In order to study the dynamic stability of the system, having a precise dynamic model including the energy generation units such as generators, excitation system and turbine is necessary. The aim of this paper is to design a power stabilizer for Mashhad power plant and assess its effects on the electromechanical fluctuations. Due to lack of certainty in the system, designing an optimized robust controller is crucial. In this paper, the establishment of balance between the nominal and robust performance is done by the weight functions. In the frequencies where the uncertainty is high, in order to achieve to the robust performance of the controller, µ analysis is more profound, otherwise, in order to achieve to nominal performance, robust stability, noise reduction and decrease of controlling signal, the impact of the controller H 2 /H ∞ is more profound. The results of the simulation studies represent the advantages and effectiveness of the suggested method.
Sensitive loads are widely used in industrial, which is the main cause of sag-swell and harmonics voltages problems that can affect the power quality. Among the devices that solve such power quality perturbations, the series active power Filter APFS is considered in this paper. Thus, a single phase APFS is developed through an analytic analysis, supported by an experimental validation, where we applied classical proportional integrator PI, fuzzy logic FLC and sliding mode SM controllers to improve the dynamic response of the APFS. In addition, a comparative study between these control strategies has made in order to mitigate voltage sag-swell and especially harmonics, where the SMC has showed more effective and robust results compared to PI and FLC and proved by the Total harmonic distortion THD ratio. Results of the proposed controllers are simulated in MATLAB simulink® and validated through experimental tests applied on our system prototype.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Low Frequency Oscillations Damping by UPFC with GAPOD and GADC-voltage regulatorIOSR Journals
This document describes a new controller for a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The proposed controller is a Multi-Stage Fuzzy (MSF) PID controller with a genetic algorithm-based DC voltage regulator. The MSF controller uses multiple fuzzy logic controllers and a fuzzy switch to better handle system uncertainties. Membership functions for the fuzzy controllers are optimized using a genetic algorithm. Testing on a single machine infinite bus power system model shows the proposed controller more effectively damps low frequency oscillations under different operating conditions compared to other UPFC controllers. The design and implementation of the proposed controller is described to be simpler than other advanced control methods while still providing robust damping performance.
IRJET- Fuzzy Control Scheme for Damping of Oscillations in Multi Machine Powe...IRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic control scheme to damp oscillations in a multi-machine power system model using Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs). The model consists of three generators connected to a nine bus system with four loads. Two UPFCs are placed between certain buses to control power flow. Fuzzy logic controllers are designed for the UPFCs based on their input-output relationships. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy logic controlled UPFCs effectively damp low frequency oscillations caused by faults, improving system stability compared to the uncontrolled system.
Optimal placement of dstatcom in an indian power system for load andIAEME Publication
This document discusses using an artificial neural network approach to determine the optimal placement of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in a 75-bus Indian power system to balance voltages affected by unbalanced loads. The neural network was trained using balanced voltages before loads and unbalanced voltages with loads as inputs and targets. It found that placing the DSTATCOM at bus 47 produced the lowest error and best balanced voltages across the system when unbalanced loads were connected at different buses. Simulations confirmed the DSTATCOM placement effectively balanced voltages at load buses and other buses affected by the unbalanced loads.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Coordination of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Type-2 Fuzz...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that coordinates an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and type-2 fuzzy logic system (T2FLS) power system stabilizer (PSS) to improve the stability of a large-scale power system. The ANFIS parameters are obtained through an offline training process, while the T2FLS parameters are determined based on knowledge gained from the ANFIS parameters. Simulation results show that the T2FLS-PSS is able to maintain stability better than conventional/ANFIS-PSS by decreasing peak overshoot and settling time for rotor speed and angle during local and inter-area oscillations. The T2FLS-PSS also performs better than other PSS types
Design of Electric Drive for Vehicular Application Using Vector ControlIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an electric drive system for a vehicular application using vector control. It proposes an induction motor fed by a three-phase voltage source inverter whose input comes from a boost converter. Indirect vector control is chosen as the control scheme due to its ability to provide fast and accurate torque control without needing rotor position sensors. Simulation results show the motor is able to achieve speed control within 2.5 seconds with less than 4% deviation from the reference speed.
Sensitive loads are widely used in industrial, which is the main cause of sag-swell and harmonics voltages problems that can affect the power quality. Among the devices that solve such power quality perturbations, the series active power Filter APFS is considered in this paper. Thus, a single phase APFS is developed through an analytic analysis, supported by an experimental validation, where we applied classical proportional integrator PI, fuzzy logic FLC and sliding mode SM controllers to improve the dynamic response of the APFS. In addition, a comparative study between these control strategies has made in order to mitigate voltage sag-swell and especially harmonics, where the SMC has showed more effective and robust results compared to PI and FLC and proved by the Total harmonic distortion THD ratio. Results of the proposed controllers are simulated in MATLAB simulink® and validated through experimental tests applied on our system prototype.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Low Frequency Oscillations Damping by UPFC with GAPOD and GADC-voltage regulatorIOSR Journals
This document describes a new controller for a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The proposed controller is a Multi-Stage Fuzzy (MSF) PID controller with a genetic algorithm-based DC voltage regulator. The MSF controller uses multiple fuzzy logic controllers and a fuzzy switch to better handle system uncertainties. Membership functions for the fuzzy controllers are optimized using a genetic algorithm. Testing on a single machine infinite bus power system model shows the proposed controller more effectively damps low frequency oscillations under different operating conditions compared to other UPFC controllers. The design and implementation of the proposed controller is described to be simpler than other advanced control methods while still providing robust damping performance.
IRJET- Fuzzy Control Scheme for Damping of Oscillations in Multi Machine Powe...IRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic control scheme to damp oscillations in a multi-machine power system model using Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs). The model consists of three generators connected to a nine bus system with four loads. Two UPFCs are placed between certain buses to control power flow. Fuzzy logic controllers are designed for the UPFCs based on their input-output relationships. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy logic controlled UPFCs effectively damp low frequency oscillations caused by faults, improving system stability compared to the uncontrolled system.
