Rivaroxaban is a Factor Xa inhibitor. This presentation covers in brief regarding need for NOACs, kinetics, effects, indications, dosage, toxity, and antidote of rivaroxaban. It also covers in brief all the published trials
there are several limitation in VKA,to over come these problem NOACs came in picture but still limited indication for NOACs currently,required further study inter and intra comparison between anticoagulants.
What are anti-coagulants?
What are the difference between antiplatelet, anticoagulants and thrombolytics?
Coagulation cascade
Virchows Triad
Classification of anti-coagulants?
Indications of anti-coagulants?
Mechanism and site of action of different anti-coagulants?
A comprehensive approach to Atrial Fibrillation. Everything you need to know about Atrial fibrillation. Including recent 2014 AHA guidelines of management.
K. thanavaro the indications and uses of the novel anticoagulantsAlysia Smith
Dr. Kristin Thanavaro, MD presents on "The Indications and Uses of the Novel Anticoagulants" at the March 4 -6, 2016 Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery Associates, Cardiovascular Summit at The Westin Riverfront Resort and Spa.
there are several limitation in VKA,to over come these problem NOACs came in picture but still limited indication for NOACs currently,required further study inter and intra comparison between anticoagulants.
What are anti-coagulants?
What are the difference between antiplatelet, anticoagulants and thrombolytics?
Coagulation cascade
Virchows Triad
Classification of anti-coagulants?
Indications of anti-coagulants?
Mechanism and site of action of different anti-coagulants?
A comprehensive approach to Atrial Fibrillation. Everything you need to know about Atrial fibrillation. Including recent 2014 AHA guidelines of management.
K. thanavaro the indications and uses of the novel anticoagulantsAlysia Smith
Dr. Kristin Thanavaro, MD presents on "The Indications and Uses of the Novel Anticoagulants" at the March 4 -6, 2016 Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery Associates, Cardiovascular Summit at The Westin Riverfront Resort and Spa.
Newer Oral Anticoagulant in Chronic Kidney DiseaseAbdullah Ansari
Kidney specific mechanisms leading to atrial fibrillation
Possible mechanism of CKD progression in atrial fibrillation
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
Guidelines
Pulmonary embolism & deep vein thrombosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Problems with Vit K antagonists in CKD
Non Vit K oral anticoagulants
Site of action of NOACs and VKAs
Pharmacology of Direct Oral Anticoagulants
Trials for NOACs
Dose NOACs according to renal function
Laboratory monitoring of NOACs
Anticoagulant reversal of NOACs
Anticoagulation expanding steadily over the past few decades.
In addition to Heparins and vitamin K antagonist, other anticoagulants that directly target the enzymatic activity of thrombin and factor Xa have been developed.
Chair, Anthony Martinez, MD, AAHIVS, FAASLD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to HCV infection for this CME/MOC/NCPD/CPE activity titled “Sharing the Cure: Best Practices for Primary Care Providers to Improve HCV Prevention, Care, and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/CPE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3KQ6D3z. CME/MOC/NCPD/CPE credit will be available until April 20, 2023.
Brief review of primary amyloidosis interspersed with vignette of cases to demonstrate the effects of various organ involvements
Credit to MyelomaUK (https://www.myeloma.org.uk/) for excellent video on amyloidosis. Do visit for more information regarding plasma cell disorders
WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues : 2016 U...Ankit Raiyani
This is a complilation of expected changes in the myeloid neoplasms in the upcoming 2016 update of the "WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues".
Some of the changes may not be incorporated in the actual published book.
This compilation has been prepared from presentations from persons actually concerned with revision of the book. All credits goes to them.
Internal quality control (IQC) in coagulation labAnkit Raiyani
In the haematology laboratory it is essential to ensure that the right test is carried out on the right specimen and that the correct results are delivered to the appropriate recipient without delay.
Quality control (QC) is defined as measures that must be included during each assay run to verify that the test is working properly.
Internal quality control (IQC) is monitoring the haematology test procedures to ensure continual evaluation of the reliability of the daily work of the laboratory with validation of tests before reports are released
A case report of a patient with AML who had undergone allogeneic stem call transplantation. She relapsed within 6 months post transplant with lineage switch to ALL. this is follwed by a sfort review of Lineage switch in acute leukemia
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a common skeletal process of uncertain etiology found in 12 to 18% of Indian populations above 50 years. The primary manifestations of DISH are calcification and ossification of the spinal ligaments, as well as entheseal ossification within extraspinal sites
Touraine–Solente–Gole syndrome also known as Pachydermoperiostitis(PDP ) is defined by – the presence of digital clubbing, pachyderma (thickening of the skin), and periostosis (swelling of periarticular tissue and subperiosteal new bone formation ) It is a familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expression. PDP is a rare genetic disease. [ 1] At least 204 cases of PDP have been reported.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Blood Vessel Injury
IX IXa
XI XIa
X Xa
XII XIIa
Tissue Injury
Tissue Factor
Thromboplastin
VIIa VII
X
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin monomer
Fibrin polymerXIII
Factors affected
By Heparin
Vit. K dependent Factors
Affected by Oral Anticoagulants
4. Drawbacks of Traditional
anticoagulants
• UFH
– Parenteral
administration
– Monitoring and dose
adjustment required
– Risk of HIT
• LMWH
– Parenteral
administration
– Body weight-adjusted
dosing
– Renal failure
• Oral VKAs
• Narrow therapeutic
window
• Significant Interaction
with food and drugs
• Frequent monitoring
and dose adjustment
required
• Need for heparin
overlap
5. Rivaroxaban
(XARELTO)
• Factor Xa inhibitor
• Predictable therapeutic effect
– Not affected by age, sex, body weight
– Fixed dose
• Rapid onset
– Peak plasma level at 2-3 hours
– No need of overlap with heparin
• Half-life 7-14 hours
6. Dual mode of elimination
• Two-thirds of the drug undergoes
metabolic degradation in the liver
– Substrate of CYP3A4 and the drug
transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
• One-third of the dose is eliminated as
unchanged drug in the urine
7. Drug interactions
• COX-1 inhibitors:
– BT slightly prolonged. Clinically insignificant
• Rivaroxaban is not recommended with
potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-gp
– ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole,
posaconazole, ritonavir
8. Approved clinical indications
• Reducing stroke risk in nonvalvular atrial
fibrillation (AF)
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and
pulmonary embolism (PE) treatment and
reduction in the risk of recurrence
• DVT prophylaxis after knee or hip
replacement surgery.
9. Dosage of Rivaroxaban
• 10 mg OD for DVT prophylaxis
• 15 mg BD for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg
OD for VTE & PE
• No need for dose modification in respect
of age, sex, body mass.
• No need for monitoring
10. Switching to Rivaroxaban
• From warfarin to rivaroxaban:
– Discontinue warfarin and start rivaroxaban as soon as
INR is below 3.0
• From unfractionated heparin continuous infusion
to rivaroxaban:
– Stop infusion and start rivaroxaban at the same time
• From anticoagulant other than warfarin to
rivaroxaban:
– Start rivaroxaban 0 to 2 hours prior to next scheduled
evening administration of the drug and omit
administration of the other anticoagulant
11. Switching from Rivaroxaban
• From rivaroxaban to warfarin:
– INR measurements made during coadministration
with warfarin may not be useful for determining the
appropriate dose of warfarin;
– one approach is to discontinue rivaroxaban and begin
both a parenteral anticoagulant and warfarin at the
time of the next dose of rivaroxaban
• From rivaroxaban to rapid-onset anticoagulant:
– Discontinue rivaroxaban and start first dose of other
anticoagulant at the time the next rivaroxaban dose
would have been taken
12. Discontinuation for surgery or other
procedures
• Stop rivaroxaban at least 24 hours before
procedure
• Restart rivaroxaban after
surgery/procedure as soon as adequate
hemostasis is established
13. Use in Patients With Renal
Impairment
• Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation:
– Avoid the use of Rivaroxaban in patients with creatinine clearance
(CrCl) <15 mL/min.
– Discontinue Rivaroxaban in patients who develop acute renal failure while on
Rivaroxaban.
• Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), Pulmonary Embolism (PE),
and Reduction in the Risk of Recurrence of DVT and of PE:
– Avoid the use of Rivaroxaban in patients with CrCl <30 mL/min
• Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis Following Hip or Knee
Replacement Surgery:
– Avoid the use of Rivaroxaban in patients with CrCl <30 mL/min due to an
expected increase in rivaroxaban exposure and pharmacodynamic effects in this
patient population.
– Observe closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss in
patients with CrCl- 30 to 50 mL/min.
– Patients who develop acute renal failure while on Rivaroxaban should
discontinue the treatment.
14. Use in Patients With Hepatic
Impairment
• No clinical data are available for patients
with severe hepatic impairment.
• Avoid use of Rivaroxaban in patients with
moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe
(Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment or with
any hepatic disease associated with
coagulopathy.
15. Use in Pregnancy
• In pregnant women, Rivaroxaban should
be used only if the potential benefit
justifies the potential risk to the mother
and fetus.
• Rivaroxaban dosing in pregnancy has not
been studied.
16. Patients With Prosthetic Heart
Valves
• The safety and efficacy of
Rivaroxaban have not been studied in
patients with prosthetic heart valves.
• Therefore, use of Rivaroxaban is not
recommended in these patients.
17. Patients with Acute pulmonary
embolism
• Rivaroxaban should not be used in
patients of acute PE when -
– Patient is hemodynamicallly unstable
– Thrombolysis/embolectomy is planned
19. RECORD
Phase III programme for VTE prevention
• Rivaroxaban 10 mg od was investigated in RECORD trials
• RECORD trials were randomized, multi-centered,active-comparator-
controlled, parallel-group,double-blind, double-dummy trials
KNEE replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 10–14 days
vs
enoxaparin 40 mg od
for 10–14 days
N=2,531
HIP replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 5 weeks
vs
enoxaparin 40 mg od
for 5 weeks
N=4,541
HIP replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 5 weeks
vs
enoxaparin 40 mg od
for 10–14 days then
oral placebo
N=2,509
KNEE replacement
Rivaroxaban 10 mg od
for 10–14 days
vs
enoxaparin 30 mg bid
for 10–14 days
N=3,148
RECORD Programme had a large patient pool of more than 12,500
patients
20. RECORD Trials prove that Rivaroxaban is highly Superior over
Enoxaparin in prevention of DVT & PE post hip & Knee replacement
surgery
21. Rivaroxaban Once-daily oral direct factor Xa inhibition
Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention
of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation
22. Warfarin target INR 2–3
Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily**
Non-valvular AF
History of stroke,
TIA or non-CNS SE
OR
≥2* of the following:
CHF
Hypertension
Age ≥75 years
Diabetes
N=14,264
*Enrollment of patients with ≤ 2 risk factors or without prior stroke/TIA or non-CNS SE was limited to 10%
**Patients with CrCl 30–49 ml/min: 15 mg rivaroxaban once daily
***Duration of therapy varied for each patient as study was event-driven
ROCKET AF – Study Design
Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, event-driven
ROCKET AF Study Investigators. Am Heart J 2010; Patel et al. NEJM 2011, August 10th epub ahead of print
Endofstudy
30-dayfollow-up
R
~11–41 months***
23. Number of subjects at risk
Rivaroxaban 6958 6211 5786 5468 4406 3407 2472 1496
Warfarin 7004 6327 5911 5542 4461 3478 2539 1538
ROCKET AF – Primary Efficacy Endpoint
Per-protocol population – as treated population
Warfarin
Rivaroxaban
Days since randomization
HR 0.79 (0.66, 0.96)
p<0.001 (non-inferiority)
0 120 240 480 600 720
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
840360
Cumulativeeventrate(%) Stroke or Systemic Embolism
Patel et al. NEJM 2011, August 10th epub ahead of print
21%
RRR
24. Parameter
Rivaroxaban
(N=7111)
Warfarin
(N=7125)
Hazard ratio
(95% CI)n (% per year) n (% per year)
Principal safety
endpoint
1475 (14.9) 1449 (14.5) 1.03 (0.96,1.11)
Major bleeding 395 (3.6) 386 (3.4) 1.04 (0.90,1.20)
Hemoglobin drop (≥2
g/dl)
305 (2.8) 254 (2.3) 1.22 (1.03,1.44)*
Transfusion 183 (1.6) 149 (1.3) 1.25 (1.01,1.55)*
Critical organ
bleeding
91 (0.8) 133 (1.2) 0.69 (0.53,0.91)*
Intracranial
hemorrhage
55 (0.5) 84 (0.7) 0.67 (0.47,0.93)*
Fatal bleeding 27 (0.2) 55 (0.5) 0.50 (0.31,0.79)*
Non-major clinically
relevant bleeding
1185 (11.8) 1151 (11.4) 1.04 (0.96,1.13)
Safety population – as-treated analysis;
*statistically significant
ROCKET AF – Bleeding Analysis
Importantly, Rivaroxaban showed significantly lower criticalImportantly, Rivaroxaban showed significantly lower critical
organ bleeding, ICH and fatal bleeds compared to warfarin.organ bleeding, ICH and fatal bleeds compared to warfarin.
