadan
Strongman of Politics,
Lamidi Adedibu
Ibadan, Oyo State 16 July 2005 Unresolved
30 Ifeanyi Nnaji PDP Youth Wing
Nkalagu, Ebonyi
State
23 August 2001 Unresolved
31
Ogbonna
Odimbaiwe
--- Ebonyi State 23 August 2001 Unresolved
32 Chibueze Idah --- Ebonyi State 23 August 2001 Unresolved
33 Onyebuchi Ede --- Ebonyi State 23 August 2001 Unresolved
34 Joseph Osayande
Transport Magnate, Big
Joe Motors
Benin City, Edo State 4 December 2000 Unresolved
35
Chief Layi
Balogun
Frontline Politician and
Businessman
Lagos
State
10 December 2000 Unresolved
36 Monday Ndor ---
Port-Harcourt,
Rivers State
19 August 2001 Unresolved
37
Maria-Theresa
Nsa
--- Cross-River State 11 June 2002 Unresolved
38 Alabi Okoju
Leading Financier,
Oronmiyan Group, a
Socio-political
Organization
Gbongan, Osun State 15 May 2005 Unresolved
39 Emily Omope --- Ibadan, Oyo State 3 March 2003 Unresolved
40
Theodore
Agwatu
Principal Secretary to Imo
State Gov’t
Owerri, Imo State 22 February 2003 Unresolved
41 E. Emenike --- Imo State 13 February 2003 Unresolved
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 514
42 Ogbonnaya Uche
ANPP Senatorial
Candidate and former
Commissioner
Owerri, Imo State 8 February 2003 Unresolved
43
Barnabas
Igwe (& wife,
Abigail Igwe)
Chairman, the Nigerian
Bar Association (NBA)
Onitsha, Anambra
State
1 September 2002 Unresolved
44 Godwin Agbroko
Chairman, ThisDay
Newspaper Editorial
Board
Delta State 22 December 2006 Unresolved
45
Abayomi
Ogundeji
ThisDay Newspaper
Journalist
--- 17 August 2008 Unresolved
46
Nicholas
Okhuakhua
A Journalist Lagos State June 2000 Unresolved
47
Aminasaori
Dikibo
PDP National Vice
Chairman
Port-Harcourt,
Rivers State
6 February 2004 Unresolved
48
Igwe Francis
Nwankwo
Nwafia Monarch Anambra State 15 February 2000 Unresolved
49 Bayo Ohu
Reporter, Guardian
Newspapers
Egbeda, Lagos State
20 September
2009
Unresolved
50
Mohammed
Shuaibu
--- Lagos State September 2000 Unresolved
51 Idowu Braimoh --- Ondo State 5 November 2000 Unresolved
52 Olu Omotehinwa Naval Admiral Lagos State 22 May 1996 Unresolved
53
Sunday A.
Awoniyi
Top-notch Politician Stabbed in Abuja 7 January 2002 Unresolved
54 Bayo Ohu
Journalist with The
Guardian Newspapers
Egbeda, Lagos State
20 September
2009
Unresolved
55 Victor Nwankwo
Founder, Eastern Mandate
Union ---
29 August 2001 Unresolved
56 Peter Eboigbe
PDP Aspirant of Oredo
Local Government Chair
Benin City, Edo State 11 August 2005 Unresolved
57
Chief Ogbonnaya
Uche
All Nigerian Peoples Party
(ANPP) Senatorial
Candidate
Imo State February 2003 Unresolved
58 Eyo Eyo
Information Officer to
Cross-River State
Commissioner for
Agriculture
Calabar, Cross-River
State
April 2002 Unresolved
59
Dipo Dina
2007 Governorship
Candidate of the Action
Congress of Nigeria (ACN)
Ota, Ogun State 25 January 2010 Unresolved
Many of these cases are yet to be resolved to this day whereas, the suspected perpetrators of the crimes have since been
arrested and are awaiting prosecution. Thus, the challenges of forensics, especially forensic facial image comparison in the
country, are provided in details below.