Optimal placement of dstatcom in an indian power system for load andIAEME Publication
This document discusses using an artificial neural network approach to determine the optimal placement of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in a 75-bus Indian power system to balance voltages affected by unbalanced loads. The neural network was trained using balanced voltages before loads and unbalanced voltages with loads as inputs and targets. It found that placing the DSTATCOM at bus 47 produced the lowest error and best balanced voltages across the system when unbalanced loads were connected at different buses. Simulations confirmed the DSTATCOM placement effectively balanced voltages at load buses and other buses affected by the unbalanced loads.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Coordination of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Type-2 Fuzz...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that coordinates an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and type-2 fuzzy logic system (T2FLS) power system stabilizer (PSS) to improve the stability of a large-scale power system. The ANFIS parameters are obtained through an offline training process, while the T2FLS parameters are determined based on knowledge gained from the ANFIS parameters. Simulation results show that the T2FLS-PSS is able to maintain stability better than conventional/ANFIS-PSS by decreasing peak overshoot and settling time for rotor speed and angle during local and inter-area oscillations. The T2FLS-PSS also performs better than other PSS types
Design of Electric Drive for Vehicular Application Using Vector ControlIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an electric drive system for a vehicular application using vector control. It proposes an induction motor fed by a three-phase voltage source inverter whose input comes from a boost converter. Indirect vector control is chosen as the control scheme due to its ability to provide fast and accurate torque control without needing rotor position sensors. Simulation results show the motor is able to achieve speed control within 2.5 seconds with less than 4% deviation from the reference speed.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
The document presents a new control strategy for controlling a shunt active power filter to compensate for reactive power and reduce current harmonics in a grid connected to a renewable energy based distribution system. The proposed control strategy uses a fuzzy PID controller to determine the reference compensating currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that the controller has fast dynamic response, accurately tracks the DC voltage reference, and is robust to load parameter variations. The fuzzy PID controller hybridizes classical PID and fuzzy control to exploit the benefits of both.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
In this paper, the voltage stability of the power system is studied during fault conditions. Enhancement of the system’s stability will be achieved by utilizing Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers at the best place in the system. The optimum placement of (FACTS) controllers occurred on the most affected bus by the fault in the system (weakest bus). Two approaches have been used in this study to effectively obtain the best location of the (FACTS) controllers in the system. The first method is based on computing the deviation which occurs in the active power and reactive power due to the fault at each load bus at a time. Whereas the second method is performed through exploiting a MATLAB fuzzy set technique utilizing two indices: Line Flow Index (LFI) and Voltage Profile Index (VPI) during fault and steady-state conditions. The results show that both of these indices resulted in the same bus as the best location. Remedial actions in the attempt at improving in the stability of the power system are discussed taking the advantage of using (FACTS) compensation (SVC) and (STATCOM) at the most vulnerable system buses. In this work, MATLAB program with an IEEE 24 bus system is examined.
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
STUDY OF TRANSIENT STABILITY BY TRANSIENT ENERGY FUNCTIONcscpconf
Stability analysis programs are a primary tool used by power system planning and operating engineers to predict the response of the system to various disturbances. Important onclusionsand decisions are made based on the results of stability studies. The conventional method of analyzing stability is to calculate the transient behaviour of generators due to a given disturbance. Direct methods of stability analysis identify whether or not the system will remain stable once the disturbance is removed by comparing it with a calculated threshold value.Direct methods not only avoid the time consuming solutions required in the conventional
method, but also provide a quantitative measure of the degree of system stability. Thisadditional information makes direct methods very attractive when the relative stability of
different plans must be compared or when stability limits must be calculated quickly. Directmethods of transient stability analysis of a multi machine power system, using a
function describing the system's transient energy, are discussed. By examining thetrajectory of the disturbed system, the following fundamental questions are dealt with:the concept of a controlling unstable equilibrium point (U.E.P), the manner in whichsome generators tend to lose synchronism, and identifying the energy directlyresponsible for system separation. Resolving this issue will substantially improve transient stability analysis by direct method.
Power Flow Study and Performance of STATCOM and TCSC in Improvement Voltage S...IJAPEJOURNAL
Power systems operation becomes more important as the load demand increases all over the world. This rapid increase in load demand forces power systems to operate near critical limits due to economical and environmental constraints. The objective in power systems operation is to serve energy with acceptable voltage and frequency to consumers at minimum cost. This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method and steady-state modeling of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) for continuation power flow studies has been represented and discussed in details.also this paper studies voltage stability by using continuation power flow method and Comparison between performance of TCSC and STATCOM for improve voltage stability has been done. Case studies are carried on 9 bus network. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Power Flow and Continuation Power Flow is was implemented using Newton-Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of TCSC and STATCOM to improve voltage control and power flows on the lines and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
This document discusses several applications of fuzzy logic in electrical systems, including induction motor control, switched reluctance motor control, excitation control in automatic voltage regulators, and fuzzy logic control in an 18 bus power system. It focuses on using fuzzy logic for automatic voltage regulation, describing the typical components of a power system, challenges with conventional controllers, and presenting simulation results that demonstrate how a fuzzy logic controller can effectively regulate the voltage of a synchronous generator.
1) The document discusses simulation and transient stability analysis of the Kotri Gas Turbine Power Station. It aims to develop a simulation model of the power station in MATLAB and analyze the effects of faults at different locations.
2) The research methodology involves collecting data on equipment ratings, reviewing literature on transient stability, and using MATLAB tools like SimPowerSystems and Power System Blockset to model the power station and simulate faults.
3) The analysis will identify stability problems, determine critical clearing times, and suggest remedies to minimize issues and improve stability of power supplied from the important 174MW power plant.
Power System MIMO Identification for Coordinated Design of PSS and TCSC Contr...Reza Pourramezan
Authors: Reza Pourramezan, Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh, and Hamid Reza Nourzadeh
Published in 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (PES)
DOI: 10.1109/PES.2007.385692
This document discusses using fuzzy logic control for voltage stability in a power system. It proposes calculating a fuzzy-based voltage stability index at each step of load flow simulation to identify critical buses. The method is tested on the 18-bus IEEE test system under different disturbances and load models. A fuzzy controller with 7 predicates is applied to maintain voltage stability. Simulation results show the terminal voltage response at bus 7 for a short circuit at bus 12 lasting 300ms under different load models.
IRJET - Effect of Changing Membership Functions in the Operation of Fuzzy Con...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of changing membership functions in fuzzy logic controllers for flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices in power systems. It analyzes the performance of three FACTS controllers - static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), static VAR compensator (SVC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) - with fuzzy logic controllers using different membership functions. The document presents simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink that compare the system response for each FACTS controller with conventional control versus fuzzy control, and with fuzzy controllers using triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, and generalized bell-shaped membership functions. The results show that fuzzy control of FACTS devices provides better damping of power oscillations compared to conventional control, and that triangular
Optimal Location of FACTS Device for Power System Security Improvement using ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes using a hybrid genetic algorithm-ant colony optimization (GA-ACO) approach to determine the optimal location and capacity of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to improve power system security and voltage stability. The GA-ACO is applied to a 30-bus test system to identify the optimal placement of STATCOM devices. The results show that installing STATCOMs at buses 26 and 29 enhances system voltages and security compared to the base case without STATCOMs. Simulations under varying load conditions from 60% to 90% demonstrate that the identified optimal STATCOM locations and capacities change to continue improving voltages. The hybrid GA-ACO approach effectively determines STATCOM settings to enhance power system performance and security.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy controller to improve power quality issues like voltage sags and total harmonic distortion using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The paper describes how a genetic algorithm can be used to optimize the parameters of a fuzzy logic controller for the STATCOM in order to minimize voltage sag and total harmonic distortion more effectively than conventional controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm technique improves sag compensation and reduces harmonic distortion in distribution systems during fault conditions.
