The document discusses fundamentals and generalities in the medical management of cancer. It aims to empower laypeople by providing an understanding of screening, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The summary focuses on screening and symptoms.
Screening methods include risk assessment to determine higher cancer risk based on family history and lifestyle. For higher risk individuals, physical exams and tests may be conducted. Suspicious symptoms warrant further testing but asymptomatic low risk individuals likely do not require additional screening. Common symptoms that could indicate cancer include lumps, abnormal bleeding, and changes to bowel or bladder habits.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Thyroid Cancer Management - Part 1 - Fundamentals and Gener...Reynaldo Joson
The document discusses fundamentals and generalities in the medical management of thyroid cancer. It covers screening for thyroid cancer through risk assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic procedures if suspicious symptoms are present. Clinical diagnosis of thyroid cancer involves evaluating symptoms and signs through pattern recognition and prevalence. Alert symptoms for thyroid cancer include lumps on the central neck, side neck, or neck with persistent hoarseness of voice.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Breast Cancer Mgt - Part 1 - FundaGen - Lecture - Nov 20, 2021Reynaldo Joson
This document summarizes a presentation on the fundamentals and generalities of breast cancer screening and medical management. It discusses screening methods like risk assessment interviews, physical exams, and diagnostic imaging. For screening, it recommends monthly breast self-exams starting at age 20, clinical breast exams every 1-2 years from age 30 onward, and mammograms every 2-3 years from age 50 to 74. The presentation also covers international and Philippine guidelines for breast cancer screening.
Cancer Symptoms And Prognosis Stages Early Detection.pptxDr.Kanury Rao
Cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in which cells are damaged and malignant. The rapid growth of technology is giving people living with cancer new hope. Dr. Kanury Rao and his colleagues are at the forefront of this transition and are committed to developing improved cancer therapies and cures.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Breast Cancer Development - Fundamentals and GeneralitiesReynaldo Joson
The document discusses fundamentals and generalities in the development of breast cancer. It provides an overview of breast cancer, including definitions and types. Some key points include:
- Breast cancer occurs when breast cells grow uncontrollably and can spread to other tissues.
- It is the most common cancer worldwide and in the Philippines. Risk increases with age.
- Types are classified based on the breast part affected (lobules, ducts, connective tissue) and cell features.
- Causes are often multifactorial but some theorized factors include genetic predisposition, lifestyle, radiation exposure, and chemicals. The exact cause is difficult to identify in most cases.
In October CANSA focuses on breast cancer, particularly turning the spotlight on the needs of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Breast cancer is the leading cancer affecting women in South Africa. According to the National Cancer Registry, 1 in 26 women are at risk of being diagnosed in their lifetime. Read more:
https://www.cansa.org.za/highlighting-the-needs-of-advanced-breast-cancer-patients/
EARLY DETECTION AND PREVETION OF CANCER.docxavimarodkar
The lesson plan discusses early detection of cancer, warning signs of cancer, and prevention of cancer. It begins with general and specific objectives for the class. The content section provides detailed guidelines for early detection of various cancers according to the American Cancer Society, including breast, colorectal, cervical, endometrial, prostate, testicular, skin, and oral cancers. Warning signs of cancer are explained, such as changes in bowel or bladder habits, sores that do not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, lumps, difficulty swallowing, and changes in moles. The lesson teaches ways to prevent cancer like dietary changes, exercise, avoiding smoking and alcohol, reducing exposure to carcinogens, managing stress, and regular health checkups
The document discusses the top 5 cancers affecting women in South Africa: breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, and lung cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, screening and early detection methods for each cancer. It also describes CANSA's support programs and services for cancer patients, including an online support program for metastatic breast cancer patients and how to access free or low-cost screenings.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Thyroid Cancer Management - Part 1 - Fundamentals and Gener...Reynaldo Joson
The document discusses fundamentals and generalities in the medical management of thyroid cancer. It covers screening for thyroid cancer through risk assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic procedures if suspicious symptoms are present. Clinical diagnosis of thyroid cancer involves evaluating symptoms and signs through pattern recognition and prevalence. Alert symptoms for thyroid cancer include lumps on the central neck, side neck, or neck with persistent hoarseness of voice.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Breast Cancer Mgt - Part 1 - FundaGen - Lecture - Nov 20, 2021Reynaldo Joson
This document summarizes a presentation on the fundamentals and generalities of breast cancer screening and medical management. It discusses screening methods like risk assessment interviews, physical exams, and diagnostic imaging. For screening, it recommends monthly breast self-exams starting at age 20, clinical breast exams every 1-2 years from age 30 onward, and mammograms every 2-3 years from age 50 to 74. The presentation also covers international and Philippine guidelines for breast cancer screening.
Cancer Symptoms And Prognosis Stages Early Detection.pptxDr.Kanury Rao
Cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in which cells are damaged and malignant. The rapid growth of technology is giving people living with cancer new hope. Dr. Kanury Rao and his colleagues are at the forefront of this transition and are committed to developing improved cancer therapies and cures.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Breast Cancer Development - Fundamentals and GeneralitiesReynaldo Joson
The document discusses fundamentals and generalities in the development of breast cancer. It provides an overview of breast cancer, including definitions and types. Some key points include:
- Breast cancer occurs when breast cells grow uncontrollably and can spread to other tissues.
- It is the most common cancer worldwide and in the Philippines. Risk increases with age.
- Types are classified based on the breast part affected (lobules, ducts, connective tissue) and cell features.
- Causes are often multifactorial but some theorized factors include genetic predisposition, lifestyle, radiation exposure, and chemicals. The exact cause is difficult to identify in most cases.
