This document provides a summary of a dissertation defense presentation on the normalcy of crime as a requirement for intelligence analysis in Nigerian law enforcement agencies. The summary includes: 1) The dissertation examines how studying the normalcy of crime can help law enforcement agencies in gathering and managing intelligence information. 2) It analyzes challenges facing Nigerian law enforcement agencies and how understanding crime dynamics could aid intelligence assessments. 3) Several hypotheses are proposed regarding the relationships between criminal intelligence and law enforcement practices, internal security, and national security.

1. A DISSERTATION FINAL
Defence Presentation
Zems Mathias, Doctoral Candidate.
Date: 21st November, 2015
Venue: BE-GREAT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
HOMELAND SECURITY AND DEFENCE
Accra, Ghana.
All Rights Reserved
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2. Normalcy of Crime as A Requirement for Intelligence
Analysis: Case Study of Nigerian Law Enforcement Agencies.
By Zems, Mathias
A DISSERTATION
Submitted to the Graduate College of the University of America
Murrieta, CA. USA in Accordance with the Requirements
For the Award of Doctorate Degree of Philosophy
(Ph.D.) in Intelligence and Security Studies,
(Criminal Intelligence).
Advisory Committee
Prof. Ngboawaji, Daniel Nte, Nigeria
Prof. Sanjay, Kumar, New Delhi, India
Dr. Solomon, Okwendi Minnesota, USA
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3. I. It is pertinent to note that, law enforcement agents across
the world are currently facing several challenges of policing
their respective countries and communities. One of the
critical challenges is the increasing globalization of
criminality in the form of transnational organized crimes
that threaten the fabric of national, global economic
development and political stability, (Ericson, 2007; Ejiofor,
2012). Among such crimes are terrorism, human
trafficking, corruption and money laundering, narco-
terrorism, skyjacking, hijacking, kidnapping, genocide,
militia attack, arms smuggling, cyber terrorism and trade in
fake and substandard pharmaceutical and industrial
products, (Bandura & Walter, 1977; Reid, 2000; Conklin,
2007), etc.
INTRODUCTION
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4. These crimes, pose three challenges which include:
First, these crimes require proactive measures rather than
reactive approach which is the traditional policing model because
when they occur, the consequences are often devastating.
Second, the prevention of these crimes requires scientific
knowledge, including intelligence analytical process which is
beyond local and national jurisdictions.
Third, the acquisition of fundamental knowledge for the policing
of these crimes requires dynamic engagement, synergic approach
and or partnership among security and intelligence agencies as
well as between law enforcement agencies and critical non-law
enforcement stakeholders within and across nations.
It is in this context that, it is often stated that contemporary major
sophisticated crimes require transnational network and
intelligence-led policing, (Donnestein, 1995; Ratcliff, 2009).
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
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5. The original purpose of this dissertation is to provide a concise analysis
of the normalcy of crime in society, and its overall view. It is imperative
to note that crime is present not only, in the majority of societies of one
particular species, but in all societies of all types. There is no society
that is not confronted with the problem of crimes and criminality. All
societies have some level of crime and deviance. This is because crimes
represent an important force of social cohesion that is why crime is
useful in other words, “criminality as a means of perceiving deviance
defines normality.” Therefore, in the mechanical societies, crime is
considered to be normal, (Durkheim,1897; Darrow 1972; Merton, 1965;
Mathias, 2009).
At this stage, it is the study of law enforcement through the deployment
of scientific intelligence to ensure safety of lives and property, (Zems,
2013), and in any looming violence or criminal activities, the law
enforcement are empowered to use skill and resources to restore sanity,
as embodied in the Nigerian constitution (1999) of the Federal Republic
of Nigeria (promulgation) Decree (1979) as amended (2011) and
Nigeria Police Acts (1943/1967 as amended in (1999).
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
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6. There is no gainsaying the fact that law enforcement agencies in
Nigeria face monumental challenges, (Alemika, 1993a; Ahire, 1999;
Odekunle, 1979; Mathias, 2009). However, it is imperative that there
is a pertinent need for personnel of these agencies to objectively
study the nature and dynamic of crime with a view to understanding
the linkage of this peculiar knowledge as aid to properly access
crime and criminality within the frame work of intelligence and
product assessment, (Burt, 1983; Linda, 2003; Mathias, 2013).