Transient stability analysis and enhancement of ieee 9 bus system ecij
System stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure power system planning and operation. Power system studies are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant periodically. This paper presents the power system stability analysis for IEEE- 9 bus test system. The fault is created on different busses and transient stability is analyzedfor different load and generation conditions. The critical clearing time (CCT) is calculated by
using time domain classical extended equal area criterion method. The system frequency and voltage variation is observed for different fault locations and CCT. The IEEE-9 bus test system is simulated and stability is analyzed on ETAP software
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
Optimization of Modified Sliding Mode Controller for an Electro-hydraulic Act...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of the modified sliding mode controller (MSMC) for the purpose of tracking the nonlinear system with mismatched disturbance. Provided that the performance of the designed controller depends on the value of control parameters, gravitational search algorithm (GSA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques are used to optimize these parameters in order to achieve a predefined system’s performance. In respect of system’s performance, it is evaluated based on the tracking error present between reference inputs transferred to the system and the system output. This is followed by verification of the efficiency of the designed controller in simulation environment under various values, with and without the inclusion of external disturbance. It can be seen from the simulation results that the MSMC with PSO exhibits a better performance in comparison to the performance of the similar controller with GSA in terms of output response and tracking error.
The document summarizes research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and parameters of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in a power system. It first introduces FACTS devices and their ability to control power flow. It then describes using a genetic algorithm to simultaneously determine the optimal type, location, and rating of FACTS devices with the objectives of minimizing generation costs and power losses/voltage deviations. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system with different FACTS device types. The results indicate the genetic algorithm approach can effectively determine the configuration of FACTS devices that increase system loadability.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new control technique for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFG) used in variable speed wind turbines. The technique uses a nonlinear sliding mode control approach with an exponential reaching law (ERL) to control the active and reactive powers generated by the wind turbine. Simulation results show that this sliding mode control with ERL is more robust and improves power quality and stability compared to traditional sliding mode control approaches. It reduces chattering phenomenon while also accelerating the system response for better tracking of the desired control objectives.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
The document presents a new control strategy for controlling a shunt active power filter to compensate for reactive power and reduce current harmonics in a grid connected to a renewable energy based distribution system. The proposed control strategy uses a fuzzy PID controller to determine the reference compensating currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that the controller has fast dynamic response, accurately tracks the DC voltage reference, and is robust to load parameter variations. The fuzzy PID controller hybridizes classical PID and fuzzy control to exploit the benefits of both.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
In this paper, the voltage stability of the power system is studied during fault conditions. Enhancement of the system’s stability will be achieved by utilizing Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers at the best place in the system. The optimum placement of (FACTS) controllers occurred on the most affected bus by the fault in the system (weakest bus). Two approaches have been used in this study to effectively obtain the best location of the (FACTS) controllers in the system. The first method is based on computing the deviation which occurs in the active power and reactive power due to the fault at each load bus at a time. Whereas the second method is performed through exploiting a MATLAB fuzzy set technique utilizing two indices: Line Flow Index (LFI) and Voltage Profile Index (VPI) during fault and steady-state conditions. The results show that both of these indices resulted in the same bus as the best location. Remedial actions in the attempt at improving in the stability of the power system are discussed taking the advantage of using (FACTS) compensation (SVC) and (STATCOM) at the most vulnerable system buses. In this work, MATLAB program with an IEEE 24 bus system is examined.
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
STUDY OF TRANSIENT STABILITY BY TRANSIENT ENERGY FUNCTIONcscpconf
Stability analysis programs are a primary tool used by power system planning and operating engineers to predict the response of the system to various disturbances. Important onclusionsand decisions are made based on the results of stability studies. The conventional method of analyzing stability is to calculate the transient behaviour of generators due to a given disturbance. Direct methods of stability analysis identify whether or not the system will remain stable once the disturbance is removed by comparing it with a calculated threshold value.Direct methods not only avoid the time consuming solutions required in the conventional
method, but also provide a quantitative measure of the degree of system stability. Thisadditional information makes direct methods very attractive when the relative stability of
different plans must be compared or when stability limits must be calculated quickly. Directmethods of transient stability analysis of a multi machine power system, using a
function describing the system's transient energy, are discussed. By examining thetrajectory of the disturbed system, the following fundamental questions are dealt with:the concept of a controlling unstable equilibrium point (U.E.P), the manner in whichsome generators tend to lose synchronism, and identifying the energy directlyresponsible for system separation. Resolving this issue will substantially improve transient stability analysis by direct method.
Power Flow Study and Performance of STATCOM and TCSC in Improvement Voltage S...IJAPEJOURNAL
Power systems operation becomes more important as the load demand increases all over the world. This rapid increase in load demand forces power systems to operate near critical limits due to economical and environmental constraints. The objective in power systems operation is to serve energy with acceptable voltage and frequency to consumers at minimum cost. This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method and steady-state modeling of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) for continuation power flow studies has been represented and discussed in details.also this paper studies voltage stability by using continuation power flow method and Comparison between performance of TCSC and STATCOM for improve voltage stability has been done. Case studies are carried on 9 bus network. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Power Flow and Continuation Power Flow is was implemented using Newton-Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of TCSC and STATCOM to improve voltage control and power flows on the lines and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
This document discusses several applications of fuzzy logic in electrical systems, including induction motor control, switched reluctance motor control, excitation control in automatic voltage regulators, and fuzzy logic control in an 18 bus power system. It focuses on using fuzzy logic for automatic voltage regulation, describing the typical components of a power system, challenges with conventional controllers, and presenting simulation results that demonstrate how a fuzzy logic controller can effectively regulate the voltage of a synchronous generator.
1) The document discusses simulation and transient stability analysis of the Kotri Gas Turbine Power Station. It aims to develop a simulation model of the power station in MATLAB and analyze the effects of faults at different locations.
2) The research methodology involves collecting data on equipment ratings, reviewing literature on transient stability, and using MATLAB tools like SimPowerSystems and Power System Blockset to model the power station and simulate faults.
3) The analysis will identify stability problems, determine critical clearing times, and suggest remedies to minimize issues and improve stability of power supplied from the important 174MW power plant.
Power System MIMO Identification for Coordinated Design of PSS and TCSC Contr...Reza Pourramezan
Authors: Reza Pourramezan, Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh, and Hamid Reza Nourzadeh
Published in 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (PES)
DOI: 10.1109/PES.2007.385692
This document discusses using fuzzy logic control for voltage stability in a power system. It proposes calculating a fuzzy-based voltage stability index at each step of load flow simulation to identify critical buses. The method is tested on the 18-bus IEEE test system under different disturbances and load models. A fuzzy controller with 7 predicates is applied to maintain voltage stability. Simulation results show the terminal voltage response at bus 7 for a short circuit at bus 12 lasting 300ms under different load models.