In October CANSA focuses on breast cancer, particularly turning the spotlight on the needs of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Breast cancer is the leading cancer affecting women in South Africa. According to the National Cancer Registry, 1 in 26 women are at risk of being diagnosed in their lifetime. Read more:
https://www.cansa.org.za/highlighting-the-needs-of-advanced-breast-cancer-patients/
EARLY DETECTION AND PREVETION OF CANCER.docxavimarodkar
The lesson plan discusses early detection of cancer, warning signs of cancer, and prevention of cancer. It begins with general and specific objectives for the class. The content section provides detailed guidelines for early detection of various cancers according to the American Cancer Society, including breast, colorectal, cervical, endometrial, prostate, testicular, skin, and oral cancers. Warning signs of cancer are explained, such as changes in bowel or bladder habits, sores that do not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, lumps, difficulty swallowing, and changes in moles. The lesson teaches ways to prevent cancer like dietary changes, exercise, avoiding smoking and alcohol, reducing exposure to carcinogens, managing stress, and regular health checkups
The document discusses the top 5 cancers affecting women in South Africa: breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, and lung cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, screening and early detection methods for each cancer. It also describes CANSA's support programs and services for cancer patients, including an online support program for metastatic breast cancer patients and how to access free or low-cost screenings.
This November, the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) calls on men to be responsible for their health and to take advantage of cancer screening available at CANSA Care Centres. The five leading cancers affecting men * according to the 2016 National Cancer Registry (NCR) are prostate, colorectal, lung, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and bladder cancer. #CANSAscreening #MensHealth
https://cansa.org.za/mens-health/
CANSA places the focus on the ‘Big 5’ cancers affecting SA men during its Men’s Health Awareness Campaign in November, namely, prostate, colorectal, Kaposi sarcoma (a type of skin cancer), lung and bladder cancer. However, it’s vital that men be pro-active, stepping up and taking responsibility for their health all year round.
Read more: http://www.cansa.org.za/mens-health/
HEALTH SCREENING SERVICES IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY.pptxsnehavikhe
The document discusses health screening services that can be provided in community pharmacies. It focuses on measuring peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) to assess lung function in patients with asthma or COPD. It provides the techniques for using a peak flow meter to measure PEFR, including having the patient blow hard into the device. Early detection of diseases is also discussed as being important, as some diseases are more treatable if caught early. Examples of screening tests for various cancers, lifestyle diseases, and other conditions are provided. The benefits of early detection include better treatment outcomes and preventing loss of life from incurable diseases.
Ovarian cancer is a group of diseases that originates in the ovaries, or in the related areas of the fallopian tubes and the peritoneum. Women have two ovaries that are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries make female hormones and produce eggs for reproduction.
This document provides an overview of colorectal cancer, including its definition, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Colorectal cancer occurs when healthy cells in the colon or rectum grow abnormally and form a mass. It is the third leading cause of cancer death in men and the second in women. Risk factors include age over 50, family history, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, diet, smoking and physical inactivity. Symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal discomfort and weight loss. Diagnosis involves medical tests such as colonoscopy or biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Screening is important for prevention.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Cancer Awareness & Myths on Treatment Reynaldo Joson
There are several common myths about cancer treatment and prognosis. Some myths include that cancer is a modern disease, that cancer is always a death sentence, and that there is no effective treatment or cure for cancer. In reality, cancer has been known for thousands of years, while early detection and treatment can lead to remission and even cure for some cancer patients. The likelihood of recurrence depends on factors like cancer type and stage of detection and treatment. Finding a cure is challenging due to the complexity of cancer biology.
Cancer Prevention Presentxxxxxxation.pdfshubham732937
This document discusses cancer prevention. It defines cancer and the most common types in the US and Massachusetts. The top cancers among Asians in MA are breast, lung, thyroid, colorectal, and uterine cancers for females and lung, prostate, colorectal, liver, and bladder cancers for males. Some ways to lower cancer risk include avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, eating well, exercising, limiting alcohol, and getting regular cancer screenings. Recommended screenings include mammograms, Pap smears, HPV tests, and colorectal screening. Vaccines for HPV and hepatitis B can also help reduce cancer risk.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Cancer Awareness and Myths on Causation Reynaldo Joson
There are several common myths about the causes of cancer that are not supported by scientific evidence:
- Cancer is not always genetic, as only 5-10% of cancers are hereditary while the majority are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors.
- A family history of cancer does not necessarily mean someone will get cancer, as most familial cancers are due to shared environmental exposures rather than inherited genetics.
- Most everyday items like cell phones, microwaved plastics, hair dyes and underwire bras have not been shown to cause cancer.
- Emotional states like stress and trauma, as well as foods like sugar, have not been found to directly cause or worsen existing cancers. While diet
The document discusses cancer risk factors and types of cancer like breast cancer and leukemia. It provides details on formation of cancer cells, types of tumors, risk factors for cancer like age, habits, family history and environment. For breast cancer, it discusses symptoms, risk factors, types, related genes and diagnostic tests. For leukemia, it covers types, effects, symptoms, risk factors, genetic mutations, diagnosis and treatment therapies.
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the proliferation of abnormal cells. There are over 100 types of cancer that can start in different parts of the body. Cancers are caused when damaged cells divide uncontrollably instead of dying, as they normally would. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer's location but may include lumps, skin changes, pain, or changes in bodily functions. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Prevention focuses on behaviors like not smoking or drinking alcohol excessively, using sun protection, vaccination, and cancer screening. While lung cancer prevention remains challenging, early detection and new therapies are needed to improve survival rates.
This document provides information about cancer screening tests for people over 50. It discusses that cancer risk increases with age and outlines several common cancer types like breast, cervical, colorectal, prostate, and skin cancer. It recommends regular screening tests for each cancer type starting at age 50, including clinical exams, imaging tests, and lab tests. Finding cancer early through screening improves the chances of successful treatment.
Welcome to today's discussion on a crucial topic that concerns the well-being of individuals worldwide. Today, we'll discuss an important aspect of cancer diagnosis – identifying the 10 signs that pancreatic cancer has spread.
Pancreatic cancer, known for its aggressive nature, requires early detection and appropriate medical attention to ensure the best chances of successful treatment.
By understanding these 10 signs that pancreatic cancer has spread, we aim to empower you with important knowledge that can potentially save lives and help make informed decisions.
