Software projects’ past goes back to four or more decades. We encounter the first software project risk management paper in 1991[1] and the study [2] reports that in 1995 US spent $250 billion to software projects and these projects had estimated $59 billion in cost overruns and another $81 billion had spent on canceled software projects.Although failures are tremendous, we have observed the project risks and critical success factors are given like shopping lists and so the remedies of risk factors. Very few studies exist for searching the relationships of these risk factors and the relationship between remedies and risk factors. We are trying to construct a simple model of risks and remedies borrowing concepts from systems and control theory.
Enterprise resource planning, Evolution, Importance, Advantage for BusinessPraveen Venugopal
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP)
(ERP) is a process by which a company (often a manufacturer) manages and integrates the important parts of its business. An ERP management information system integrates areas such as planning, purchasing, inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, etc.
ERP software is good for reconciling financials, creating sales forecasts, maintaining order volumes and increasing customer satisfaction. Yes, it can be done using 4-5 different platforms, but managing the data in one place is easier than in several places.
ERP and Related Technologies
Business Processing Reengineering(BPR), Data Warehousing, Data Mining, On-line Analytical Processing(OLAP), Supply Chain Management (SCM),
Customer Relationship Management(CRM), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Accounts is the main pillar of any business, we provide you with a cloud accounting software that maintains accounts for your business easily. Visit www.arcus-universe.com
Abstract - Various aspects of three proposed architectures for distributed software are examined. A Crucial need to
create an ideal model for optimal architecture which meets the needs of the organization for flexibility, extensibility
and integration, to fulfill exhaustive performance for potential talents processes and opportunities in the corporations
a permanent and ongoing need. The excellence of the proposed architecture is demonstrated by presenting a rigor scenario based proof of adaptively and compatibility of the architecture in cases of merging and varying organizations, where the whole structure of hierarchies is revised.
Keywords: ERP, Data-centric architecture, architecture Component-based, Plug in architecture, distributed systems
To get the best from a new ERP system, it’s important to ensure good data management practices are in place. Because any potential risk during the upgrade can disrupt the business operations. This white paper examines Solix Enterprise Data Management Suite (EDMS), and how it can provide an organization with the much-needed security during an upgrade. The white paper also mentions case examples of customers who have unlocked the true potential of their enterprise data using Solix EDMS.
Enterprise resource planning, Evolution, Importance, Advantage for BusinessPraveen Venugopal
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP)
(ERP) is a process by which a company (often a manufacturer) manages and integrates the important parts of its business. An ERP management information system integrates areas such as planning, purchasing, inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, etc.
ERP software is good for reconciling financials, creating sales forecasts, maintaining order volumes and increasing customer satisfaction. Yes, it can be done using 4-5 different platforms, but managing the data in one place is easier than in several places.
ERP and Related Technologies
Business Processing Reengineering(BPR), Data Warehousing, Data Mining, On-line Analytical Processing(OLAP), Supply Chain Management (SCM),
Customer Relationship Management(CRM), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Accounts is the main pillar of any business, we provide you with a cloud accounting software that maintains accounts for your business easily. Visit www.arcus-universe.com
Abstract - Various aspects of three proposed architectures for distributed software are examined. A Crucial need to
create an ideal model for optimal architecture which meets the needs of the organization for flexibility, extensibility
and integration, to fulfill exhaustive performance for potential talents processes and opportunities in the corporations
a permanent and ongoing need. The excellence of the proposed architecture is demonstrated by presenting a rigor scenario based proof of adaptively and compatibility of the architecture in cases of merging and varying organizations, where the whole structure of hierarchies is revised.
