The document outlines the key steps in the research process: 1) defining a research problem, 2) developing a research plan, 3) collecting research data using triangulation, 4) analyzing the data, 5) presenting findings, and 6) disseminating and utilizing findings. It also discusses ethics in research, including ensuring no harm comes to participants, obtaining informed consent, validating data with participants, maintaining confidentiality, avoiding exploitation and misrepresentation of participants, and properly anonymizing identities.

2. Research as a
Process

3. is a scientific process of collecting empirical data
that are intended for drawing a conclusion. It
consists of the following core steps:

4. Step 1
Defining a research
problem

5. Research problem is also called
a research topic
Traditional researchers usually comply with the SMART
requirement of choosing a research problem.
This means the topic should be
specific, measurable, attainable,
realistic, and time - bound

6. Contemporary researchers added certain criteria for
defining a research problem.
It should posses newness or novelty
and international character
especially if the research outputs
are intended for presentation in
international conference

7. Step 2
Developing a research
plan

8. Doing a research is like building a house
Researchers have to lay out a
plan
Some essentials of research plan includes
specific research aim, background and
significance, related readings and research
design and methods

9. Step 3
Collecting research data

10. One of the important steps in
conducting a scientific inquiry is data
collection
It can be carried out using an
approach called methodological
triangulation
This technique considers three usual
activities; observation, interview, &
document analysis

11. Step 4
Analyzing research data

12. This step is carried out when all
necessary research data are intact
and ready for analysis
Here the researcher carefully
analyzes the textual data by
determining significant
statements from the texts

13. Step 5
Presenting the findings

14. Checking the accuracy and
completeness of the research data is
an essential task before writing and
revising the contents of the research
paper; otherwise, the presentation
of data would appear insufficient,
and yes, even questionable

15. Step 6
Disseminating and
utilizing the findings

16. Gone are the days when completed
researches are lodged on shelves
unread.
Modern – day research scientist
present their research findings
in research conferences; others
publish them in reputable
scientific journals

17. Defining
research
problem
Developing a
research plan
Collecting
research data
Analyzing
research data
Presenting the
findings
Disseminating
and (utilizing)
the findings

18. Ethics of Research
At the core of a research undertaking lie ethical
considerations
One of the very important considerations of
qualitative research is ensuring that the
informants are not harmed in any way possible

19. Ethics of Research
This is known as the ethics of non - maleficence
Researchers ought to be aware of the direct and
indirect consequences of the study particularly
on the participants

20. Ethics of Research
1. Scientific soundness
Once crucial consideration in conducting a
qualitative research is the extent of tangible
benefits that the investigation could produce.

21. Ethics of Research
Scientific soundness
The research objectives can be so hard to achieve
when the researcher does not possess sufficient
background and skills required

22. Ethics of Research
Scientific soundness
Hence, an inexperience person in research is
usually advised to seek clear guidance and
constant supervision from experts

23. Ethics of Research
2. Consent
Seeking informed consent as a voluntary
agreement of the participants to be involved in
the study is prerequisite for almost all types of
research.

24. Ethics of Research
2. Consent
Before the research starts, an informed consent
should be obtained from each participant

25. Ethics of Research
2. Consent
Informed consent is used if the approval from adult
participants is sought while informed assent is sought
from participants who have not yet reached the legal
age or very young to give consent but old enough to
understand the risks and benefits

26. Ethics of Research
2. Consent
The participants should be clarified about the
following:
• Purpose of the study
• Types of question
• Potential risks and benefits
• Method of anonymity

27. Ethics of Research
3. Informant validation
A validation of qualitative data should be done with
the participants
Remember that it is so unethical to report a particular
statement which is not actually expressed by any of the
research informants

28. Ethics of Research
4. Confidentiality
Retaining anonymity than revealing full identification
of the participants should be dealt with utmost care

29. Ethics of Research
5. Exploitation
Being exploited in the conduct of a research is usually
attributed to the research participants

30. Ethics of Research
5. Exploitation
This happens when the researcher gets along with
them just to gain favor.
Though it is always understandable that the researcher should satisfy
his intellectual and emotional responsibility to the participants being
studied, others are tempted to abuse the basic rights of the
participants

31. Ethics of Research
6. Misrepresentation
Participants’ narratives as presented in the research
report should be assured
Statements that would seem faulty to largely provoke
mistrust on the part of the informants

32. Ethics of Research
7. Identification of the participant by self or others
Researcher must mind the method of anonymizing the
identity of the participants
Whether the concerned are willing to divulge their identity or
not, the researcher should responsibly handle the data with
maximum care