So, let us embark on this educational journey together, equipping ourselves with crucial information that can make a difference in our fight against pancreatic cancer.
The document discusses the top 5 cancers affecting men in South Africa: prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, and bladder cancer. It provides information on symptoms, risk factors, screening recommendations, and treatment options for each cancer. CANSA (Cancer Association of South Africa) urges men not to delay cancer screening, as early detection is important, and describes its initiatives to raise awareness and provide screening programs for men's health issues and cancers.
Gallbladder Cancer - Risks and Treatment.pdfMeghaSingh194
Gallbladder cancer is a rare but serious type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder. While symptoms may be vague, early detection is important for successful treatment. Risk factors include family history, gallstones, and obesity. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options depend on stage of cancer but may include surgery to remove the gallbladder, chemotherapy, and radiation. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce risks, but seeing a doctor about any signs is vital for proper evaluation and care.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, killing over 9 million people annually. While at least 1/3 of cancers are preventable, 70% of cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Implementing strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment could save up to 3.7 million lives each year. The document provides an overview of cancer causes, types, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, palliative care, and survivorship issues. It emphasizes the importance of awareness, prevention, equitable access to services, government action, addressing the mental/emotional impact, and the need for skilled healthcare workers to reduce the global cancer burden.
During a pelvic exam, your doctor inserts gloved fingers into your vagina and simultaneously presses a hand on your abdomen in order to feel (palpate) your pelvic organs. The doctor also visually examines your external genitalia, vagina and cervix.
Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or other cells in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues. They are used to help detect, diagnose, and manage some types of cancer. More than 20 tumor markers are currently used for a wide range of cancer types, including prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer, and alpha-fetoprotein for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels are measured before, during, and after cancer treatment to help plan treatment, monitor response, and check for recurrence.
Cancer is a difficult disease to deal with. Not only is it scary, but it can be hard to catch early on. And while there are many different types of cancer, some are more difficult to diagnose than others. In this blog post, we will explore six types of cancer that are difficult to diagnose.
Cancer screening tests can detect cancers early before symptoms appear. Screening involves tests like mammograms, colonoscopies, and pap tests. While screening has benefits in finding cancers early and improving outcomes, it also has risks. Screening may find slow-growing cancers that would not have harmed the person (overdiagnosis) or return false positive results, leading to unnecessary procedures. Participation in cancer screening varies among groups and is affected by socioeconomic, cultural, and ethical factors. Improving education and addressing barriers can help increase screening rates and ensure it is conducted appropriately.
This November, the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) calls on men to be responsible for their health and to take advantage of cancer screening available at CANSA Care Centres. The five leading cancers affecting men * according to the 2016 National Cancer Registry (NCR) are prostate, colorectal, lung, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and bladder cancer. #CANSAscreening #MensHealth
https://cansa.org.za/mens-health/
CANSA places the focus on the ‘Big 5’ cancers affecting SA men during its Men’s Health Awareness Campaign in November, namely, prostate, colorectal, Kaposi sarcoma (a type of skin cancer), lung and bladder cancer. However, it’s vital that men be pro-active, stepping up and taking responsibility for their health all year round.
Read more: http://www.cansa.org.za/mens-health/
HEALTH SCREENING SERVICES IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY.pptxsnehavikhe
The document discusses health screening services that can be provided in community pharmacies. It focuses on measuring peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) to assess lung function in patients with asthma or COPD. It provides the techniques for using a peak flow meter to measure PEFR, including having the patient blow hard into the device. Early detection of diseases is also discussed as being important, as some diseases are more treatable if caught early. Examples of screening tests for various cancers, lifestyle diseases, and other conditions are provided. The benefits of early detection include better treatment outcomes and preventing loss of life from incurable diseases.
Ovarian cancer is a group of diseases that originates in the ovaries, or in the related areas of the fallopian tubes and the peritoneum. Women have two ovaries that are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries make female hormones and produce eggs for reproduction.
This document provides an overview of colorectal cancer, including its definition, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Colorectal cancer occurs when healthy cells in the colon or rectum grow abnormally and form a mass. It is the third leading cause of cancer death in men and the second in women. Risk factors include age over 50, family history, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, diet, smoking and physical inactivity. Symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal discomfort and weight loss. Diagnosis involves medical tests such as colonoscopy or biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Screening is important for prevention.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Cancer Awareness & Myths on Treatment Reynaldo Joson
There are several common myths about cancer treatment and prognosis. Some myths include that cancer is a modern disease, that cancer is always a death sentence, and that there is no effective treatment or cure for cancer. In reality, cancer has been known for thousands of years, while early detection and treatment can lead to remission and even cure for some cancer patients. The likelihood of recurrence depends on factors like cancer type and stage of detection and treatment. Finding a cure is challenging due to the complexity of cancer biology.
Cancer Prevention Presentxxxxxxation.pdfshubham732937
This document discusses cancer prevention. It defines cancer and the most common types in the US and Massachusetts. The top cancers among Asians in MA are breast, lung, thyroid, colorectal, and uterine cancers for females and lung, prostate, colorectal, liver, and bladder cancers for males. Some ways to lower cancer risk include avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, eating well, exercising, limiting alcohol, and getting regular cancer screenings. Recommended screenings include mammograms, Pap smears, HPV tests, and colorectal screening. Vaccines for HPV and hepatitis B can also help reduce cancer risk.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Cancer Awareness and Myths on Causation Reynaldo Joson
There are several common myths about the causes of cancer that are not supported by scientific evidence:
- Cancer is not always genetic, as only 5-10% of cancers are hereditary while the majority are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors.
- A family history of cancer does not necessarily mean someone will get cancer, as most familial cancers are due to shared environmental exposures rather than inherited genetics.
- Most everyday items like cell phones, microwaved plastics, hair dyes and underwire bras have not been shown to cause cancer.