Keywords: ERP, Data-centric architecture, architecture Component-based, Plug in architecture, distributed systems
To get the best from a new ERP system, it’s important to ensure good data management practices are in place. Because any potential risk during the upgrade can disrupt the business operations. This white paper examines Solix Enterprise Data Management Suite (EDMS), and how it can provide an organization with the much-needed security during an upgrade. The white paper also mentions case examples of customers who have unlocked the true potential of their enterprise data using Solix EDMS.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Investigation of Critical Failure Factors In Information Technology ProjectsIOSR Journals
Rate of failed projects in information technology system project remains high in comparison with other infrastructure or high technology projects. The objective of this paper is to determine and represent a broad range of potential failure factors during the implementation phase and cause of IS/IT Project defeat/failure. Challenges exist in order to achieve the projects goal successfully and to avoid the failure. In this research study, 12 articles were studied as significant contributions to analyze developing a list of critical failure factors of IT projects
Information Technology Risk ManagementGlen Alleman
The concept of managing the development or deployment of an Information Technology (IT) system using deterministic, linear, and causal analysis contains several pitfalls. As IT systems grow in complexity, the interaction between their components becomes non–linear and indeterminate, creating many opportunities for failure.
SECURETI: ADVANCED SDLC AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR TI(PHILIPPINES)ijcsit
There are essential security considerations in the systems used by semiconductor companies like TI. Along
with other semiconductor companies, TI has recognized that IT security is highly crucial during web
application developers' system development life cycle (SDLC). The challenges faced by TI web developers
were consolidated via questionnaires starting with how risk management and secure coding can be
reinforced in SDLC; and how to achieve IT Security, PM and SDLC initiatives by developing a prototype
which was evaluated considering the aforementioned goals. This study aimed to practice NIST strategies
by integrating risk management checkpoints in the SDLC; enforce secure coding using static code analysis
tool by developing a prototype application mapped with IT Security goals, project management and SDLC
initiatives and evaluation of the impact of the proposed solution. This paper discussed how SecureTI was
able to satisfy IT Security requirements in the SDLC and PM phases.
There are essential security considerations in the systems used by semiconductor companies like TI. Along
with other semiconductor companies, TI has recognized that IT security is highly crucial during web
application developers' system development life cycle (SDLC). The challenges faced by TI web developers
were consolidated via questionnaires starting with how risk management and secure coding can be
reinforced in SDLC; and how to achieve IT Security, PM and SDLC initiatives by developing a prototype
which was evaluated considering the aforementioned goals. This study aimed to practice NIST strategies
by integrating risk management checkpoints in the SDLC; enforce secure coding using static code analysis
tool by developing a prototype application mapped with IT Security goals, project management and SDLC
initiatives and evaluation of the impact of the proposed solution. This paper discussed how SecureTI was
able to satisfy IT Security requirements in the SDLC and PM phases.
Project, Program & Portofolio Management Contribution, an Article from the PM...rahmatmoelyana
In this article I present the investment landscape in some industries, the statistif of failures, the governance & management objectives: value maximization, risk & resource optimisation, the seven enabler of success, lets do the right things and do things right
Similar to Risk Organization for ERP Projects (20)
In order to study the WGS on an industrial scale at a low pressure, the modeling andsimulation of a WGS reactor operating at a pressure close to Patm and processing an industrial charge in the presence of a high temperature shift catalyst (Fe2O3/Cr2O3) were performed. The Profiles of the carbon monoxide conversion, temperature and pressure along the reactor were obtained. The effect of several operating parameters (inlet temperature, H2O/CO ratio) on the conversion of carbon monoxide along the reactor has been determined. The estimated catalytic mass to convert 60.5% of the carbon monoxide contained in the inlet is 170.76 t. The pressure drops in the reactor are not negligible and the maximum temperaturereached is without any harmful effect on the catalyst. The choice of an optimal inlet temperature and a high H2O/CO ratio improves the conversion of carbon monoxide.
As we are all aware,therecent discovery of the Higgs boson has revealed a highly massive particle, the value of which lies between 125and 126.5 GeV/c2.. According to the basic concepts of Quantum Mechanics, and in full compliance with the Uncertainty Principle and Yukawa intuitions, we were able to calculate the maximum limit of the Higgs boson‟s field of action. From the calculations show that the Higgs boson presents a range of action really very small, namely 9.8828∙10-16[cm], that is slightly smaller than 10-15[cm]. This value is justified by the considerable mass that the Higgs bosonacquires, in perfect agreement with the Uncertainty Principle.
