This document discusses the meaning and types of research. It defines research as an investigation aimed at discovering facts and revising theories. Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical. There are three main types of research: fundamental/pure research aims to develop theories, applied research improves products/processes, and action research focuses on immediate application. Research can also be descriptive, historical, or experimental based on procedures. A research study solves a specific problem, a project includes related problems/interactions, and a program encompasses all relevant disciplines. Reasons for research include intellectual curiosity, helping mankind, personal ambition, and making a living. Social science research faces challenges with generality, methods, and removing values.

1. THE MEANING OF RESEARCH

2. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 Research is an investigation is an investigation or experimentation
aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts , revision of
accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical
application of such new or revised theories or laws (Kerlinger).
 It can also be defined also as a systematic search for new
knowledge or for the advancement of knowledge.

3. WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH?
 Scientific research is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations
among natural phenomena.
(a) Systematic. There is an ordered set of procedure in the
conduct of investigation, thus, allowing others to
validate results using the same procedures.
(a) Controlled. This is made possible by the application of
treatment conditions and manipulation of
variables.

4. WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH?
(c) Empirical. This means that subjective belief must be
checked against objective reality. The scientist
must always subject his notions to empirical
inquiry and test.
(d) Critical. Researchers can have critical confidence in
research outcomes and results may be
accepted based on validity of results.

5. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Nomenclature Categories Remarks
Purposive
(Aim of research)
Fundamental or
pure research
-The purpose of this type of research is the
development of theories by discovering
broad generalizations or principle.
-Employs careful sampling procedures in
order to extend the findings beyond the
group or situation studied.
-Usually carried out in a laboratory situation
often with animals as subjects.
Applied
research
-Its purpose is to improve a product or
process--testing theoretical concepts in
actual problem situation.
Action research -It is focused on the immediate application,
not on the development of a theory.
-It puts emphasis on a problem in a local
setting.

6. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Nomenclature Categories Remarks
Purposive
(Aim of research)
Fundamental or
pure research
-The purpose of this type of research is the
development of theories by discovering
broad generalizations or principle.
-Employs careful sampling procedures in
order to extend the findings beyond the
group or situation studied.
-Usually carried out in a laboratory situation
often with animals as subjects.
Applied
research
-Its purpose is to improve a product or
process--testing theoretical concepts in
actual problem situation.
Action research -It is focused on the immediate application,
not on the development of a theory.
-It puts emphasis on a problem in a local
setting.

7. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Nomenclature Categories Remarks
Descriptive
(Specific procedures)
Historical
research
-This describes what was.
-The process involves investigation, recording,
analyzing, and interpreting the events of the
PAST for the purpose of discovering
generalizations that are helpful in
understanding the present and in anticipating
the future.
Descriptive
research
-This describes what is that involves the
description, recording, analyzing, and
interpretation of conditions that now exist.
-It involves some type of comparison or
contrast and may attempt to discover
relationships.
Experimental
research
-This describes what will be when certain
variables are carefully controlled or
manipulated.

8. SOME DISTINCTIONS: RESEARCH STUDY,
PROJECT, AND PROGRAM
 A research study is an investigation designed to solve a specific
problem.
 A research project embraces all or a number of relevant problems
and interactions within a specific discipline; hence, a project is
made up of two (2) or more studies.
 A research program is a comprehensive research involving all
relevant disciplines in a particular commodity; a program consists
of two (2) or more projects.

9. Category/Level Research Title
Research Program Rice Productivity Improvement Program in the Bicol Region
Research Project Irrigation and Soil Fertility
Improvement Project
Rice Pests and Diseases
Management Project
Socio-economic Profiling
of Rice Production
Research Study  Levels of NPK Fertilizer
Application Trial
 Effects of Varying Depths of
Irrigation Water to Rice
 Comparative Study on the
Use of Organic and
Inorganic Fertilizers
 Study on the Effects Timing
of Irrigation and Fertilizer
Application on Rice Yield
 Inventory of Insect Pests
of Rice
 Inventory of Weeds
 Effect of Timing of
Insecticide Application on
Rice Yield
 Socio-economic
Profiling of Bicolano Rice
Farmers
 Farm Labor Supply and
Demand Analysis
 Rice Marketing Practices
of Bicolano Farmers
 Credit Behavior of Rice
Farmers in the Bicol
Region
 Rice Post-harvest
Practices in Bicol

10. REASONS FOR DOING RESEARCH
 Due to intellectual curiosity.
-Doing fundamental or pure researches in order to advance
the body of knowledge will fall under this category.
 Due to utilitarian-humanitarian motives such as to help mankind.
-Researches on SARS, AIDS, etc.
 Due to personal ambition.
-This includes examples like: to finish a degree, to get awards and
accolades, for personal recognition, etc.
 In order to make a living.

11. PROBLEMS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
 Low order of generality
-This grows out of the non-specificity of social science concepts,
lack of control, problem of identification and measurement of
variables, and possibly from the abstract nature of concepts in the
social sciences.
 Method
-Methods used in social research are borrowed from the more
established physical and biological sciences.
 Value impregnation.
-Values are difficult to remove from social science operationally
and this is a constant problem which we should be cognizant of.