- Emotional states like stress and trauma, as well as foods like sugar, have not been found to directly cause or worsen existing cancers. While diet
The document discusses cancer risk factors and types of cancer like breast cancer and leukemia. It provides details on formation of cancer cells, types of tumors, risk factors for cancer like age, habits, family history and environment. For breast cancer, it discusses symptoms, risk factors, types, related genes and diagnostic tests. For leukemia, it covers types, effects, symptoms, risk factors, genetic mutations, diagnosis and treatment therapies.
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the proliferation of abnormal cells. There are over 100 types of cancer that can start in different parts of the body. Cancers are caused when damaged cells divide uncontrollably instead of dying, as they normally would. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer's location but may include lumps, skin changes, pain, or changes in bodily functions. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Prevention focuses on behaviors like not smoking or drinking alcohol excessively, using sun protection, vaccination, and cancer screening. While lung cancer prevention remains challenging, early detection and new therapies are needed to improve survival rates.
This document provides information about cancer screening tests for people over 50. It discusses that cancer risk increases with age and outlines several common cancer types like breast, cervical, colorectal, prostate, and skin cancer. It recommends regular screening tests for each cancer type starting at age 50, including clinical exams, imaging tests, and lab tests. Finding cancer early through screening improves the chances of successful treatment.
Welcome to today's discussion on a crucial topic that concerns the well-being of individuals worldwide. Today, we'll discuss an important aspect of cancer diagnosis – identifying the 10 signs that pancreatic cancer has spread.
Pancreatic cancer, known for its aggressive nature, requires early detection and appropriate medical attention to ensure the best chances of successful treatment.
By understanding these 10 signs that pancreatic cancer has spread, we aim to empower you with important knowledge that can potentially save lives and help make informed decisions.
So, let us embark on this educational journey together, equipping ourselves with crucial information that can make a difference in our fight against pancreatic cancer.
The document discusses the top 5 cancers affecting men in South Africa: prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, and bladder cancer. It provides information on symptoms, risk factors, screening recommendations, and treatment options for each cancer. CANSA (Cancer Association of South Africa) urges men not to delay cancer screening, as early detection is important, and describes its initiatives to raise awareness and provide screening programs for men's health issues and cancers.
Gallbladder Cancer - Risks and Treatment.pdfMeghaSingh194
Gallbladder cancer is a rare but serious type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder. While symptoms may be vague, early detection is important for successful treatment. Risk factors include family history, gallstones, and obesity. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options depend on stage of cancer but may include surgery to remove the gallbladder, chemotherapy, and radiation. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce risks, but seeing a doctor about any signs is vital for proper evaluation and care.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, killing over 9 million people annually. While at least 1/3 of cancers are preventable, 70% of cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Implementing strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment could save up to 3.7 million lives each year. The document provides an overview of cancer causes, types, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, palliative care, and survivorship issues. It emphasizes the importance of awareness, prevention, equitable access to services, government action, addressing the mental/emotional impact, and the need for skilled healthcare workers to reduce the global cancer burden.
During a pelvic exam, your doctor inserts gloved fingers into your vagina and simultaneously presses a hand on your abdomen in order to feel (palpate) your pelvic organs. The doctor also visually examines your external genitalia, vagina and cervix.
Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or other cells in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues. They are used to help detect, diagnose, and manage some types of cancer. More than 20 tumor markers are currently used for a wide range of cancer types, including prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer, and alpha-fetoprotein for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels are measured before, during, and after cancer treatment to help plan treatment, monitor response, and check for recurrence.
Cancer is a difficult disease to deal with. Not only is it scary, but it can be hard to catch early on. And while there are many different types of cancer, some are more difficult to diagnose than others. In this blog post, we will explore six types of cancer that are difficult to diagnose.
Cancer screening tests can detect cancers early before symptoms appear. Screening involves tests like mammograms, colonoscopies, and pap tests. While screening has benefits in finding cancers early and improving outcomes, it also has risks. Screening may find slow-growing cancers that would not have harmed the person (overdiagnosis) or return false positive results, leading to unnecessary procedures. Participation in cancer screening varies among groups and is affected by socioeconomic, cultural, and ethical factors. Improving education and addressing barriers can help increase screening rates and ensure it is conducted appropriately.
Similar to ROJoson PEP Talk: Cancer Management - FundaGen - Part 1 (20)
ROJoson PEP Talk: High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) ManagementReynaldo Joson
The document provides information about a zoom session on April 13, 2024 from 1400H to 1500H on High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Management. The objective is for laypeople to have an essential understanding of managing hypertension as part of their health management. The session will include a presentation, group pictures, an online test for a certificate, and feedback in the chat box. [/SUMMARY]
ROJoson PEP Talk: Does Biopsy Make Cancer Spread?Reynaldo Joson
This document contains information from a presentation on whether biopsies can cause cancer to spread. It defines a biopsy as a procedure that removes a sample of tissues, cells, or fluid from the body to examine for diagnosis. Different types of biopsies are described, including those that remove samples versus whole masses. Benefits of biopsies include obtaining a definite diagnosis to guide treatment planning. The document discusses the fear that biopsies may cause cancer seeding or spread, and defines cancer seeding as cancer cells spreading along the needle track during a biopsy.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Developing a Breast Self-Exam Habit through a Motivating AwardReynaldo Joson
This document outlines a Zoom presentation on developing a breast self-exam habit through motivating awards. It provides logistical details for the event, including the date, time, and instructions for participants. The presentation aims to teach laypeople how to perform breast self-exams and develop the habit through an awards program. It will cover what breast self-exams are, their importance, and how to properly conduct one. The speaker will advocate for their breast self-exam awards initiative to motivate more women to regularly perform self-exams.