The dependencies of total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, turbulent dissipation, turbulent viscosity, turbulent energy and turbulent time of moving fluid from a straight pipe length of a circular cross section are presented in graphical and mathematical forms. Changing analysis of considered parameters was performed at mass flow rates of 0.45, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/s. A transition boundary of laminar flow of fluid to turbulent flow is at the distance of 2/5 of length from the inlet of the pipe (at accepted total length of the pipe of 1000 mm).
This paper considers the problem of magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Newtonian and non-Newtonian nano fluid flow passing on a magnetic sphere with mixed convection effect. Nano Fluid is a combination of liquid fluid as a base fluid with small solid nano particles. Water is chosen as Newtonian base fluid and oil is chosen as non-Newtonian base fluid. Then, Alumina and Copper are chosen as solid particle in nano fluid. We further construct governing equation by applying continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation to obtain dimensional governing equations. The dimensional governing equations that have been obtained are converted into non-dimensional governing equations by substituting non-dimensional variables. The non-dimensional governing equations are further transformed into similarity equations using stream function and solved numerically using Euler Implicit Finite Difference method. We further analyse the effect of magnetic parameter towards velocity and temperature in MHD nano fluid flow. The results show that the increases of magnetic parameter impacts to the decrease of velocity and temperature. Then, the velocity and temperature of Newtonian nano fluid are higher than the velocity and temperature of non-Newtonian nano fluid. Also, the velocity and temperature of copper-water are higher than the velocity and temperature of Alumina-water.
Building materials used for the walls of simple houses in lower-middle-class areas in Indonesia are currently dominated by brick. This study proposes that soil-paper blocks coated with calcium silicate board may be a suitable alternative, with high embodied energy and density. The research aims to obtain an optimal wall thickness to provide protection against cooling and embodied energy in low income houses, as well as against the temperature conditions in these buildings in highland and lowland areas. Determination of wall thickness is performed by simulation of a 9 m2 building model with thick variables. Cooling calculations involved the use of Archipak software. Temperature measurements were carried out using a data logger on a sample of soil-paper blocks. The results indicate that the optimal wall thickness for protection against cooling and embodied energy is 8 cm. Soil-paper block has a lower density than brick. The use of calcium silicate boards does not affect the internal temperature of a low income house, but they can be used as protection against rainwater and as a substitute for wall plastering.
Adaptive-optimal control involves re-identification of the machining process and the model obtained is used to calculate the optimal process parameters.
Optimal control characterizes the addiction of the technical and economic indicators to process parameters. Characteristic for performance technical indicators is that their dependence to parameter values of process has a limitative, what leads to one of the following conclusions, appropriately or inappropriately, and therefore can serve as restrictions in optimization problem.
Economic indicators have a continuous dependence of process parameters and therefore they are used as objective functions.
Knowledge management (KM) has become an effective way of managing organization‟s intellectual capital or, in other words, organization‟s full experience, skills and knowledge that is relevant for more effective performance in future. The paper proposes a knowledge management to achieve a competitive control of the machining systems. Then an application of Knowledge Management in engineering has been attempted to explain. The model can be used by the manager for the choosing of competitive orders.