3.1.2. Challenges of Forensics and forensic facial
Image Comparison in Nigeria
The importance of forensic scienceincriminal justicesystem
all over the world cannot be underestimated, even though,it
is underutilized in Nigeria by the security agencies
constitutionally responsible for the investigation of crimes
committed within their jurisdiction. Much as it has
contributed tremendously in resolving critical issues in
courts of law, it has its challenges not only in developed
nations like the United States of America, United Kingdom,
Germany, etc., but also in undeveloped nations of the world
such as Nigeria. In corroborating this view, Wright and
Barrie (2010: 21) argued that the only way to control
criminality by resolving murder and assassination cases in
any modern society is to embrace modern technologies
(such as forensic investigations) into criminal investigation
since technology plays an essential role in modern day
policing as it provides the police investigator with a lot of
opportunities to detect and resolve crimes.
According to Arbab-Zavar et al. (2015: 11) of the many
crime-scene collectible forensic evidences for purposes of
the prosecution or exoneration of alleged offenders, the
photographic image or face photo collection has been
identified as one of the most common and most familiar
biometric trait in our daily lives. With the use of digital
cameras, smart phones, CCTVs, etc., face image has become
easily generated and transmitted, and it is shared through
the highly developed social media networks such as
Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, etc. Face imagesofpeople of
questionable characters or suspects, as well as those of
victims and witnesses have been obtained through these
media for the purposes of investigation. The application of
the facial image devices is not to be exonerated from
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 515
unforeseen setbacks that are likely to impede its application
in investigating crimes in particular or in thecriminal justice
system of a country like Nigeria.
Much as a number of contemporarystudieshaveprovedthat
forensic facial image is one of the very convenient biometric
characteristic used in recognition of people and is one of the
most common biometric trait authenticated in criminal
investigation, it is still very much underutilized in some
LDCs, especially in Africa, and Nigeria in particular. It is easy
to recognize a suspect or an alleged offender through facial
image or photo because this makes the evidencereliable and
admissible in the cause of crime investigation, especially
when it is captured in the scene of crime. Unlike the
fingerprint or iris recognition system, face image does not
necessarily require the services of a forensic expert or an
expert with professional skills to provide reliable and
admissible evidence (see Nte, 2012; Arbab-Zavar, et al.,
2015).
According to Arbab-Zavar et al. (2015: 5), unlike fingerprint
and iris collections, facial images can beacquired easilyfrom
a distance without physical contact which makes peoplefeel
more comfortable to use. This factor also makes facial image
very easy to be obtained in a friendly manner and also
acceptable by the public. But compared to fingerprint and
iris, face recognition system has a lower requirement for
users’ cooperation since it doesn’t necessarily require
contact. The simplicity in obtaining facial image makes it
prone to challenges. The resultofthiscomparison withother
biometric traits is that facial image in some circumstances is
not perfect since it can easily be affected by a factor like
applied facial cosmetics. This line of argument was
supported by Arbab-Zavar et al. (2015) who criticized the
facial image for being less accurate than other forms of
biometrics such as fingerprint since it is likely to be affected
by cosmetics applied on to the face. Nevertheless, it also has
its own advantage which makes it one of the most preferred
biometric traits for human recognition and a reliable source
of evidence in the justice system of the nationsthataccede to
its usefulness in the investigation and resolution of crimes.
In Nigeria today, the rise in the rate of crimes committed by
individuals or group of individuals is on the increase, and
this has affected Nigerian citizens in several ways especially
the youth. Apart from crimes orchestrated by terrorist
groups and criminal gangs, other forms of crimes such as
armed robbery, kidnapping, etc. are being committed on a
daily basis without a common trace. This trend has placed
the country in the position of being considered to be one of
anti-social vices in the eyes of the international community.
Nte (2012) was of the view that this ugly trend could be
mitigated in the country through efficient utilization of
forensics in criminal justiceprocesses, especiallyinresolving
cases such as murder, kidnapping, armed robbery, and
sexual assault, among others. He, thus, identified the
following as the challenges of forensics in the country: bias
and nepotism; ethno-political andreligioussentiments;poor
forensic training; lack of forensic tools and functional
facilities or surveillance systems; absence of forensic
monitoring bodies or organizations; lack of standardization
of forensic science; political instabilityandpoorinstitutional
framework; inter-agency rifts especially among the military
and intelligence agencies. Others are digital terrorism and
internet fraud; diversity problem resulting from ever-
increasing ethnicitydata volume;andabsenceofhuman data
volume (citizens’ data base) caused by excess in-flow of
immigrants (see Nte, 2012).