ROJoson PEP Talk: CAN ONE SKIP RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY IN THYROID CANCER T...Reynaldo Joson
The document discusses radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) for thyroid cancer treatment. RAIT involves using radioactive iodine-131, which is taken orally and concentrates in thyroid tissue to destroy cancer cells. It is effective for papillary and follicular thyroid cancers. RAIT is used for remnant ablation after surgery, adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence, and treatment of known disease. While commonly recommended in the past, the use of RAIT has evolved to focus on patients at higher risk, as not all thyroid cancers require aggressive treatment like RAIT. The document questions whether RAIT can be skipped in some patients.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Can one skip RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY in Thyroid Cancer T...Reynaldo Joson
The document discusses radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) for thyroid cancer treatment. RAIT involves using radioactive iodine-131, which is taken orally and concentrates in thyroid tissue to destroy cancer cells. It is effective for papillary and follicular thyroid cancers. RAIT is used for remnant ablation after surgery, adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence, and treatment of known disease. While commonly recommended in the past, the use of RAIT has evolved to focus on patients at higher risk of recurrence rather than applying it routinely, as many thyroid cancers have excellent outcomes with surgery alone. The document questions whether RAIT can be skipped in some patients with a very low risk.
ROJoson PEP Talk: DOES EVERYONE HAVE CANCER CELLS IN THEIR BODY?Reynaldo Joson
The document discusses whether everyone has cancer cells in their body. It explains that while our bodies are constantly producing new cells, not all of these cells are destined to become cancerous. A typical healthy cell goes through cycles of growth, division and death, while a cancer cell does not follow this normal cycle and keeps reproducing abnormally. Not everyone inherently has cancer cells in their body from the beginning - it is possible for initially normal cells to eventually develop into cancer cells due to certain risk factors.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Can one skip CHEMOTHERAPY in BREAST CANCER TREATMENT?Reynaldo Joson
Chemotherapy is a systemic cancer treatment that uses powerful drugs to destroy fast-growing cancer cells. It works by keeping cancer cells from growing and dividing. Chemotherapy can be given alone or with other treatments depending on the cancer type and stage. Factors like a person's age, health, and the cancer details help determine the chemotherapy plan and drugs. Chemotherapy aims to cure cancer, shrink tumors before other treatments, destroy remaining cancer cells after treatment, or slow cancer progression and relieve symptoms.
ROJoson PEP Talk: Do all patients need painkillers after an operation?Reynaldo Joson
This document provides information from a Patient Empowerment Program (PEP) Talk on the use of painkillers after an operation. The PEP Talk aims to give laypeople an essential understanding of painkiller use after surgery in managing their health. It discusses that not all patients need painkillers after an operation, as some procedures do not involve cutting or cause pain. It also outlines factors that govern physician prescription and patient intake of postoperative painkillers.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
ROJoson PEP Talk: Cancer Management - FundaGen - Part 1
1. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the FUNDAMENTALS
and GENERALITIES in
the MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT of
CANCER.
Cancer Course
–
Fundamentals
and
Generalities in
Medical
Management
of Cancer
2. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the FUNDAMENTALS
and GENERALITIES in
the MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT of
CANCER.
Cancer Course
–
Fundamentals
and
Generalities in
Medical
Management
of Cancer
October 30, 2021
1400H - 1500H
Via Zoom
3. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the FUNDAMENTALS
and GENERALITIES in
the MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT of
CANCER.
Cancer Course
–
Fundamentals
and
Generalities in
Medical
Management
of Cancer
ROJoson PEP Talk
I have a Patient
Empowerment
Program in which I
like to empower the
lay people or
patients to take
control in the
management of
their health.
4. There are 3 courses
in the PEP Talk.
I completed the Core
Course on October 9,
2021.
5. From October 23,
2021 onwards, I have
started tackling
Health Disorder and
Health Issue Courses.
This may take 3 years
or longer.
6. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the FUNDAMENTALS
and GENERALITIES in
the MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT of
CANCER.
Cancer Course
–
Fundamentals
and
Generalities in
Medical
Management
of Cancer
My PEP TALK today
is entitled:
Fundamentals and
Generalities in
Medical
Management of
Cancer, which is part
of the Cancer
Course.
7. Definitions of Terms in Title:
Fundamentals – the basic principles; the
foundation; the basis
Generalities – majority; not all; not
detailed; not specific
Medical Management of Cancer –
diagnosis and treatment of cancer by
physicians
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
8. Contents:
• Screening for cancer
• Symptoms that will lead to suspected presence
of cancer
• Clinical diagnosis of cancer
• Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for cancer
• Treatment for cancer
• Surveillance of cancer
• Prognosis of cancer
• Palliative and hospice care for cancer patients
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
PART 1
PART 2
11. Screening for cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Screening for cancer
means looking for a
cancer that may be
present in
apparently healthy
and asymptomatic
persons.
General Screening Methods
• Risk-assessment interview or
evaluation
• Risk-assessment interview and physical
examination
• Risk-assessment interview and physical
examination with use of instrumental
or laboratory diagnostic procedures
12. Screening for cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
If POSITIVE for
higher risk, proceed
to symptom-sign
evaluation (physical
examination) and if
indicated, do
instrumental or
laboratory
diagnostic
procedures.
General Screening Methods
• Risk-assessment interview or
evaluation
Looking for higher risk for cancer in a
particular patient / person
• Family history of cancer
• Risky lifestyle and behavior (tobacco
use; unsafe sex; sharing needles;
excessive sun exposure; etc.)
13. Screening for cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
If NEGATIVE for
higher risk, MAY
STOP HERE or
proceed to
symptom-sign
evaluation
(interview and
physical
examination) to
complete the basic
essentials of
screening.
General Screening Methods
• Risk-assessment interview or
evaluation
Looking for higher risk for cancer in a
particular patient / person
• Family history of cancer
• Risky lifestyle and behavior (tobacco
use; unsafe sex; sharing needles;
excessive sun exposure; etc.)
14. Screening for cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
If POSITIVE for
higher risk and with
SUSPECTED
PRESENCE of cancer
based on symptoms
and signs, proceed
to instrumental or
laboratory
diagnostic
procedures as
indicated.
General Screening Methods
• Risk-assessment interview and physical
examination
This constitutes the basic essentials of
screening.
15. Screening for cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
If NEGATIVE for
higher risk and with
NO SUSPECTED
PRESENCE of cancer
based on symptoms
and signs, MAY STOP
HERE.