IRJET - Effect of Changing Membership Functions in the Operation of Fuzzy Con...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of changing membership functions in fuzzy logic controllers for flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices in power systems. It analyzes the performance of three FACTS controllers - static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), static VAR compensator (SVC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) - with fuzzy logic controllers using different membership functions. The document presents simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink that compare the system response for each FACTS controller with conventional control versus fuzzy control, and with fuzzy controllers using triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, and generalized bell-shaped membership functions. The results show that fuzzy control of FACTS devices provides better damping of power oscillations compared to conventional control, and that triangular
Optimal Location of FACTS Device for Power System Security Improvement using ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes using a hybrid genetic algorithm-ant colony optimization (GA-ACO) approach to determine the optimal location and capacity of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to improve power system security and voltage stability. The GA-ACO is applied to a 30-bus test system to identify the optimal placement of STATCOM devices. The results show that installing STATCOMs at buses 26 and 29 enhances system voltages and security compared to the base case without STATCOMs. Simulations under varying load conditions from 60% to 90% demonstrate that the identified optimal STATCOM locations and capacities change to continue improving voltages. The hybrid GA-ACO approach effectively determines STATCOM settings to enhance power system performance and security.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm-optimized fuzzy controller to improve power quality issues like voltage sags and total harmonic distortion using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The paper describes how a genetic algorithm can be used to optimize the parameters of a fuzzy logic controller for the STATCOM in order to minimize voltage sag and total harmonic distortion more effectively than conventional controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed genetic algorithm technique improves sag compensation and reduces harmonic distortion in distribution systems during fault conditions.
Transient stability analysis and enhancement of ieee 9 bus system ecij
System stability study is the important parameter of economic, reliable and secure power system planning and operation. Power system studies are important during the planning and conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the operating life of the plant periodically. This paper presents the power system stability analysis for IEEE- 9 bus test system. The fault is created on different busses and transient stability is analyzedfor different load and generation conditions. The critical clearing time (CCT) is calculated by
using time domain classical extended equal area criterion method. The system frequency and voltage variation is observed for different fault locations and CCT. The IEEE-9 bus test system is simulated and stability is analyzed on ETAP software
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
Optimization of Modified Sliding Mode Controller for an Electro-hydraulic Act...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of the modified sliding mode controller (MSMC) for the purpose of tracking the nonlinear system with mismatched disturbance. Provided that the performance of the designed controller depends on the value of control parameters, gravitational search algorithm (GSA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques are used to optimize these parameters in order to achieve a predefined system’s performance. In respect of system’s performance, it is evaluated based on the tracking error present between reference inputs transferred to the system and the system output. This is followed by verification of the efficiency of the designed controller in simulation environment under various values, with and without the inclusion of external disturbance. It can be seen from the simulation results that the MSMC with PSO exhibits a better performance in comparison to the performance of the similar controller with GSA in terms of output response and tracking error.
The document summarizes research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and parameters of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in a power system. It first introduces FACTS devices and their ability to control power flow. It then describes using a genetic algorithm to simultaneously determine the optimal type, location, and rating of FACTS devices with the objectives of minimizing generation costs and power losses/voltage deviations. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system with different FACTS device types. The results indicate the genetic algorithm approach can effectively determine the configuration of FACTS devices that increase system loadability.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new control technique for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFG) used in variable speed wind turbines. The technique uses a nonlinear sliding mode control approach with an exponential reaching law (ERL) to control the active and reactive powers generated by the wind turbine. Simulation results show that this sliding mode control with ERL is more robust and improves power quality and stability compared to traditional sliding mode control approaches. It reduces chattering phenomenon while also accelerating the system response for better tracking of the desired control objectives.
Design Of Hybrid Series Active Filters for Harmonic Reduction in Single Phase...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Modelling and Passivity-based Control of a Non Isolated DC-DC Converter in a...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the model of a fuel cell and the design and simulation of a cascade of two DC-DC converters. First, a detailed mathematical model of fuel cell is presented and simulated. Then, a nonlinear model of the whole controlled system is developed and a robust nonlinear controller of currents is synthesized using a passivity-based control. A formal analysis based on Lyapunov stability and average theory is developed to describe the control currents loops performances. A classical PI controller is used for the voltages loops. The simulation models have been developed and tested in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulated results are displayed to validate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
5 adaptive control for power system stability improvementnazir1988
This document discusses adaptive control for power system stability improvement using model reference adaptive control (MRAC) based on the command generator tracker theory. It begins by introducing the need for power system stabilizers to improve generator dynamics and stability under different loading conditions. It then provides the mathematical models for synchronous generators both with and without voltage control. Analysis shows generator dynamics and stability vary significantly with loading. The document then describes applying direct adaptive control using MRAC-CGT to provide optimal damping for generators across all operating ranges by adapting the stabilizer parameters.
In this paper, a new approach is proposed for keeping the RMS voltage output constant, the system is supplying by a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a controlled DC motor with variable speed and load. The scheme used in this paper is based on a classical Proportional-Integral regulator wich controls a SPWM switching. A MATLAB Simulink model of the system is developed to maintain the AC voltage at the desired value. Then a comparison is examined between simulation and experimental results using dSPACE board. The results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach and it gives very high performance.
This document presents an analysis of transient stability in a dual-machine power system using the swing equation. It begins with introductions to stability, the swing equation, and numerical solution methods. It then discusses steady-state and transient stability analysis using the swing equation for a single machine connected to an infinite bus. Next, it extends the analysis to a multi-machine system and presents the swing equations for a dual-machine system. The document simulations transient stability in a dual-machine system for different fault clearing times and analyzes the results. It concludes that transient stability is affected by fault type and location and presents conclusions about analyzing stability in multi-machine systems.
Modeling and State Feedback Controller Design of Tubular Linear Permanent Mag...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper a state feedback controller for tubular linear permanent magnet
synchronous motor (TLPMSM) containing two gas springs, is presented.
The proposed TLPMSM controller is used to control reciprocating motions
of TLPMSM. The analytical plant model of TLPMSM is a multi-input
multi-output (MIMO) system which is decoupled to some sub single-input
single-output (SISO) systems, then, the sub SISO systems are converted to
sub-state space models. Indeed, the TLPMSM state space model is decoupled
to some sub-state spaces, and then, the gains of state feedback are calculated
by linear quadratic regulation (LQR) method for each sub-state space
separately. The controller decreases the distortions of the waveforms.
The simulation results indicate the validity of the controller.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Swing, voltage stability and power transfer capability in transmission system...eSAT Journals
Abstract In modern era, the increasing size of the power system, to maximize the use of existing systems and to provide adequate voltage support is an emphasis on finding solutions. This flexibility is needed electricity. Better placed than the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) to control the flow of electricity, and to provide voltage support can be effective in turn resulting in less damage. The impact of these tools on line flow and bus voltage profile at random algorithm to determine the optimal number of ratings have been studied by keeping them better . The FACTS devices are expensive cause of that FACTS type, number and location of the FACTS devices is very important, for decide the optimal location and parameters of FACTS devices. FACTS are used in the following purposes: Transmission pricing issues by maximizing social welfare with or without consideration of FACTS’ costs; Better utilization of FACT by maximizing FACTS devices total transferred power; Reactive power or voltage control by minimizing transmission losses, or voltage fluctuation. Increase system’s security under emergency by minimizing transmission lines loadability. Power flow control, a current long transmission line, plays an important role within the energy system. The letter swings, long-distance transmission line voltage and power flow control in unified power flow controller (UPFC) based compensation associated series or shunt FACTS devices are employed. Devices such as the proposed transmission line, between the end of the sending and receiving end to the transmission line is used in places as different. Here also deals with determining the optimum placement of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) damping out swings, voltage and improves power transfer devices for a long transmission line. Here the concept of compensation mid-point of facts is presented for optimal placement. Keywords: Stability, first swings, rotor angle, power transfer, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), reactive power
The document discusses optimal power flow (OPF) problems and objectives. It first defines OPF as finding the optimal settings of a power system network to optimize an objective function while satisfying operational constraints. The key objectives are minimizing fuel costs and transmission losses. Mathematical formulations are presented for common OPF objectives and constraints, including generator limits, line flows, voltage limits, and transient stability constraints. Optimization algorithms can be applied to solve OPF problems for different power system test cases.
Optimal Reactive Power Scheduling Using Cuckoo Search AlgorithmIJECEIAES
The article describes multidisciplinary design process of high-performance electric generator for advanced aircrafts by analytical methods and computer modeling techniques (electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical calculations). New technical solutions used in its development are described. The main ideas are revealed of the method of EG voltage stabilization we used. To improve the heat dissipation efficiency, we have developed a new cooling system, and provide its study and description in this paper. The advantages of this cooling system include the fact that EG is made with dry, uncooled rotor. This allowed eliminating additional pumps, and significantly reducing tThis paper solves an optimal reactive power scheduling problem in the deregulated power system using the evolutionary based Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA). Reactive power scheduling is a very important problem in the power system operation, which is a nonlinear and mixed integer programming problem. It optimizes a specific objective function while satisfying all the equality and inequality constraints. In this paper, CSA is used to determine the optimal settings of control variables such as generator voltages, transformer tap positions and the amount of reactive compensation required to optimize the certain objective functions. The CSA algorithm has been developed from the inspiration that the obligate brood parasitism of some Cuckoo species lay their eggs in nests of other host birds which are of other species. The performance of CSA for solving the proposed optimal reactive power scheduling problem is examined on standard Ward Hale 6 bus, IEEE 30 bus, 57 bus, 118 bus and 300 bus test systems. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is more suitable, effective and efficient compared to other optimization techniques presented in the literature.he size of CSD. According to the results of our study, we created an experimental full capacity layout, and its studies are also provided in this paper.
A fault-tolerant photovoltaic integrated shunt active power filter with a 27-...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a fault-tolerant shunt active power filter (SAPF). The novility in of this work is that it poposes a solutions to increase the reliability of shunt active power filter to maintain its operation under a single-phase open-circuit fault in the SAPF. This will increase the reliability of the whole power system. The SAPF is composed of a 4-leg 27-level inverter based on asymmetric cascaded H-bridge topology. If an open-circuit fault is introduced to the operation of the SAPF, a special control technique will be implemented and the redundant leg of the SAPF will be activated. The faulttolerant SAPF can do many tasks under healthy operating conditions and post and open circuit fault depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. It can mitigate harmonics in the power system, improve power factor in the system by injecting reactive power, and inject real power to the system. The proposed SAPF is tested and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results have shown a significant improvement in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current from 13.9% to 3.9% under the normal operating condition and from 42% to 8.4% post and open circuit fault.
Adaptive PI Controller for Voltage Regulation in Power SystemsISA Interchange
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) provides the means to improve quality and reliability of a power system as it has the functional capability to handle dynamic disturbances, such as transient stability and power oscillation damping as well as to providing voltage regulation. In this paper, a robust adaptive PI-based optimal fuzzy control strategy is proposed to control a STATCOM used in distribution systems. The proposed intelligent strategy is based on a combination of a new General Type-II Fuzzy Logic (GT2FL) with a simple heuristic algorithm named Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) Algorithm. The proposed framework optimally tunes parameters of a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller which, similar to most of other researchers regarding control of STATCOM, are in charge of controlling the device. The proposed controller guaranties robustness and stability against uncertainties caused by external disturbances or ever-changing nature of the power systems. The TLBO optimizes the parameters of the controller as well as the input and output membership functions. To validate the efficiency of the proposed controller, the obtained simulation results are compared with those of the two most recent researches applied in this field, namely, conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Optimal Fuzzy PI (OFPI) controller. Results demonstrate the successfulness and effectiveness of the proposed online-TLBO General Type-2 Fuzzy PI (OGT2FPI) controller and its superiority over conventional approaches.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm to design Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) damping controllers. The goal is to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The paper models a single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with a UPFC. It linearizes the system equations and formulates the controller design as an optimization problem to minimize oscillations. Simulation results comparing the proposed RCGA approach to conventional tuning are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness in damping power system oscillations.
Optimal Power Flow With UPFC Using Fuzzy- PSO With Non-Smooth Fuel Cost FunctionIJERA Editor
This paper presents an efficient and reliable evolutionary based approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow problem in electrical power network. The Particle Swarm Optimization method is used to solve optimal power Flow problem in power system by incorporating a powerful and most versatile Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems device such as Unified power Flow Controller. It is a new device in FACTS family and has great flexibility that can control Active power, Reactive power and voltage magnitudes simultaneously. In this paper optimal location is find out using Fuzzy approach and control settings of UPFC are determined by PSO. The proposed approach is examined on IEEE-30 bus system with different objective function that reflects fuel cost minimization and fuel cost with valve point effects. The test results show the effectiveness of robustness of the proposed approachcompared with the existing results in the literature.
Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of Facts Devices, Capacitors and L...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method. Voltage collapse scenario is presented which can be a serious result of voltage instability and also the parameters that affected by voltage collapse are discussed. In analyzing power system voltage stability, continuation power flow method is utilized which consists of successive load flows. In this paper steady-state modeling of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and effect of compensator and variation of line reactance on the voltage stability have been studied and Comparison between performance of UPFC and SVC and installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance for improve voltage stability has been done.Case studies are carried on 11 bus network in two areas. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Continuation Power Flow was implemented using Newton Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of UPFC, SVC, installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance to improve voltage control and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
This document describes a major project report submitted for the partial fulfillment of an Electrical Engineering degree. The report discusses load frequency control of a two area power system using an Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. It includes sections on introduction, literature review, project objectives, load frequency control, controllers, the ABC algorithm, a two area power system model, simulations, results, and conclusions. The objective is to design a controller based on ABC algorithm parameters to limit frequency deviations and regulate power flow through tie lines when load demand varies.
Design of Load Frequency Controllers for Interconnected Power Systems with Su...IOSR Journals
This document describes research applying the Bat Algorithm to optimize load frequency controller parameters for an interconnected two-area power system model with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) units. The Bat Algorithm, inspired by bat echolocation behavior, is used to determine proportional-integral controller parameters that minimize frequency and tie-line deviations following load disturbances. Simulation results confirm the Bat Algorithm effectively damps oscillations, achieving fast stabilization to steady state values with SMES units providing favorable damping effects.
In This paper we present experimental comparative study of feedBack Linearized and Proportional Integral (PI) Controller of the DC bus voltage of three phase shunt Active Power Filter (APF). The FeedBack Linearized and PI controllers are introduced to improve tracking performance characteristics, power quality and minimized consumption of the reactive power. The algorithm used to identify the reference currents is based on the Self Tuning Filter (STF). The firing pulses of the IGBTs inverter are generated using a hysteresis current controller; which is implemented on an analogue card. Finally, the above study, under steady state and transient conditions, is illustrated with signal-flow graphs and corresponding analysis. This study was verified by experimental tests on hardware prototype based on dSPACE-1104. The experimental results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the designed active filter, associated with Feedback Linearized and PI controllers and are capability in meeting the IEEE 519-1992 recommended harmonic standard limits.
Similar to Robust Multi-Objective Control of Power System Stabilizer Using Mixed H 2 /H ∞ and µ Analysis (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Robust Multi-Objective Control of Power System Stabilizer Using Mixed ... (Javad Mashayekhi Fard)
4801
solving problem and its solution using Hamiltonian matrix introduction are the highlights of this paper [1].
Also Doyle as well as a tutorial overview in the fractional linear transformations (LFTs) and the value of the
unique structure, μ, and linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) in the solution of LFT problems has offered [2].
H2/H∞, were combined by Rotea in this way, two important approaches were suggested, 1) optimal control
limit of H2 and H∞ (actually constrained optimization), and 2) at the same time optimal control of H2/H∞ [3].
Lanzon in his PHD thesis chooses the weight functions in μ and H∞ design [4]. Many of the power stabilizers
proposed for systems of the single machine are not able to resolve the interaction problems; while some of
the multi variable stabilizers are also lacking suitable robust stability. Studies on the stability are mostly
conducted on two transient and steady states. At operation condition, a power system is in its permanent state
[5]. When performance is in the permanent state, if a sudden change happens, the system will go toward
the disturbance.
Investigation of the classic stability [5], the optimization method with the help of pareto multi-
objective [6], the method of adaptive control [7], the nonlinear controller [8], using the parameters estimation
[9], robust controller H2/H∞ [10], the pole placement and application of the linear matrix inequality [11],
fuzzy and Neural network control [12], and Evolutionary algorithm [13] are among the works which had
been done. The problem of closed-loop identification of the Heffron-Phillips model parameters is of practical
importance since the data used for identification can be gathered when the machine is normally connected to
the power system [14]. In this paper, at first the power system was modeled. Then, the problem was
introduced. In this paper, at first, H2/H∞ controller was investigated with a new insight along with the new
controller, µ; and then these two different controllers were combined via the use of the weight matrices.
Solving this problem would be possible by application of the linear matrix inequality. The results indicate
that, the goals of H2/H∞/µ combination, including elimination of the perturbation effect, reducing the
controlling signal and accounting for the uncertainty during the system’s functionality investigation, were
properly realized.
2. POWER SYSTEM MODELLING
The stabilizers of the power systems are designed with the aim of improving the attenuation of the
low frequency oscillations of the system, based on the single machine, infinite bus model. The power system
stabilizer is a traditional and economic controller whose aim is to increase the dynamic stability of the power
system. By creating the damping electrical torque, the stabilizer of the power system will improve the
deviations of the rotors rotations. The mentioned equipment also optimizes and tunes the exciting voltage, by
creating the suitable voltage. The power plant of Mashhad city is located at the eastern part of the city at the
beginning of Sarakhs Boulevard. This is the oldest power plant of Khorasan province and has 8 electricity
generating units, 4 of them are working with steam and the other 4 ones are gaseous. The steam units consist
of two ELIN and two SKODA units, and the gaseous units include two BBC units and two ALSTOM units.
This power plant was established in 1964 and started its work in 1968. The exciting system of ALSTOM
gaseous units of the power plant of Mashhad are classified as the static type. Feeding of such exciting system
is done via power voltage transformer and three current transformers [15] with the capability of being
saturated. The controller part of the stimulation system of ALSTOM gaseous units includes 3 main control
modules. By elimination of the three controlling modules, in order to attenuate the oscillations, the power
system stabilizers could be applied. In studying the dynamic stability of the power networks, and also in the
cases where the changes and disturbances of the network are mainly partial and slow, the linear generator
model could be employed. In order to consider a synchronous generator, we use 3 rd order synchronous
generator model called Heffron-Philips model [11]. This model contains 3 state variables: ∆ωr, ∆δ, ∆Eq.
Considering the exciter model will lead to the introduction of the fourth state variable ∆Eb. In this
model, governing differential equations are linear around operating point. Figure 1 shows block-diagram of
linear mode of Heffron-Phillips model along with exciter and AVR Regarding the generator parameters
Hefron-Philips coefficients could be obtained by (1) [16]:
tde
qe
b
tde
d
teqde
ed
b
de
dd
q
de
eq
b
de
dq
eq
VXX
EX
KinE
VXX
X
VXXXX
XX
K
inE
XX
XX
Ki
XX
XX
KinE
XX
XX
XX
)(
,s
)()(
cosXE
-=K,
s,,s
cosEE
=K
6
qb
53
42
qb
1
(1)
State space of equation of Figure 1 shows in (2).