Other factors which alternates credible information and criminal
intelligence sharing include; inherent tendency to hoard information,
cultural issues report and jurisdiction and issues of patriotism
especially in multi ethnic countries and transitional democracies such
as Nigeria, (Brown, 2007; Carter, 2009; Nte, 2013; Zems, 2013;
Inter-agency Assessment Co-ordination group’ (n.d).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
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7. Within the framework of the apparent monumental challenges
facing the law enforcement and intelligence agencies in the world
albeit Nigeria. This study seeks to find the key answers to such
key fundamental questions as how normal are crime in the
society? How does the study of the normalcy of crime equip law
enforcement agencies in the gathering and management of
information and criminal intelligence? What are the key factors
that promote or otherwise the job of criminal intelligence
management in Nigeria. Answers to these questions will provide
critical insights into the nature and dynamics of the study of the
normalcy of crime as key catalyst to the understanding of criminal
intelligence management in Nigeria.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM CONT’D
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8. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The overall aims and objectives of this study are as follows:
i. To highlight the history of law enforcement agencies, the
case of Nigerian and the international perspective and its
respective functions.
ii. To analyze the normalcy of crime in society, this is a
requisite for law enforcement, intelligence gathering and
investigations
iii. To analyze crime as a learning behavior and as a lead for
intelligence analytical processes.
iv. To establish the significance of criminal intelligence as a
prerequisite for the provision of public safety and internal
security in Nigeria.
v. To establish the challenges facing the process of criminal
intelligence gathering and management by Nigerian law
enforcement intelligence agencies.
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9. vi. To examine the relevance of criminal intelligence in
the protection of Nigeria’s national security and or defence.
vii. To evaluate the challenges facing the gathering and
management of criminal intelligence information by
Nigeria’s national security and defence agencies.
viii. To highlight how we study crime, how we explain crime
and how we determine what is criminal and non-criminal,
as an aid to intelligence assessments.
ix. To highlight the concepts, functions and importance of
crime in the society.
x. To illustrate the roles of intelligence in law enforcement,
intelligence gathering and crime correlation.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY CONT’D
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10. xi. To evaluate functions, sources of information for law
enforcement and importance of intelligence agencies.
xii. To examine the goals and objectives of understanding
crime, its strategies for law enforcement intelligence in
crime management and control.
xiii. To outline the qualities of good investigations.
xiv. To establish that crime binds the society together.
xv. To discuss undercover and surveillance investigations
as an integral part of intelligence and investigative
processes.
xiv. To identify the merits of intelligence-led policing as a
tool in fighting crime.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY CONTI’D
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11. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses were put forward for test by the study:
Hypotheses No 1:
Ho: Criminal intelligence has no significant relationship with
law enforcement practice
H1: Criminal intelligence has significant relationship with law
enforcement practice.
Hypothesis No 2
Ho: Criminal intelligence has no significant relationship with the
efforts at providing internal security in a country.
H1: Criminal intelligence has significant relationship with the
efforts at providing internal security in a country.
Hypothesis No 3:
Ho: Criminal intelligence has no significant relationship with the
efforts at providing national security or defence in Nigeria.
H1: Criminal intelligence has significant relationship with the
efforts at providing national security or defence in Nigeria.9

12. There is no doubt that in the course of this study a number of interesting findings
were made. Some of these findings could be highlighted as follows:
1. There is significant relationship between criminal intelligence and law
enforcement agency activity aimed at preventing, detecting and prosecuting
crimes based on established laws of the land.
2. Criminal intelligence has significant relationship with the efforts aimed at
providing internal security as abundantly or express enunciated in various
constitutions and relevant statutes in Nigerian for example.
3. Criminal intelligence has significant relationship with the efforts at
providing national security or defence as this is abundantly or expressly
exemplified in matters concerning espionage and activities of Interpol
across the world.
4. Both undercover/or surveillance investigation and espionage have proved
to be a two double-edged sword that is capable of yielding very vital
results on one hand and spelling doom for the detectives involved if not
carefully handled, on the other hand.
5. The recent introduction of electronic devices such as CCTV system has
significantly enhanced surveillance as a tool for gathering criminal intelligence.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS
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13. 6. The recent introduction of internet has posed significant
challenge to criminal intelligences gathering as a potent tool
in the hands of laws enforcement experts.