General Screening Methods
• Risk-assessment interview and physical
examination
These constitute the basic essentials of
screening.
16. Screening for cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
In this era of
commercialism in
medicine and health
care,
BEWARE of a lot of
hospitals and
laboratory clinics
peddling screening
packages for cancer.
Don’t be swayed
easily by the
marketing and
discount offers.
General Screening Methods
• Risk-assessment interview and physical
examination with use of instrumental
or laboratory diagnostic procedures
• DO instrumental or laboratory
diagnostic procedures only if POSITIVE
FOR HIGHER RISK FOR CANCER or / and
IF WITH SUSPECTED PRESENCE OF
CANCER BASED ON SYMPTOMS AND
SIGNS.
17. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
18. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
There are more than 200 types of cancers.
200 types of cancers is not equated to 200
set of symptoms that have to be
memorized for purpose of early diagnosis.
Let’s simplify things for
• efficient early diagnosis.
• PATIENT EMPOWERMENT purpose.
19. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Cancers are first classified into solid and
liquid cancers. Then, the organs or tissues
of origin.
Let’s use these classifications to make a
simple-to-remember list of symptoms that
will lead to suspected presence of cancer.
Let’s call these symptoms - ALERT
SYMPTOMS or SYMPTOM-CUES.
First know the ALERT
SYMPTOMS or
SYMPTOM-CUES for
blood cancers (liquid
cancers) and then
non-blood cancers
(solid cancers).
20. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Liquid cancers (blood cancers such as
leukemias)
ALERT SYMPTOMS (blood-disorder
symptom-cues):
• Unusual easy bruising
• Unusual bleeding tendency
• Red spots on the skin
Liquid cancers
– ALERT
SYMPTOMS
The ALERT
SYMPTOMS or
SYMPTOM-CUES for
BLOOD cancers are
those associated
with BLOOD disorder
causing symptoms.
21. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Solid cancers (presenting with mass/es in
various organs and tissues)
ALERT SYMPTOMS: (general symptom-cues
in any organs and tissues)
• Palpable and/or visible mass/es or
bukol in superficial organs and tissues
Solid cancers
– ALERT
SYMPTOMS
The ALERT
SYMPTOMS OR
SYMPTOM-CUES for
SOLID cancers are
those associated
with a MASS disorder
causing symptoms.
22. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Solid cancers (presenting with mass/es in
various organs and tissues)
ALERT SYMPTOMS: (general symptom-cues
in any organs and tissues)
• Symptoms that may be caused by a
mass-effect in internal and deep organs
and tissues (headache; cough;
hoarseness; difficulty in swallowing;
change in bowel habit; etc.)
Solid cancers
– ALERT
SYMPTOMS
The ALERT
SYMPTOMS OR
SYMPTOM-CUES for
SOLID cancers are
those associated
with a MASS disorder
causing symptoms.
23. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Solid cancers (presenting with mass/es in
various organs and tissues)
ALERT SYMPTOMS: (general symptom-cues
in any organs and tissues)
• Symptoms that may be caused by an
unusual negative event in the mass
such as pain, bleeding and discharge
(e.g. headache; vomiting of blood; coughing of
blood; passage of blood per anus; unusual
vaginal discharge; etc.)
Solid cancers
– ALERT
SYMPTOMS
The ALERT
SYMPTOMS OR
SYMPTOM-CUES for
SOLID cancers are
those associated
with a MASS disorder
causing symptoms.
24. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Warning Signals for Cancers
1.Change in bowel or bladder habits
2.A sore that does not heal
3.Unusual bleeding or discharge
4.Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
5.Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
6.Obvious change in a wart or mole
7.Nagging cough or hoarseness
In the Internet, one
commonly sees these
“Warning Signals of
Cancers.”
I don’t know who
originally created
this. Most likely in
the USA.
The warning signals
started with 7. Some
centers now give as
many as 17 signals
and more.
25. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Warning signals for Cancers
1. Abnormal periods or pelvic pain
2. Changes in bathroom habits
3. Bloating
4. Breast changes
5. Chronic coughing
6. Chronic headache
7. Difficulty swallowing
8. Excessive bruising
9. Frequent fevers or infections
10. Oral changes
11. Skin changes
12. Pain that lasts
13. Persistent fatigue
14. Postmenopausal
bleeding
15. Stomach pain or
nausea
16. Unexplained
weight loss
17. Unusual lumps
University of California San Francisco - UCSF, 2020
In the Internet, one
commonly sees these
“Warning Signals of
Cancers.”
I don’t know who
originally created
this. Most likely in
the USA.
The warning signals
started with 7. Some
centers now give as
many as 17 signals
and more.
26. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Warning Signals for Cancers
1.Change in bowel or bladder habits
2.A sore that does not heal
3.Unusual bleeding or discharge
4.Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
5.Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
6.Obvious change in a wart or mole
7.Nagging cough or hoarseness
These 7 Warning
Signals of Cancers is a
simplified infographic
focusing on the more
common cancers in
the community and
their common alert
symptoms.
27. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Warning Signals for Cancers
1.Change in bowel or bladder habits
2.A sore that does not heal
3.Unusual bleeding or discharge
4.Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
5.Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
6.Obvious change in a wart or mole
7.Nagging cough or hoarseness
• Bowel or bladder
cancers
• Skin cancers
• Any cancer in
hollow organs
• Mass or bukol
anywhere
• Esophagus and
stomach cancers
• Melanomas
• Lung, laryngeal
and thyroid
cancers
Symptom-cues
28. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Warning signals for Cancers
1. Abnormal periods or pelvic pain
2. Changes in bathroom habits
3. Bloating
4. Breast changes
5. Chronic coughing
6. Chronic headache
7. Difficulty swallowing
8. Excessive bruising
9. Frequent fevers or infections
10. Oral changes
11. Skin changes
12. Pain that lasts
13. Persistent fatigue
14. Postmenopausal
bleeding
15. Stomach pain or
nausea
16. Unexplained
weight loss
17. Unusual lumps
UCSF, 2020
This UCSF list of 17
Warning Signals of
Cancers is more
comprehensive and
specific but still
cannot be said to be
complete.
