Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits factor Xa and offers predictable therapeutic effects without the need for monitoring, making it preferable over traditional anticoagulants. It is indicated for various conditions, including reducing stroke risk in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, treatment of DVT and PE, and prophylaxis after knee or hip replacement surgery. However, it has limitations, such as contraindications in patients with renal impairment below certain thresholds and the absence of a specific antidote for overdose.

1. Rivaroxaban
(Xarelto)
Dr. Ankit Raiyani
Hematology Dept.
Sahyadri Specialty Hospital

2. Blood Vessel Injury
IX IXa
XI XIa
X Xa
XII XIIa
Tissue Injury
Tissue Factor
Thromboplastin
VIIa VII
X
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin monomer
Fibrin polymerXIII
Factors affected
By Heparin
Vit. K dependent Factors
Affected by Oral Anticoagulants

3. Anticoagulants
• Parenteral anticoagulants:
– Unfractionated heparin
– LMWH
– Fondaparinux
– DTIs- Lepirudin, Argatroban, Bivalirudin
• Oral anticoagulants:
– VKAs- Warfarin, Acitrom
– Anti-Xa- Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Edoxaban,
– Anti-IIa- Debigatran

4. Drawbacks of Traditional
anticoagulants
• UFH
– Parenteral
administration
– Monitoring and dose
adjustment required
– Risk of HIT
• LMWH
– Parenteral
administration
– Body weight-adjusted
dosing
– Renal failure
• Oral VKAs
• Narrow therapeutic
window
• Significant Interaction
with food and drugs
• Frequent monitoring
and dose adjustment
required
• Need for heparin
overlap

5. Rivaroxaban
(XARELTO)
• Factor Xa inhibitor
• Predictable therapeutic effect
– Not affected by age, sex, body weight
– Fixed dose
• Rapid onset
– Peak plasma level at 2-3 hours
– No need of overlap with heparin
• Half-life 7-14 hours

6. Dual mode of elimination
• Two-thirds of the drug undergoes
metabolic degradation in the liver
– Substrate of CYP3A4 and the drug
transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
• One-third of the dose is eliminated as
unchanged drug in the urine

7. Drug interactions
• COX-1 inhibitors:
– BT slightly prolonged. Clinically insignificant
• Rivaroxaban is not recommended with
potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-gp
– ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole,
posaconazole, ritonavir

8. Approved clinical indications
• Reducing stroke risk in nonvalvular atrial
fibrillation (AF)
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and
pulmonary embolism (PE) treatment and
reduction in the risk of recurrence
• DVT prophylaxis after knee or hip
replacement surgery.

9. Dosage of Rivaroxaban
• 10 mg OD for DVT prophylaxis
• 15 mg BD for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg
OD for VTE & PE
• No need for dose modification in respect
of age, sex, body mass.
• No need for monitoring

10. Switching to Rivaroxaban
• From warfarin to rivaroxaban:
– Discontinue warfarin and start rivaroxaban as soon as
INR is below 3.0
• From unfractionated heparin continuous infusion
to rivaroxaban:
– Stop infusion and start rivaroxaban at the same time
• From anticoagulant other than warfarin to
rivaroxaban:
– Start rivaroxaban 0 to 2 hours prior to next scheduled
evening administration of the drug and omit
administration of the other anticoagulant

11. Switching from Rivaroxaban
• From rivaroxaban to warfarin:
– INR measurements made during coadministration
with warfarin may not be useful for determining the
appropriate dose of warfarin;
– one approach is to discontinue rivaroxaban and begin
both a parenteral anticoagulant and warfarin at the
time of the next dose of rivaroxaban
• From rivaroxaban to rapid-onset anticoagulant:
– Discontinue rivaroxaban and start first dose of other
anticoagulant at the time the next rivaroxaban dose
would have been taken

12. Discontinuation for surgery or other
procedures
• Stop rivaroxaban at least 24 hours before
procedure
• Restart rivaroxaban after
surgery/procedure as soon as adequate
hemostasis is established

13. Use in Patients With Renal
Impairment
• Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation:
– Avoid the use of Rivaroxaban in patients with creatinine clearance
(CrCl) <15 mL/min.
– Discontinue Rivaroxaban in patients who develop acute renal failure while on
Rivaroxaban.
• Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), Pulmonary Embolism (PE),
and Reduction in the Risk of Recurrence of DVT and of PE:
– Avoid the use of Rivaroxaban in patients with CrCl <30 mL/min
• Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis Following Hip or Knee
Replacement Surgery:
– Avoid the use of Rivaroxaban in patients with CrCl <30 mL/min due to an
expected increase in rivaroxaban exposure and pharmacodynamic effects in this
patient population.
– Observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in
patients with CrCl- 30 to 50 mL/min.
– Patients who develop acute renal failure while on Rivaroxaban should
discontinue the treatment.