Ceftriaxone is one of the third generations of cephalosporin antibiotics and commercially found as a sodium salt. The market demand for it is still high in recent years, including in Indonesia. However, there is no local production manufacture yet. A high yield of ceftriaxone sodium would be an advantage in industrial scale. Ceftriaxone was synthesized by reacting 7–amino–3–[(2,5–dihydro–6–hydroxy–2–methyl–5–oxo–1,2,4–triazin–3–yl) thiomethyl] cephalosporanic acid (7-ACT) with 2-Mercaptobenzothiazolyl (Z)-2-(2-Aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-Methoxyimino Acetate (MAEM) then with sodium salt in basic condition. The product was generated by solventing-out using acetone. The products were analyzed by HPLC quantitatively and the structure was confirmed using FTIR, MS and NMR. In this research, the variation in the mole ratio of reactants against the yield of product was evaluated. The result showed that the variations in mole ratio reactants affect the yield production. The higher ratio of MAEM would be the higher yield is obtained. The results show that the yield was 72,17% at mole ratio 1:2 which has 99,32% purity. This result could be a consideration in industrial production scale in ceftriaxone sodium preparation.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Time, in the globalized world, is one of the most important factors about the economy, science and health. Mankind has made various efforts to use time efficiently for many years. In these studies transport came to the fore and it has become indispensable. In the light of today's technological conditions, air transport is developing at an increasing rate. Every day many aircrafts are produced, which have different speeds, weight and volume, for serve to transport. Therefore to make structures for easy and safe transport need a stable soil. Particularly suitable areas for the airport grounds in cities today, not being physically proper that construction of the airport made on soil with low bearing capacity, swelling potential of an expansive soil, settlement of soil etc, areas. In this study, soil problems encountered in the construction of airports will be explained and a summary of studies on the solution of these problems will be presented.
People in a big city as Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, have leads to take street foods for their daily nutritional needs. This food habits may be a risk for consumers due to contaminations from street environment and bad practices related to hygiene. This study aimed to examine the quality and safety of street vended foods in Antananarivo, on January 2016 to December 2017.Six hundred and sixty two samples including 126samples of melting salads, 70 beef skewers, 54 chicken skewers, and typical Malagasy foods as : mofoanana (67 samples), mofogasy (64 samples), ramanonaka (64), makasaoka (66), mofoakondro (62) and kobandravina(89);were randomly collected from the streetvendors in Antananarivo marketsto evaluate their bacteriological quality.International Methods (ISO) was adopted for to find the load of Total Aerobic Bacteria andEnterobateriaceae,Escherichia coli and to search pathogen bacteria as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Bacillus cereus in these foods.The results revealed that the mean values ofthe Total Aerobic Bacteria count was 0.1x106- 4.8x106cfu/g. Enterobacteriaceaecount range from 0.4x102 to 1.9x102cfu/g. Escherichia coli count range from 0.04x102cfu/g. to 0.19 x102cfu/g.Salmonellawas only present in melting salads, beef skewers and chicken skewers samples. Bacillus cereus count range from 0,1x102 to 1,5x102cfu/g. Campylobacter jejuniwas only present in samples of ramanonaka and kobandravina. Two strains of presumptive Eschercichia coli O157 H7 (βglucuronidase -) were isolated. PCR method was used to confirm the identity of these two isolates. A high contamination above 106 cfu/g food and the presence of potential pathogens bacteria could be hazardous. Systematic inspections and training of food vendors on food hygiene and application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) has been recognised as measures to guarantee improvement of the quality of street foods.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Scored tablets provide dose flexibility, ease of swallowing and cost savings. However, some problems with scored tablets can be confronted like difficulty of breaking, unequally breaking and loss of mass upon breaking. This paper investigates the effect of score lines on the density distribution using continuum modelling. In keeping with previous work in the pharmaceutical field, a modified Drucker Prager Cap model is described briefly and used in the simulations. Coulomb friction is included between powder and tools. The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Vivapur® 102 was used to identify the model parameters using experimental tests with instrumented die, shear cell and diametrical crushing. The obtained results indicate that simulations may be useful not only to determine density distributions within tablets, but also may provide indications about performance of score lines.
In a plethora of countries, buildings are adapted to the local climate condition using sustainable architecture techniques and materials, thereby the highest level of climatic comfort is provided. For example, the walls and roofs reflecting sunlight have been used for centuries in the warm regions of the world, while in the cold regions, the maximum use of solar energy has been tended.
The process of modernization has created a high density, thereby demand for fast and affordable constructions in cities has subsequently increased, resulting in reduced attention to environmentally sustainable architecture techniques that, in turn, has led to the financial loss and scarcity of non-renewable energy resources over long periods of time.
Regarding the energy crisis and the necessity of saving non-renewable energy, the reduced need to use heating/cooling systems is assumed to be one of the key goals in advanced building design.