Challenge: how to
remember them.
29. Symptoms that will lead to suspected
presence of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
May use
• 7 Warning Signals of Cancer
• More than 7 Warning Signals of Cancer
• ROJoson Alert Symptoms – Symptom-
Cues for Cancer using 2-step algorithm
(cues for liquid – blood cancers and
cues for solid cancers) and then for the
latter, look for symptom-cues for mass,
mass-effect and mass-event.
Liquid cancers – ALERT
SYMPTOMS
Solid cancers – ALERT
SYMPTOMS
• Palpable and/or visible
mass/es in superficial
organs and tissues
• Symptoms that may be
caused by a mass-
effect in internal and
deep organs and
tissues
• Symptoms that may be
caused by a negative
event in the mass such
as pain, bleeding and
discharge
30. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
31. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Before I go further into the
discussion on clinical diagnosis of
cancer, which is the first thing
that a physician does in medical
management, let me say,
I utilize this framework of patient
management process which I
have discussed before and which
is applicable to all kinds of
patients and all kinds of medical
concerns, whether cancer or not.
32. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Clinical diagnosis means a conclusion or
decision made by a physician after
examining a patient and after evaluation
of the data on symptoms and signs.
Symptoms are what are felt and observed
by the patient or a person on the body.
Signs are findings of a physician after
physical examination of a patient.
33. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Procedures in clinical diagnosis of cancer:
Patient has symptoms.
• Physician evaluates the symptoms to see if
these are alert signals or symptoms-cues for
cancer or not.
• Physician does physical examination to look for
sign-cues for cancer.
• Physician processes symptoms and signs to
determine whether cancer is present or not
(clinical diagnosis) – not cancer; cancer –
suspect, probable, most probable.
34. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Processes used in clinical diagnosis of
cancer:
• Pattern recognition
• Prevalence
35. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Processes used in clinical diagnosis of
cancer:
• Pattern recognition process means realization
that the patient’s presentation conforms to a
previously learned picture or pattern of
disease.
• Prevalence process means choice of a diagnosis
is based on the frequency of occurrence of the
disease in a certain locality, in a certain age and
sex group, and in the affected organ and
system.
36. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Blood cancers exemplified by leukemias
Symptoms and signs are non-specific and are variable with
the following as common symptoms and signs (with the
underlined ones as particular cues)
•Easy bleeding or bruising
•Recurrent nosebleeds
•Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
•Frequent or severe infections
•Fever or chills
•Persistent fatigue, weakness
•Losing weight without trying
•Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen
•Excessive sweating, especially at night
•Bone pain or tenderness
Example of
symptom- and sign-
cues and use of
pattern recognition
and prevalence in
the clinical diagnosis
of cancers
Leukemia
suspect
37. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Breast Mass
30 years old and above
Palpable breast mass
Solid
Fixed (not movable)
With armpit lymph node
Example of
symptom- and sign-
cues and use of
pattern recognition
and prevalence in
the clinical diagnosis
of cancers
Breast cancer
suspect
Breast cancer
probable
Breast cancer
most probable
38. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Breast Mass
Any age
Palpable breast mass
Cystic (containing fluid)
Example of
symptom- and sign-
cues and use of
pattern recognition
and prevalence in
the clinical diagnosis
of cancers
NOT breast
cancer suspect
BENIGN
Macrocyst
Hormonal change
39. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Breast Mass
Any age
Palpable breast mass
With redness, tenderness and possible pus
Example of
symptom- and sign-
cues and use of
pattern recognition
and prevalence in
the clinical diagnosis
of cancers
NOT breast
cancer suspect
BENIGN
Infection
Abscess
40. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Thyroid Mass
Any age, any sex
Palpable thyroid mass
Feel solid and hard
With neck lymph node
With hoarseness of voice
Example of
symptom- and sign-
cues and use of
pattern recognition
and prevalence in
the clinical diagnosis
of cancers
Thyroid cancer
suspect
Thyroid cancer
probable
Thyroid cancer
most probable
41. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Thyroid Mass
Any age, any sex
Palpable thyroid mass
Cystic (containing fluid)
Example of
symptom- and sign-
cues and use of
pattern recognition
and prevalence in
the clinical diagnosis
of cancers
NOT thyroid
cancer suspect
BENIGN
Colloid cyst
42. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Remember the definition of cancer when
evaluating a mass.
Cancer is a medical
disease when some of
the body’s cells grow
uncontrollably with a
potential
to invade the adjacent
body tissues or organs
and
to spread to distant
tissues or organs.
43. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Suspect cancer in a mass with cues of
invasion of adjacent tissues – ILL-DEFINED
BORDER and FIXATION.
Cancer is a medical
disease when some of
the body’s cells grow
uncontrollably with a
potential
to invade the adjacent
body tissues or organs
and
to spread to distant
tissues or organs.
44. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Suspect cancer in a mass with cues of
spread to distant tissues or organs.
Cancer is a medical
disease when some of
the body’s cells grow
uncontrollably with a
potential
to invade the adjacent
body tissues or organs
and
to spread to distant
tissues or organs.
45. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Procedures in clinical diagnosis of cancer:
Patient has symptoms.
• Physician evaluates the symptoms to see if
these are alert signals or symptoms-cues for
cancer or not.
• Physician does physical examination to look for
sign-cues for cancer.
• Physician processes symptoms and signs to
determine whether cancer is present or not
(clinical diagnosis) – not cancer; cancer –
suspect, probable, most probable.
46. Clinical diagnosis of cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
At end of the clinical examination,
physician makes a clinical diagnosis:
Possible conclusion or decision:
• Not cancer
• Cancer suspect
• Cancer probable
• Cancer most probable
The next thing for
the physician to
decide is whether to
do a paraclinical
diagnostic
procedure or not –
instrumental or
laboratory
diagnostic
procedure
48. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
The foremost indication for a paraclinical
diagnostic procedure can be stated this
way:
if you are not certain on the primary
clinical diagnosis and you need to be
certain or be more certain before
treatment, then go for a paraclinical
diagnostic procedure.
49. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
To decide on indication of the paraclinical
diagnostic procedure,
the physician uses two processes –
- degree of certainty on the primary
clinical diagnosis and
- comparison of the treatment plans for
the primary and secondary clinical
diagnoses.
As a rule, there is no need
for a paraclinical
diagnostic procedure if:
• you are quite
certain of your
primary clinical
diagnosis.
• treatment plans for
primary and
secondary
diagnoses are the
same.
50. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
If there is a need for a
paraclinical diagnostic
procedure, the
physician uses the B-
R-C-A processes.
B – stands for benefit;
R – risk; C – cost; A –
Availability.
Procedures Benefit
(goal – to
be more
definite on
the
diagnosis)
Risk Cost Availability
Option1
Option2
Option3
51. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
The physician gives or
lists the various
options of paraclinical
diagnostic procedures
and then gives data
on the BRCA.
With the data given,
the patient is asked
what s/he prefers.
Procedures Benefit
(goal – to
be more
definite on
the
diagnosis)
Risk Cost Availability
Option1
Option2
Option3
52. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Issues
• Using the fad, the popular one without
comparative analysis (benefit, risk, cost and
availability) of other options (usually with no
considerations for cost-effectiveness and
patient preference)
• Shotgun approach ordering every possible test
just to catch a diagnosis
• Ordering tests not needed for diagnosis of
cancer
There are several
issues to discuss in
the selection of
paraclinical diagnostic
procedures to be done
for suspected cancer.
There are a lot of
confusion, not to say
errors, happening.
NOT recommended
53. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Other issues
• Primary and secondary indications
• Direct vs indirect investigations of the
suspected cancer
There are several
issues to discuss in
the selection of
paraclinical diagnostic
procedures to be done
for suspected cancer.
There are a lot of
confusion, not to say
errors, happening.
54. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Primary indications for a paraclinical diagnostic
procedure for cancer:
- Not quite certain of the clinical diagnosis of
cancer (at the moment, just a suspect or
probable)
- Need to be very very certain in the diagnosis of
cancer because an extensive complex
treatment procedure is being planned
Primary indications
refer to the direct
information needed
on the tumor or alert
symptom itself where
cancer is being
suspected.
PRIMARY
PARACLINICAL
DIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURES
FIRST priority – must be accomplished first!
55. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Secondary indications for a paraclinical diagnostic
procedure for cancer:
- Need to know before treatment
- the extent of the cancer
- other info, such as the specific cancer type
and prognostic exams
Secondary indications
refer to the other
information needed in
the planning of
treatment if there is
cancer.
SECONDARY
PARACLINICAL
DIAGNOSTIC
PROCEDURES
SECOND priority – if needed to be done,
should be after the primary indications.
56. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Direct vs indirect investigations of the suspected
cancer
- Direct means done on the suspected primary
cancer lesion itself such as biopsy of the lesion.
- Indirect means done outside the suspected
primary cancer lesion such that if positive for
cancer will infer cancer on the primary lesion.
Both approaches can
be done as dictated by
the situation.
However, as much as
possible do the direct
approach first.
Do the second
approach only if the
direct approach is not
feasible or difficult.
57. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Blood cancer suspect
Examples of
physicians’ ordering
for paraclinical
diagnostic procedures
Shotgun approach
• Complete blood
count
• Blood cell
examination
• Bone marrow
biopsy
• Imaging such as CT
scans and MRIs
Targeted sequential approach
• Complete blood count
if indicated
• Blood cell examination
if indicated
• Bone marrow biopsy
if indicated
• Imaging such as CT scans
and MRIs
Recommended
58. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Breast cancer suspect with a palpable mass
Examples of
physicians’ ordering
for paraclinical
diagnostic procedures
Shotgun approach
• Ultrasound breast
• Mammography
• CT Scan
• Tumor Markers
• Bone Scan
• Ultrasound
abdomen
• PET scan
Targeted and sequential
with prioritization
approach
• Breast mass
examination (eg biopsy
+/- ultrasound
if indicated
• Extent of cancer tests
Recommended
59. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Cancer suspect needing a paraclinical diagnostic
procedure
Example of BRCA
comparative analysis
of paraclinical
diagnostic procedures
Procedures Benefit (goal – to be
more definite on the
diagnosis)
Risk Cost (PhP) Availability
Option1 accuracy 99% acceptable 4000 available
Option2 accuracy 90% acceptable 3000 available
Option3 accuracy 60% acceptable 1000 available
60. Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for
cancer
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Breast cancer suspect with a palpable mass
Example of BRCA
comparative analysis
of paraclinical
diagnostic procedures
Procedures Benefit (goal –
to be more
definite on the
diagnosis)
Risk Cost Availability
Biopsy Direct info (4+
diagnostic
yield)
Pain PPP
Ultrasound Indirect (2+) No pain P
Mammogra
phy
Indirect (1+) Pain +
Radiation
PP
CT scan Indirect (3+) No pain +
Radiation
PPPP
√
√
√
√
61. Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Summary
Take Away
Contents:
• Screening for cancer
• Symptoms that will lead to suspected presence
of cancer
• Clinical diagnosis of cancer
• Paraclinical diagnostic procedures for cancer
• Treatment for cancer
• Surveillance of cancer
• Prognosis of cancer
• Palliative and hospice care for cancer patients
PART 1
PART 2
62. Be always in touch with reliable medical
information on fundamentals and
generalities in medical management of
cancer.
Fundamentals
and
Generalities
in Medical
Management
of Cancer
Take Away in
relation to
Patient
Empowerment
Knowledge is power; it gives power.
Use the 4Ks of Patient Empowerment:
Kaalaman, Kakayanan, Karapatan and
Kapangyarihan
to gain greater control over decisions in
medical management.
63. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the FUNDAMENTALS
and GENERALITIES in
the MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT of
CANCER.
Cancer Course
–
Fundamentals
and
Generalities in
Medical
Management
of Cancer