7. Sharing of information and criminal intelligence report on the
part of sister law enforcement agencies has significant impact
on their ability to wage war against crimes in the society.
8. The recent rise in terrorism or domestic insurgency in parts of
Nigeria is a potent threat to both internal and national security.
9. Lack of authority to immediately affect arrest or prosecute
offenders has significant impact on the capability of private
security outfit to provide internal security in Nigerian.
10.The existence of such international organization and
institutions like the UN Security Council, ICJ, ICC, WTO, AU,
Interpol etc has significant national security and defence in
across the world.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS CONT’D
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14. CONCLUSION
The Nigerian law enforcement agency must realize that the arena has changed
in significant ways when speaking of intelligence, intelligence-Led Policing
crime analysis and how they relate to terrorism, organized and transnational
crimes. Gone are the days when two very important facets of law enforcement
could function in two different worlds. Now more than ever they must blend
together so that relevant, accurate timely, and actionable intelligence is
available to law enforcement.
The Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP), (Baker, 2012) is an emerging paradigm
shift for law enforcement that appears to have some real merit. It is a proactive
rather than a reactive approach to modern policing. Intelligence- Led Policing
can be referred to as a philosophy, business model or a theory, which focuses
on the collection and analysis of crime and social data to support on‐going
investigations, as well as identify criminals, crime trends and patterns.
Intelligence-Led Policing supports law enforcement leadership in efficiently
and logically managing their personnel and assets, (Smith, 1997, Porter, 1997).
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15. In information and intelligence report sharing, we all have an inherent tendency
to hoard information, to protect it, and to guard against its use. A surprising
amount of information was known about the terrorists of September 11, some of
who were on official watch lists. Nonetheless that information and intelligence
report was not shared or collected and analyzed timely and accurately, so that it
could have prevented the horrific, devastating and lethal attack on the WTO
building.
Also, in Nigeria there are countless evidence of intelligence failure arising from
non-sharing of information and intelligence report by the four major law
enforcement intelligence agencies and the intelligence community. The result is
the appropriate successful and destabilizing lethal attacks by the dreaded Boko
Haram across the country.
This dissertation has boldly made an attempt to examine the perennial problems of
normalcy of crime; it also provided the root causes and answer to the question of
what the role of government should be in fighting crimes.
The need to re-position the Nigerian law enforcement agency, itself has been
elaborated, and it also recommends what it considers appropriate for the effective
management and control of crime by the law enforcement agencies through the
deployment of intelligence-led policing.
CONCLUSION CONT’D
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16. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations have become
expedient:
1. Owing to the great importance of criminal intelligence to law enforcement
agency as an activity aimed at curbing crimes in society, government whose
greatest responsibility it is to provide security, law, order and peace to its citizens
should strive on intelligence gathering aspect of the duties of its law enforcement
agencies. This no doubt calls for greater political will to adequately fund
governments’ law enforcement agencies.
2. All law enforcement agencies be it public or private should not only ensure
that well trained or experienced persons are recruited into their respective
employs but also give private attention to the issue of training and retraining of
their staff both at home and overseas.
3. To fortify its capacity to deal with national insecurity, Nigeria as a nation
should always strengthen its membership of such international organizations like
the United Nations, African Union, ECOWAS, Interpol organization etc.
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17. 4. Every law enforcement agency in Nigeria such as the Nigeria police, DSS, NIA,
DIA, intelligence community and private security outfit etc should develop the
ability and readiness to share and exchange its information and criminal
intelligence report with any of its sister agency for purpose of providing
enhanced internal or national security in the country.
5. The justice system in Nigeria should be overhauled to pave way for speedy
prosecution of criminal cases by the nation’s law enforcement agents who toil
day in and day out to collect information and criminal intelligence only to suffer
undue delay in court, while prosecuting their apprehended criminals. Such
speedy trial of criminal cases would no doubt boost the morale of the said
criminal intelligence officers in performing their duties.
6. The Nigeria police itself require to be given a new image that befits the
democratic system. The paucity of equipment and general poor condition under
which it operate must be considered for improvement. The present number and
strength of the force is rather inadequate, money to be allocated for recruitment,
training and retraining. Also training and retraining is needed to provide a new
orientation to the police in order to cope with the modern challenges of high
degree of social disorder in the country.
RECOMMENDATIONS CONT’D
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18. THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION !