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1. D.E. SOCIETY’S SMT. SUBHADRAK. JINDALCOLLEGE OF NURSING
LESSON PLAN ON
EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER, WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER AND
PREVENTION OF CANCER
SUBJECT: ADULT HEALTH NURSING – II
UNIT VIII – NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH ONCOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY
MRS. ANGELA BRAVER MISS. RUCHIKA THAWARE
VICE PRINCIPAL CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20/02/2024

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the class students will be able to develop knowledge in depth regarding early detection of cance, warning signs of
cancer, prevention of cancer and apply this knowledge in educational and clinical setting.
SPECEFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the class, students will be able to:
1. Discuss about the early detection of cancer.
2. Explain about the warning signs of cancer.
3. Discuss about prevention of cancer.

3. SR.
NO
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
DURATION CONTENT TEACHER/
LEARNER
ACTIVITY
AUDIO
VISUAL
AIDS
BLACK
BOARD
ACTIVITY
EVALUATION
1. Discuss about
the early
detection of
cancer.
25 min EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER
American Cancer Society Guidelines for the
Early Detection of Cancer
According to American Cancer Society,
early detection ideally should be a continuous day-
to-day process of self-observation and heightened
awareness.
It implies a degree of individual
responsibility for self-care together with ready
access to medical facilities for diagnosis and
treatment.
The American Cancer Society recommends
these screening guidelines for most adults.
BREAST CANCER
- Yearly mammograms are recommended
starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a
woman is in good health
- Clinical breast exam (CBE) about every 3
years for women in their 20s and 30s and every year
for women 40 and over
- Women should know how their breasts
normally look and feel and report any breast change
promptly to their health care provider. Breast self-
exam (BSE) is an option for women starting in their
20s.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain about the
early detection of
cancer.

4. COLORECTAL CANCER
 Beginning at age 50, both men and women
should follow one of these testing schedules:
 Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or
 Colonoscopy every 10 years, or
 Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years,
or
 CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)
every 5 years
 Yearly fecal occult blood test, or
 Yearly fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
every year, or
 Stool DNA test, interval uncertain
CERVICAL CANCER
- All women should begin cervical cancer
screening about 3 years after they begin having
vaginal intercourse, but no later than 21 years old.
- Screening should be done every year with the
regular Pap test or every 2 years using the newer
liquid-based Pap test.
- Beginning at age 30, women who have had 3
normal Pap test results in a row may get screened
every 2 to 3 years.
- Women older than 30 may also get screened
every 3 years with either the conventional or liquid-
based Pap test, plus the human papilloma virus
(HPV) test.
- There are 13 types of HPV that have been
linked to cervical cancer, and this test can detect
abnormal cells before cancer forms.
- Women 70 years of age or older who have
had 3 or more normal Pap tests in a row and no

5. abnormal Pap test results in the last 10 years may
choose to stop having Pap tests.
- Women who have had a total hysterectomy
(removal of the uterus and cervix) may also choose
to stop having Pap tests, unless the surgery was done
as a treatment for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
Women who have had a hysterectomy without
removal of the cervix should continue to have Pap
tests.
ENDOMETRIAL (UTERINE) CANCER
- The American Cancer Society recommends
that at the time of menopause, all women should be
informed about the risks and symptoms of
endometrial cancer.
- Women should report any unexpected
bleeding or spotting to their doctors.
- Some women - because of their history - may
need to consider having a yearly endometrial biopsy.
PROSTATE CANCER
- Men over age 40 should have a yearly digital
rectal exam to check the prostate gland for areas.
- The doctor feels the prostate through the wall
of the rectum. Another way to screen for prostate
cancer is with a blood test called the PSA (prostate-
specific antigen) test.
- Men who have prostate cancer may have a
higher level of PSA in their blood.
- However, the PSA level can also be high
because of less serious causes, such as infection.
TESTICULAR CANCER
- Testicular cancer occurs most often between
ages 15 and 34. Most of these cancers are found by

6. men themselves, often by doing a testicular self-
exam.
- If you find a lump or notice another change,
such as heaviness, swelling, unusual tenderness, or
pain, you should see doctor.
- Also, the doctor should examine the testicles
as part of regular medical checkups.
SKIN CANCER
- The doctor should examine your skin during
regular checkups for signs of skin cancer.
- You should also check regularly for new
growths, sores that do not heal, changes in the size,
shape, or colour of any moles, or any other changes
on the skin.
- Warning signs like these should be reported
to the doctor right away.
- Signs of skin cancer: The ABCDE rule
A for asymmetry: A mole that, when divided
in half, doesn't look the same on both sides.
B for border: A mole with edges that is blurry
or jagged.
C for color: Changes in the color of a mole,
including darkening, spread of color, loss of color, or
the appearance of multiple colors such as blue, red,
white, pink, purple or gray.
D for diameter: A mole larger than 1/4 inch
in diameter.
E for elevation: A mole that is raised above
the skin and has an uneven surface.
ORAL CANCER
- Your doctor and dentist should examine your
mouth at regular visits. Also, by looking in a mirror,

7. you can check inside your mouth for changes in the
color of the lips, gums, tongue, or inner cheeks, and
for scabs, cracks, sores, white patches, swelling, or
bleeding.
- It is often possible to see or feel changes in
the mouth that might be cancer or a condition that
might lead to cancer. Any symptoms in your mouth
should be checked by a doctor or dentist. Oral exams
are especially important for people who use alcohol
or tobacco products and for anyone over age 50.
2. Explain about
the warning
signs of cancer.
20 min WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR –
o Changes in the colour, consistency, size, or
shape of stools. (diarrhoea, constipated)
o Blood present in urine or stool
2. A sore which does not heal
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR - Sores that:
▪ Don't seem to be getting better over time
Are getting bigger
Getting more painful
Are starting to bleed
3. Unusual bleeding/discharge –
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR –
o Blood in urine or stool
o Discharge from any parts of your body, for
example nipples, penis, etc.
4. Thickening or Lump in breast or other
part of the body
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Write down
the heading
of warning
sign of
cancer.
Explain about the
warning sign of
cancer.

8. o Any lump found in the breast when doing a
self-examination. Any lump in the scrotum when
doing self-exam. Other lumps found on the body.
5. Indigestion or Difficulty in swallowing
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR
o Feeling of pressure in throat or chest which
makes swallowing uncomfortable
o Feeling full without food or with a small
amount of food.
6. Obvious change in moles
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR
o Use the ABCD RULE
o Asymmetry: Does the mole look the same in
all parts or are there differences?
o Border: Are the borders sharp or ragged?
o Color: What are the colors seen in the mole?
o Diameter: Is the mole bigger than a pencil
eraser (6 mm)?
7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
- WHAT TO LOOK FOR
o Change in voice/hoarseness
o Cough that does not go away
o Sputum with blood
3. Discuss about
prevention of
cancer.
10 min PREVENTION ON CANCER
Dietary changes:
- Nurses advise increased intake of high fibre
food, such as fruits, vegetables and
wholegrain cereals which are rich source of
antioxidant vitamins.
- Advises reduced intake of salt-rich and
nitrate-rich foods, fats and oils.
- Smoking and alcohol should be avoided.
Lecture cum
discussion
PPT Explain about the
prevention of
cancer.

9. - Education to public regarding reduction
in exposure or avoidance of exposure to
known carcinogens, i.e. radiation,
environment and occupational exposure.
- Role of physical exercise: Nurse educates
the public regarding the role of exercise in
the prevention of cancer. She/he promotes
regular exercise programs in public.
- Intermittent rest: The nurse explains the
importance of intermittent rest during
activity and good sound sleep at night (restful
night).
- Regular health check-up: The nurse
promotes regular health check-up for early
detection.
- Eliminate stressors: Avoid stressors or
stressful activities. Enjoy consistent period of
relaxation and leisure.
5 min BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Adult Health Nursing – 1. Medical Surgical
Nursing By MJ Kumari, Jaypee Publications
First edition 2023 Page No – 582,583,584
2. .Medical Surgical Nursing I & II By Deepak
Sethi and Capt Kirti Rani, Jaypee Publication
First Edition 2028 Page No 768,769, 770.
3. 3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK
551616/#:~:text = oncology
ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss about the early detection of cancer.
2. Explain about the warning signs of cancer.
3. Discuss about prevention of cancer.