14. Use in Patients With Hepatic
Impairment
• No clinical data are available for patients
with severe hepatic impairment.
• Avoid use of Rivaroxaban in patients with
moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe
(Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment or with
any hepatic disease associated with
coagulopathy.

15. Use in Pregnancy
• In pregnant women, Rivaroxaban should
be used only if the potential benefit
justifies the potential risk to the mother
and fetus.
• Rivaroxaban dosing in pregnancy has not
been studied.

16. Patients With Prosthetic Heart
Valves
• The safety and efficacy of
Rivaroxaban have not been studied in
patients with prosthetic heart valves.
• Therefore, use of Rivaroxaban is not
recommended in these patients.

17. Patients with Acute pulmonary
embolism
• Rivaroxaban should not be used in
patients of acute PE when -
– Patient is hemodynamicallly unstable
– Thrombolysis/embolectomy is planned

18. Clinical Trials
• RECORD I to IV
• ROCKET AF
• EINSTEIN DVT, EXT, PE

19. RECORD
Phase III programme for VTE prevention
• Rivaroxaban 10 mg od was investigated in RECORD trials
• RECORD trials were randomized, multi-centered,active-comparator-
controlled, parallel-group,double-blind, double-dummy trials
KNEE replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 10–14 days
vs
enoxaparin 40 mg od
for 10–14 days
N=2,531
HIP replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 5 weeks
vs
enoxaparin 40 mg od
for 5 weeks
N=4,541
HIP replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 5 weeks
vs
enoxaparin 40 mg od
for 10–14 days then
oral placebo
N=2,509
KNEE replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 10–14 days
vs
enoxaparin 30 mg bid
for 10–14 days
N=3,148
RECORD Programme had a large patient pool of more than 12,500
patients

20. RECORD Trials prove that Rivaroxaban is highly Superior over
Enoxaparin in prevention of DVT & PE post hip & Knee replacement
surgery

21. Rivaroxaban Once-daily oral direct factor Xa inhibition
Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention
of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation

22. Warfarin target INR 2–3
Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily**
Non-valvular AF
 History of stroke,
TIA or non-CNS SE
OR
≥2* of the following:
 CHF
 Hypertension
 Age ≥75 years
 Diabetes
N=14,264
*Enrollment of patients with ≤ 2 risk factors or without prior stroke/TIA or non-CNS SE was limited to 10%
**Patients with CrCl 30–49 ml/min: 15 mg rivaroxaban once daily
***Duration of therapy varied for each patient as study was event-driven
ROCKET AF – Study Design
Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, event-driven
ROCKET AF Study Investigators. Am Heart J 2010; Patel et al. NEJM 2011, August 10th epub ahead of print
Endofstudy
30-dayfollow-up
R
~11–41 months***

23. Number of subjects at risk
Rivaroxaban 6958 6211 5786 5468 4406 3407 2472 1496
Warfarin 7004 6327 5911 5542 4461 3478 2539 1538
ROCKET AF – Primary Efficacy Endpoint
Per-protocol population – as treated population
Warfarin
Rivaroxaban
Days since randomization
HR 0.79 (0.66, 0.96)
p<0.001 (non-inferiority)
0 120 240 480 600 720
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
840360
Cumulativeeventrate(%) Stroke or Systemic Embolism
Patel et al. NEJM 2011, August 10th epub ahead of print
21%
RRR