We therefore align ourselves with these challenges in
forensic administration which should be prevented in the
country and we urge the government to mitigate these
challenges stated by Nte (2012) by fully incorporating
forensics, especially the facial image identification, into the
country’s criminal justice system. We, thus, urge the
government to equip the security agencies, especially the
police force, with state-of-art forensic devices in order to
mitigate the challenges to criminal investigation in the
country. Epileptic power generation across the country is a
challenge also because CCTV cameras in some public places,
particularly, in the cities are hardly functional. Functional
power generation will likely contribute a lot to capturing of
many incidences which are likely to occur in public places.
These factors no doubt will go a long way to improve
criminal investigation and resolving cases that require
forensic evidence. The government, in essence, should
embrace modern strategies that are likely to promote
effective and efficient application of forensics in the
country’s justice system as stated below.
3.1.3. Strategies to Improve Forensics in Nigeria
To effectively incorporate forensics, especially the facial
image comparison, into Nigeria’s criminal justice system,
there is the need to:
A. Create a synergy among the intelligenceunitsinorderto
promote a centre/unit for intelligence gathering and a
centre for analyzing forensic evidences,
B. Re-equipping the intelligence unit of the police with
state-of-art forensic facilities purposely to enable the
police resolve crimes that require forensic evidences,
C. Enacting appropriate laws towards integrating forensic
science, specifically the use of facial image in
intelligence-led policing of crimes in the country,
D. Embrace forensic standards conformance with
international best practices in the country’s criminal
justice system,
E. A regular or re-training of police personnel orofficersin
forensic capabilities for ease of law enforcement and
apprehension of criminal elementswhohavecommitted
crime in the country, and
F. There is the need for the federal government to
establish effective and reliable partnership with
Nigerian universities offering intelligence studies to
serve the needs of training of law enforcement agentsin
intelligence gathering, forensic science, and other
sundry modern trends in intelligence techniques.
4.1. Summary/Conclusion
Following from the emphases on theimportanceofforensics
in criminal investigation system all over the world, it is
doubtless that forensics in general have been helpful in
combating highly intelligent and adaptive enemies of the
state found in organized criminal gangs and terrorist
organizations. Its capabilities have been expanded to play
many integral roles across the world against criminal
elements and terrorists which includes issues like
intelligence functions, operational activities, force
protection, personnel recovery, host national legal storage
system support, and identity recognition functions.
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30523 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 516
The role played by the use of forensic science in advanced
countries reveals that there can be no excuse for omitting a
broad range of crimes in the process of gathering
intelligence from the examination and comparisons of
biological sources available. Such evidences as fingerprints,
footwear impressions, facial image comparison, car-tyre
impressions, and ballistic or firearms and ammunition
examinations, as well as forensic DNA analysis are quite
common in many jurisdictions and they are admissible as
reliable evidences in law courts. In spite of the usefulness of
the processes in resolving crimeinourmoderndaysocieties,
it is unfortunate that the Nigerian government is yet to fully
inculcate forensics into its criminal justice system. The fact
that the police department in the country is ill-equipped
with this state-of-the-art technology, including its own
laboratory which is deficient in its capacity to carrying out a
DNA analysis, it has become a challenge to which a solution
must be found. In support of this view, Anyanabia et al.
(2019: 45) argued that the state of forensic investigations in
the country is very poor at the moment. Besides,itisnothing
to be proud of like it is found in developed countries of the
USA, UK, France, Germany, among others. The complete
absence of digital forensicsoritsunderutilizationeven when
it is available in some of the police divisions in the country is
indeed regrettable since the facilities are affordable and the
technology is user-friendly with proper training. With
adequate training of police personnel, the digital data base
will be effective in gathering and recoveringdata concerning
an individual citizen, a suspect and a convict when the need
arises. In this context, there is the need for the adoption of
the use of forensics, especially forensic facial image
identification, in criminal investigation in Nigeria.
Considering the importance of forensic science and the ease
with which it has been used to resolve crimes and
assassination cases in developed countries, there is very
little doubt that its adoption in the Nigerian criminal justice
system will be highly beneficial to the agencies responsible
for justice administration in the country.
References:
[1] American Society for Testing and Material, (2018).
ASTM E3149-18. Standard Guide for Facial Image
Comparison Feature List for Morphological Analysis.
ASTM International PA: West Conshohocken, USA.
[Online] Available: https://www.astm.org/cgi-
bin/resolver.cgi?E3149
[2] Anyanabia, A., Adishi, E. & Oluka, N. L. (2019).
