The document discusses health screening services that can be provided in community pharmacies. It focuses on measuring peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) to assess lung function in patients with asthma or COPD. It provides the techniques for using a peak flow meter to measure PEFR, including having the patient blow hard into the device. Early detection of diseases is also discussed as being important, as some diseases are more treatable if caught early. Examples of screening tests for various cancers, lifestyle diseases, and other conditions are provided. The benefits of early detection include better treatment outcomes and preventing loss of life from incurable diseases.

1. B Y : - S N E H A A . V I K H E
HEALTH SCREENING SERVICES IN
COMMUNITY PHARMACY

2. Measurement of peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
 During Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), patients will have
decreased airway ventilation due to bronchoconstriction.
 In such situations, Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a useful device to assess the
lung function in such patients.
 This test also helps patient and pharmacist in identifying the usefulness of
bronchodilators in the management of asthma or COPD.
 Peak flow meter is a small device used to measure the person’s maximum speed of
expiration.
 PEFR readings are useful in determining the lung functionality, severity of asthma
symptoms and treatment options.

3. Techniques for measurement of PEFR by peak flow
meter
 Check to place the peak flow meter pointer at zero.
 Make the patient stand or sit.
 Hold the peak flow meter level (horizontally) and keep the
fingers away from the pointer.
 Ask the patient to take a deep breath and close the lips firmly
around the mouthpiece.
 Then ask the patient to blow as hard as possible.
 Look at the pointer and check the reading.
 Reset the pointer back to zero and do this 3 times and record
the highest reading.
 The higher PEFR values indicates patients are well and lower
PEFR values indicates disorder.
 80-100% symptom free, 50-80% condition worsening and
below 50% severe condition.

4. EARLY DETECTION
 What is early detection
 Detection of disease before it causes symptoms.
 Need for early detection
 There are many incurable diseases and last stage of these diseases is loss of life. So it
is important to detect the diseases and eradicate them in early stage.
 Benefits of early detection
 Some people would like to know whether they have greater risk of getting hereditary
disease so they can make certain decisions early.
 It allows families to learn about the resources for fight against the disease.
 It can lead to better outcomes.
 It prevent loss of life.
 It prevents incurable chronic disease.
 Treatment is more effective in early stages of disease.

5. Examples of test
 NAT test (Nucleic acid test)– HIV.
 Pap smear test – cervical cancer.
 Tuberculin test- TB.
 Interferon gamma release assays- TB.
 FIT test (fecal immuno chemical test)- Bowel cancer.
 FOBT test (fecal occult blood test) – Bowel cancer.

6.  Screening for Cancer:- Cancer is the abnormality of the cell. In Early
Detection:
 Breast Cancer: It is a very common malignancy among women. Those who have a
family history of breast cancer have higher risk.
 Prostate Cancer: It occurs in the prostate. It cause of death in males.
 Cervical Cancer: All sexually active women should get a Pap smear test to check for
cervical cancer.
 Kidney Cancer: A urine test may be performed to see if blood is present. Blood tests,
CT scans, and intravenous pyelograms are some of the other procedures used to
detect kidney cancer.
 Colorectal Cancer: Person who is at a higher risk of colorectal cancer, such as diabetic.

7.  Screening for Lifestyle disease
 Lifestyle disorder, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, are on the
rise, and it would be good for everyone to be attentive by getting
screened for these diseases on a regular basis.
 High blood pressure might also lead to complications including kidney
damage.
 Regular health monitoring can help to commence early care; in some
cases, the disease can be managed without the need of drugs.

8.  Screening for atherosclerosis/Heart disease
 Hardening of arteries (atherosclerosis) can lead to a heart attack. Obese
people, smokers, hypertensive people, and diabetics may benefit from
routine cardiac exams, such as thread mills, ECHOs, and MRIs.
•Screening for Type 2 Diabetes
•Simple blood tests are performed on an empty stomach and also after a
meal. Urine testing may also aid in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

9.  Screening for Kidney Diseases
 Diabetics, hypertensive, and people with a family history of kidney
disease are at an increased risk of acquiring kidney disease. Regular
screening aids in the early detection of the disease
 Screening for Familial/Genetic Diseases
 Diseases that are passed on from generation to generation are known as
familial diseases. Genetic diseases are sometimes mistaken with
familial diseases. There are genetic disorders in every family.

10. Mens screening check list

11. Womens screening checklist