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Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018 : 4800 - 4809
4802
0
T
K
00
00
H2
1
0
B,
T
1
T
KK
T
KK
0
T
1
KT
1
T
K
0
000
0
H2
K
H2
K
H2
K
A,
T
V
u,
E
E
x,
Cxy
BuAxx
A
A
AA
6A
A
5A
d3dd
4
b
21D
m
ref
b
q
r
ooo
(2)
Figure 1. Heffron-Phillips model
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
3.1. H2/H∞ Controller
Existence of uncertainty created due to an uncertain and erratic input (noise and disturbance) and
Un-modeled dynamic cannot be described completely and precisely as a true system by a mathematical
modeling. On the other hand, a true system should contain the following important objects: robust stability,
robust and nominal performance, settling time, maximum over shoot and etc which try to gain these
objectives of the controlling problem [4]. The type of uncertainty is another important factor in the system
analysis. Consider additive uncertainty shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. ΔM Model Figure 3. Additive uncertainty
Objective 1: if 0 then 1
FS (nominal performance).
1
)(
GKIS (S is sensitivity function).
Objective 2: if 0 then system is robust stability. KKGIM
1
)(
,
1)()())((
MSjjif (3)
Objective 3: n is white noise with one PSD (power spectral density). H2 norm, caused due to decrease in the
controlling signal. 1
2
1
H
nU
RT (To minimize U1 variance with noise input). F(s), R(s) and γ(s) are weighting
function) from Parseval equation and objective 3. Then we have three tasks for controller design
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Robust Multi-Objective Control of Power System Stabilizer Using Mixed ... (Javad Mashayekhi Fard)
4803
( 1FS
, 1M)S(
, 1T
1
nU
), such that,
1
)G,K(1RT
)G,K(M
)G,K(FS
nU
(4)
Problem (4) shown in Figure 4. Rotea and Doyle offer two other methods for solve this problem.
[1]-[3]. A large class of system with uncertainty can be treated as LFT (Linear fractional Transformation).
LFT model is shown in Figure 3. W: the disturbance signals to the system which won’t be a function of states
of system, Z: the variable that will be controlled, P: the nominal open loop system, Y: the system measurable
output. To transform the changed diagram of Figure 4 to the LFT model, we will write the problem in the
standard form, and then solve it by using of Riccati equation [17]. The (4) LFT model is practicable in Figure
5 and can be used to design a controller. State space of Figure 5 is written in (5).
1nU3
2
1
22212
12111
21
RT
M
FS
Z
Z
Z
Z
uDWDxCy
uDWDxCz
uBWBAxx
1
2
3
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 00 0 0
00 0 0
1 2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
T
f f ff ff
W
R R R RR
CL
f f
R
A B Bx x
B C A B B D B Dx x f r n u
x x BA
x x B BA
A
B B
D C Cz
z C
z C
y C
C
1
2
0 0
0
1
Tf f f
f
R R W
R
CL
x D D D D D
x D r n u
x D D
x D D
D
C
(5)
Determining three weight functions, specified in Figure.4, contain special importance. Using robust
optimal state feedback method for (4) equations.
Figure 4. LFT Model Figure 5. Graphical model of problem (4)
3.2. µ Controller
Here we try to assess robust performance of this closed-loop system by using µ-analysis. Robust
performance condition is equivalent to the following structured singular value µ test [2].
1
( , ) ( )wz PT M M W
(6)
The complex structured singular value ( )M is defined as
1
( ) min ( ) det( ) 0M I M
Lower and
Upper bond of µ can be shown to be
1
( ) ( ) min ( )P UM M DMD
.
3.2.1. D-K iteration
Unfortunately, it is not known how to obtain a controller’s achieving path directly to the structured
singular value test. But we can obtain the lower and upper bounds of µ. This method taken here is the so-
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called D-K iteration procedure. The D-K iteration involves a sequence of minimizations over either K or D
while holding the other fixed, until a satisfactory controller is constructed. First, for D = I fixed, the
controller K is synthesized using the well-known state-space H∞, optimization method. LFT form of Figure 3
is written in equations (7) [17], [18].
U
W
P
DII
DII
I00
x
C
C
0
y
z
q
,
U
W
P
]B00[Axx (7)
3.3. New approach: H2/H∞, μ combination
Now, we tend to synthesize two collectors according to Figure 6. As mentioned before, the
availability of robust performance causes extreme limitation on the controller, which sometimes prevents it
from reaching a possible condition. Also, availability of nominal performance means considering operation
without uncertainty, and it is usual that the essence of uncertainty has decisive effect on the operation. So, we
tend to balance between robust and nominal performance. W1 and W2 are weight functions. Having this data,
we can determine which frequencies have more uncertainty effect, with regard to the controller effect of μ.
Of course, it is of importance to mention that robust performance contains nominal performance, so,
controller coefficient of μ should be smaller than H2/H∞ controller coefficient.
Problem 1: Determine W1 and W2, in a way that an additive uncertainty system contains robust stability.
1
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2( ) ( )
1
M W K G W K G I W K W K
M
(8)
Figure 6. Controller H2/H∞/µ
3.3.1. Robust optimal state feedback with H2/H∞, μ combination
We now attempt to follow the analysis of the conditioning of the pole placement problem.
Researchers shown a number of robust performance indices have been considered in optimization approaches
for control system design [18]. In robust control using H∞ optimization, the objectives are expressed in terms
of the H∞-norm of transfer functions. One of the objectives is the following:
KS
S
supmin
K
, where 1 1
[ ( ) ]S I j I A BK
. In this paper we assume that the state of the generalized
plant G is available for feedback. To be more precise let a state-space description of P (figure 3) is given by
(LFT Model):
1 1 2 2( )
W
W
x AX BU B W
Y X
U KX
x A BW K BW K X B W
(9)
The signal W denotes disturbance. The signals U and Y denote the control input and the measured
output, respectively. Next to gaining K1 by H2/H∞ and K2 by μ analysis, we tend to determine weight
functions, using linear matrix inequality.
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Robust Multi-Objective Control of Power System Stabilizer Using Mixed ... (Javad Mashayekhi Fard)
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Lemma1: (bounded-real lemma) given a constant 0 , for system, M(s) = (A, B, C) the following two
statements are equivalent, 1) this system is stable
)(sM , 2) there exists a symmetric positive
definite matrix Q, such that: [19]
1
1
0
0
T T
q
T T
p q
q q
A Q QA QB Cp
B Q I D
C D I
Q
(10)
Lemma2: Consider the feedback system of Figure.3, where G is given by (9). Then, a given controller K is
admissible and close loop system is robust stability and desired performance if and only if there exists
1 2W and W solving the following LMI problem:
1 2 1 2
1 2
0
0 , 0 , 0
T T T T
W
T
W
A BY BY Y B Y B A B C
B I D
C D I
Y Y
Where,
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 2 .,W Y K W Y K
1 2K and K Design with equations 5 and 7 and controller achieves
1 1 2 2K W K W K .
Lemma 2, it helps to solve of problem 1. Mashayekhifard et al. presented Robust multi-objective static output
feedback with H2/H∞, μ combination [20].