Hazard ratio
and 95% CIs
0.2 0.5 1 2 5
Favors
rivaroxaban
Favors
warfarin
Patel et al. NEJM 2011
27. Results
• In patients who had acute symptomatic proximal DVT, without
symptomatic PE, rivaroxaban showed:
• Non-inferiority to LMWH/VKA for efficacy: HR=0.68 (0.44–1.04);
p<0.0001 for non-inferiority
• Comparable principal safety outcome: HR=0.97 (0.76–1.22); p=0.77
• Consistent efficacy and safety results irrespective of age, body
weight, gender, creatinine clearance and cancer
• No evidence for liver toxicity
• Oral rivaroxaban, 15 mg twice-daily for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg
once-daily, could provide clinicians and patients with a simple, single-
drug approach for the acute and continued treatment of DVT that
potentially improves the benefit–risk profile of anticoagulation
29. Results
•In patients who had completed 6 or 12 months of anticoagulation rivaroxaban
showed
•82% relative risk reduction in the recurrence of VTE (HR=0.184; p<0.0001)
•Absolute risk reduction of 5.8% hence, 15 patients need to be treated to
prevent one recurrent venous thromboembolic event
•Low incidence of major bleeding (0.7%; p=0.11; number needed to harm
approximately 139)
•Efficacy and safety results were consistent irrespective of bodyweight and
creatinine clearance
•No signal for liver toxicity
Oral rivaroxaban, 20 mg once daily, would provide clinicians and patients with a
simple and effective option for continued anticoagulant treatment*
31. Rivaroxaban Overdose/Bleeding
complications
• No routine lab test can accurately detect
overdose of Rivaroxaban
• Prolonged PT and aPTT may indicate
Rivaroxaban effect. But this cannot be used for
monitoring of drug, or detecting overdose.
• Factor Xa assay
– No assay for rivaroxaban available
– Assay calibrated for enoxaparin has to be used
32. • Activated charcoal- If last dose within 2
hours
• Non dialyzable as it is highly protein
bound
• FEIBA NF- Anti inhibitor coagulant
complex
• Andexanet alfa
– Selective antidote for Factor Xa inhibitors
– In phase III trial (ANNEXA-R)
– Recently (March 2015) approved by US-FDA
as an orphan drug
33.
34. • Monthly cost of warfarin therapy
– Medicine cost- Rs. 100
– Monitoring (PT) cost – Rs 500-750
– Total cost- Rs 600 to 800 per month
• Monthly cost of Rivaroxaban therapy
– Rs. 4000 per month
35. Rivaroxaban (XARELTO)
PROs CONs
Convenient- Oral OD
dose
No antidote available as of now
No overlap required Effect can’t be monitored
Fixed dose Higher overall bleeds
Less drug interactions Can’t be used in some clinical
scenario.
No monitoring required Costly
Less major bleeds in
critical areas
Increased thrombotic risk after
premature discontinuation.
References
Patel MR, et al. ROCKET AF study investigators. Rivaroxaban-once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study. Am Heart J 2010;159:340-347.e1.
[ROCKET AF primary paper – citation to be updated]
Please note: as treated = on-treatment (used in previous communication) = during treatment = time patient was exposed to study drug = time from first to last study drug intake + 2 d
The principal safety outcome was defined as the composite of major and non-major clinically relevant bleeding
P-values (2-sided for superiority of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in hazard ratio):
Principal safety outcome: p=0.44
Major bleeding: p=0.58
Decrease in hemoglobin (≥2 g/dl): p=0.02
Transfusion: p=0.04
Critical bleeding: p=0.007
Fatal bleeding: p=0.003
Intracranial hemorrhage: p=0.02
Non-major clinically relevant bleeding: p=0.35
Major bleeding from a gastrointestinal site was more common with rivaroxaban (224 bleeds [3.2%] compared with warfarin (154 bleeds [2.2%]; p&lt;0.001).
prolongation of these parameters varies significantly depending on the clotting assays and conditions used