“Forensic Technology and Crime Management in
Nigeria: A Study of Rivers State”. In Research in
Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 9, No. 14, pp. 44-55.
(July 2019).
[3] Arbab-Zavar, B., Wei, X., Bustard, J. & Nixon, M. S.
(2015). On Forensic Use of Biometrics. In T. S. Ho
Anthony & Shujun Li (ed). Handbook of Digital
Forensics of Multimedia Data and Devices. UK: Wiley-
IEEE Press. [Online] Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26903717
2_On_Forensic_Use_of_Biometrics (December 2015).
[4] Custer, M. J. (2006). “Forensics”. In MilitaryIntelligence
Professional Bulletin, Vol. 35, No. 1, Huachua, USA: US
Army Intelligence Centre of Military Excellence.
[5] Davis, J. P., Valentine, T. & Wilkinson, C. (2012). Facial
Image Comparison. [Online] Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22496267
_Facial_Image_Comparison
[6] Fisher, B. A. J. (2004). Techniques of Crime Scene
Investigation (7th ed.). New York, NY: CRC Press.
[7] Komolafe, A. (2019). “Again, Who Killed Bola Ige?” PM
News. [Online] Available:
https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/12/22/again-
who-killed-ige/amp/
[8] Lambrechts, D. (2002). Pollex Servamus, 95,
November: 83. In: Nte, N. D. (2012). “An Evaluation of
the Challenges of Forensic Investigation and
Unresolved Murders in Nigeria”. African Journal of
Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS, Vol.6, Nos. 1 & 2,
ISSN 1554-3897, pp.143-172 (November, 2012).
[9] McCartney, C. (2006). Forensic Identification and
Criminal Justice. In Forensic Science, Justice and Risk.
Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishers.
[10] McEwen, T. (2011). “The Role and Impact of Forensic
Evidence”. In The Criminal Justice SystemFinal Report,
National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Justice
Programs, U. S. Department of Justice. pp. 1-130
(November, 2011). [Online] Available:
https://www.ncjrs.gov>grants.pdf
[11] National Institute ofJustice,NIJReport(2017).Forensic
Sciences: What We Fund, USA. [Online] Available:
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/forensics
[12] Nte, N. D. (2012). An Evaluation of the Challenges of
Forensic Investigation and Unresolved Murders in
Nigeria. In African Journal of Criminology and Justice
Studies: AJCJS, 6(1&2), 143-162 [Online] Available:
https://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/e
ral/article/view/2377
[13] Ojo, F. (2018). ICYMI: As Osun Decides, Who Killed Bola
Ige? In PUNCH News. [Online] Available:
www.punchng.com (September, 2018).
[14] Peterson, J. L., Ryan, J. P., Houlden, P. J., & Mihajlovic, S.
(1987). The Uses and Effects of Forensic Science in the
Adjudication of Felony Cases. In Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 32, 1730-1753.
[15] Peterson, J. L., Sommers, I., Baskin, D. & Johnson, D.
(2010). The Role and Impact ofForensicEvidencesinthe
Criminal Justice Process. U.S. National Institute of
Justice Department Revised Final Report 6-10-10.
[16] Ribaux, O., Walsh, S. J., & Margot, P. (2006). The
Contribution of Forensic Science to CrimeAnalysisand
Investigation: Forensic Intelligence. Forensic Sci Int.
156(2-3) 171-81
[17] Roberta, D. J., Sally, F. K., Claude, R., Peter, w., James, R.
& Anna, D. (2011). “What is the Value of Forensic
Science?: An Overview of the Effectiveness of Forensic
Science in the Australian Criminal Justice System
Project”. In Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol.
43, Issue 4, pp. 217-229. (3 November 2011). [Online]
Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10
[18] Saferstein, R. (2010). Criminalistics: An Introduction to
Forensic Science. 10th International Edition. USA:
Prentice Hall.
[19] Solomon, A. E. & Iheanyi, P. O. I. (2007). Policing
Nigeria in the 21st Century. Nigeria: Spectrum Books
Ltd.
[20] Weise, K. L. (200 9). “Forensics: Evidence of Collection
in the OIF Detention Operations Environment”. In
Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin,Vol.35,No.1,
Huachuca, USA: US ArmyIntelligenceCentreofMilitary
Excellence. (January – March, 2009).
[21] Write, P. & Barrie, S. (2010). Policing Matters: Policing
and Technology. UK: Learning Matters Ltd.