24. Parameter
Rivaroxaban
(N=7111)
Warfarin
(N=7125)
Hazard ratio
(95% CI)n (% per year) n (% per year)
Principal safety
endpoint
1475 (14.9) 1449 (14.5) 1.03 (0.96,1.11)
Major bleeding 395 (3.6) 386 (3.4) 1.04 (0.90,1.20)
Hemoglobin drop (≥2
g/dl)
305 (2.8) 254 (2.3) 1.22 (1.03,1.44)*
Transfusion 183 (1.6) 149 (1.3) 1.25 (1.01,1.55)*
Critical organ
bleeding
91 (0.8) 133 (1.2) 0.69 (0.53,0.91)*
Intracranial
hemorrhage
55 (0.5) 84 (0.7) 0.67 (0.47,0.93)*
Fatal bleeding 27 (0.2) 55 (0.5) 0.50 (0.31,0.79)*
Non-major clinically
relevant bleeding
1185 (11.8) 1151 (11.4) 1.04 (0.96,1.13)
Safety population – as-treated analysis;
*statistically significant
ROCKET AF – Bleeding Analysis
Importantly, Rivaroxaban showed significantly lower criticalImportantly, Rivaroxaban showed significantly lower critical
organ bleeding, ICH and fatal bleeds compared to warfarin.organ bleeding, ICH and fatal bleeds compared to warfarin.
Hazard ratio
and 95% CIs
0.2 0.5 1 2 5
Favors
rivaroxaban
Favors
warfarin
Patel et al. NEJM 2011

25. Phase III programme for VTE treatment
for Rivaroxaban

26. Trial Design

27. Results
• In patients who had acute symptomatic proximal DVT, without
symptomatic PE, rivaroxaban showed:
• Non-inferiority to LMWH/VKA for efficacy: HR=0.68 (0.44–1.04);
p<0.0001 for non-inferiority
• Comparable principal safety outcome: HR=0.97 (0.76–1.22); p=0.77
• Consistent efficacy and safety results irrespective of age, body
weight, gender, creatinine clearance and cancer
• No evidence for liver toxicity
• Oral rivaroxaban, 15 mg twice-daily for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg
once-daily, could provide clinicians and patients with a simple, single-
drug approach for the acute and continued treatment of DVT that
potentially improves the benefit–risk profile of anticoagulation

28. Trial Design

29. Results
•In patients who had completed 6 or 12 months of anticoagulation rivaroxaban
showed
•82% relative risk reduction in the recurrence of VTE (HR=0.184; p<0.0001)
•Absolute risk reduction of 5.8% hence, 15 patients need to be treated to
prevent one recurrent venous thromboembolic event
•Low incidence of major bleeding (0.7%; p=0.11; number needed to harm
approximately 139)
•Efficacy and safety results were consistent irrespective of bodyweight and
creatinine clearance
•No signal for liver toxicity
Oral rivaroxaban, 20 mg once daily, would provide clinicians and patients with a
simple and effective option for continued anticoagulant treatment*

30. • Management of bleeding
events & overdosing

31. Rivaroxaban Overdose/Bleeding
complications
• No routine lab test can accurately detect
overdose of Rivaroxaban
• Prolonged PT and aPTT may indicate
Rivaroxaban effect. But this cannot be used for
monitoring of drug, or detecting overdose.
• Factor Xa assay
– No assay for rivaroxaban available
– Assay calibrated for enoxaparin has to be used

32. • Activated charcoal- If last dose within 2
hours
• Non dialyzable as it is highly protein
bound
• FEIBA NF- Anti inhibitor coagulant
complex
• Andexanet alfa
– Selective antidote for Factor Xa inhibitors
– In phase III trial (ANNEXA-R)
– Recently (March 2015) approved by US-FDA
as an orphan drug

34. • Monthly cost of warfarin therapy
– Medicine cost- Rs. 100
– Monitoring (PT) cost – Rs 500-750
– Total cost- Rs 600 to 800 per month
• Monthly cost of Rivaroxaban therapy
– Rs. 4000 per month

35. Rivaroxaban (XARELTO)
PROs CONs
Convenient- Oral OD
dose
No antidote available as of now
No overlap required Effect can’t be monitored
Fixed dose Higher overall bleeds
Less drug interactions Can’t be used in some clinical
scenario.
No monitoring required Costly
Less major bleeds in
critical areas
Increased thrombotic risk after
premature discontinuation.

36. • Thank you!