4. METHODOLOGY
a. To design the H2/H∞ for the process with uncertainty. (It helps to select the weighting function properly).
For H2 /H∞ design can use Rotea and Doyle method. ([3], [8]) or use 1
),(
),(
),(
GKRT
GKM
GKFS
and obtained 1K .
For ,F and R we use inverse sensitivity function. Or use Automatic Weight Selection Algorithm [4],
[21].
b. To design the µ controller for the process with uncertainty (if the process is unstable, at first must be
stabilize). D-K iteration method can be used to improve the performance of the controller design for the
system. Peak value of the µ (D-K iteration) bound should be less than one, and obtained 2K .
c. Order reduction method can be used to reduce the order of the 1 2K ,K .
d. 1 2,W W are given with LMI (12) then the robust stability of the system has to be established.
e. H infinity norm of 2W must be smaller than 1W .
f. 1 1 2 2K W K W K .
This controller (K) has robust stability and desired performance.
5. RESULTS OF SIMULTION
First H2/H∞ controller and then µ is designed. After that the order of I+GK was reduced by the help
of the residual method. Regarding the practical considerations and by application of the inverse of the
sensitivity functions, the weight functions were selected with the form of I
s
s
R
200
2
, I
4s5.0
)1s1.0(4
F
,
I
s
s
10
100
. K1 and K2 are determined according to the equations 5 and 7, while w1 and w2 were defined
regarding equation 12. According to Figure 6 and section 3.A and 3.B, k was designed. The simulations were
done by MATLAB software and toolboxes of LMI [22], Robust multiobjective control toolbox [23] and µ
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[24] were employed. In the designing process, we used Heffron-Phillips model which is a reduced order
model. In order to estimate our designs through simulations, we use complete model of power system
containing synchronous generator, exciter system, governor, turbine, 3-phase transformer, transmission line,
load and infinite bus. For comparison purposes, we compare the variations of before and after 3-phase fault
occurring in the middle of transmission line. Three-phase fault occurs at 0.5 sec. and is gone within 0.55 sec.
In addition, the comparison of the singular values for controlling signals related to three types of design is
depicted in Figure 7. The results show that the largest amount of the control signal is related to µ controller
and the lowest amount was associated with H2/H∞. Step response of the closed loop system for the three
controllers shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 indicates that the best function of the controller is for µ while H2/H∞ shows the weakest
performance. It could also be noted that since the system has multiple inputs and outputs, the sensitivity and
weight functions have the matrix form. The results verify the success of combining the robust and nominal
performance with each other. Reaching to the mentioned objectives with the minimum controlling signal is
one of the advantages of H2/H∞/µ controller. Most of the robust controllers have high orders and controlling
signals. But this new approach did well in this regard. H2/H∞ controller has the order of 7, and µ controller’s
order in 10, due to use of order reduction method, the order of the H2/H∞/µ controller is 5. For further
investigation of three controller, the form of the waves related to rotor angle and speed are shown according
to 2% p.u increase in the input voltage of the system in Figure 9 and 10, respectively. The mentioned figures
indicate for H2/H∞/µ controller the attenuation rate of 3 s and low oscillation. Variations of rotor speed before
and after 3-phase fault shown in Figure 11.
Figure 7. Singular value for controlling signal (H2/H∞, µ, H2/H∞/µ)
Figure 8. Step response of close loop system (H2/H∞, µ, H2/H∞/µ)
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Robust Multi-Objective Control of Power System Stabilizer Using Mixed ... (Javad Mashayekhi Fard)
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Figure 9. Rotor angle with 2% (p.u) change Figure 10. Rotor speed with 2% (p.u) change
Figure 11. Variations of rotor speed before and after 3-phase fault
6. CONCLUSION
Providing the spare parts and resolving the errors in the excitation system are among the most
important problems of the old power plants. For this reason, replacement of the control section of the
excitation system seems necessary. For attenuating the oscillations by controlling the excitation process, the
stabilizers of the power systems are used. The aim of this paper is to design a robust stabilizer of the power
system for the power plant of Mashhad city. First the parameters of Hefron Philips model was derived and
obtained, since there is no certain model of the system in hand, the robust performance is considered. By
robust performance, it means by consideration of the uncertainty the errors of the system be minimized. In
order to investigate the robust performance, µ analysis was used. Generally, existence of the robust
performance results in the severe limitations on the controller which is sometimes making it an unfeasible
issue, and if it could be feasible the order of the controller would become higher and the resulted control
signal would be increased which would lead to saturation of the actuator. In order to decrease the controlling
signals, it is needed to use to controllers of µ and H2/H∞ for the performance of robust and its stability.
Designing the filters or in the other words weight functions have also crucial role in determination of the
closed loop response. In this content, first, three weight functions were designed for H2/H∞ controller and
then two weight functions by LMI were designed for balancing between H2/H∞ and µ. Due to multi variable
system of the weight functions, they were plotted in the form of matrix and the singular values. The results
show that the closed loop was stabilized despite of the existence of uncertainty and has the desirable
performance. Moreover, the response of the closed loop and controlling signal of the combined controller
(H2/H∞/µ), is between the two other controllers. The angle and speed of rotor verifies the effectiveness and
advantages of the suggested method.
9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018 : 4800 - 4809
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7. APPENDIX
A. Nomenclature
Xd direct axis reactance of synchronous machine (p.u)
X/
d direct axis transient reactance of synchronous
machine (p.u)
Xq quadrature axis reactance of synchronous machine
X/
q quadrature axis transient reactance of synchronous
machine
Xe transmission line reactance
T/
do direct-axis transient open circuit time constant
K1 to K6 Heffron-Phillips model coefficient
KA DC gain of the AVR
TA time constant of the AVR
KD PSS gain
H inertia constant
Eb exciter Output Voltage
Eq voltage proportional to direct axis Flux
linkages
δ (t) rotor angle
ωr (t) speed of the rotor
Tm mechanical/electrical torque
Iq generator stator current
Vt Teminal voltage of synchronous machine(p.u)
∆ Denotes small perturbation in the variable from
steady state value
fb Synchronous Generator
B. Machine data
Xd X/
d Xq X/
q Xe T/
do K1 K2
2.013 0.3 1.76 0.65 0.68 0.53 0.55 1.2
K3 K4 K5 K6 KA TA KD H
0.66 0.7 0.095 0.815 50 0.5 7.1 3.5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was financed from the budget of Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar branch-Iran.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Javad Mashayekhi Fard received the B.S. degree in power engineering from the Islamic Azad
University, Bojnourd, Iran, in 2003, The MS degree in control engineering from Islamic Azad
University, South Tehran branch, Iran in 2006, and his Ph.D in Control Engineering from Islamic
Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran in 2013. He is currently an
Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Islamic Azad University,
Sabzevar, Iran. His research interests include optimal and robust control, process control, and
multivariable control systems.