The present study was conducted based on causal research and simulation. Design Builder thermal simulation software was used as the tool to this end. Therefore, a building with/out solar chimney was modeled and analyzed to identify the effect of solar chimney on the amount of energy used for heating.
The control of motor rotation speed by the change of resistor resistance value in armature circuit is called ‘resistor control”. For the regulation of resistance value R0, included in armature winding circuit, we can use various technical solutions. The most used solution is the discrete variation of armature added resistance value by shunting its parts with contactors contacts. Nowadays, the change of resistor resistance in armature circuit can be realized by shunting with a given porosity γ of resistor R0 trough electronic keys. In this paper, we study the design of control system represented on figure 1.
A poultry yield prediction model have then designed using a data mining and machine learning technique called Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm. The developed model has been optimized and pruned using the Reduced Error Pruning (REP) algorithm to improve prediction accuracy. An algorithm to make the prediction model flexible and capable of making predictions irrespective of poultry size or population has been proposed. The model can be used by poultry farmers to predict yield even before a breeding season. The model can also be used to help farmers take decisions to ensure desirable yield at the end of the breeding season.
Today, Web site design is used to make sites useful to users, with accessible functions, resources and information. Therefore, that design involves use of methodologies that allow an adequate structuring of them resources and organization, permitting users to access them quickly, easily and intuitively. This research consisted of a usability study oriented to website structure designers using a methodology based on concepts of ontology design. This study includes a planning to evaluate the design and the structure of website in aspects such as: ease of use, efficient access to information and performance on the tasks focused to total satisfaction of end user. Heuristic tests were used as diagnostic tools to evaluate usability of website design structures; these were supported by a heuristic evaluation guide and in the Sirius methodology[3]. The results obtained from them, allowed us to detect opportunities for improvement and optimization in website design, and in refining the Web interface oriented to end users.
Acceptance of a website is determined by various factors, one of the most important is the organization that allows users to access to functions, resources and information that it contains. This work consisted of a study of comparative usability between a website designed using principles of linguistics and design of ontologies and other using a strategy of a commercial product. A plan was designed and applied to evaluate the following aspects of website: ease of use, efficiency to access its information, efficacy to perform tasks and user satisfaction. Heuristic and user tests were used as diagnostic tools in usability evaluations, and an observation guide was made by an external evaluator as a complement to previous tests. The results clearly shown that is better use the proposed website design methodology. This allows to create site more structured, functional and with greater ease of access to resources that it contain.
Epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO) has been used to toughen epoxy resin GELR 128 cured with an accelerated aliphatic amine curing agent (Kingcure K-11) at room temperature. There was difference in the properties of the polymer composite materials based on epoxy resin GELR 128 cured by Kingcure K-11 between two processes: one-stage process and two-stage process for mixing ESO with epoxy resin GELR 128 at various content of ESO. The results showed that the two-stage process is considered to be more advantageous than the one-stage process. It can be concluded that the impact strength, critical stress intensity factor Kic and decomposition temperature of the polymer composite materials based on epoxy resin GELR 128 cured by Kingcure K-11 with content of ESO 5 phr in two-stage process was greater ones in one-stage process (impact strength: 35.012 kJ/m2, Kic: 2.72 MPa and decomposition temperature: 385.81 0C respectively).
A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) monitors a network for malicious activities or policy violations [1]. The Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware virtualization extensions [2]. We design and implement a back-propagation network intrusion detection system in KVM. Compared to traditional Back Propagation (BP) NIDS, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to improve efficiency. The results show an improved system in terms of recall and precision along with missing detection rates.
More from International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research (20)
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Risk Organization for ERP Projects
1. International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research
Open Access
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 15 | P a g e
ABSTRACT
Risk Organization for ERP Projects
Mehmet ERİŞ, Özalp VAYVAY
Marmara University Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences Engineering Management Department
Goztepe Campus, Istanbul TURKEY
Software projects’ past goes back to four or more decades. We encounter the first software project risk
management paper in 1991[1] and the study [2] reports that in 1995 US spent $250 billion to software projects
and these projects had estimated $59 billion in cost overruns and another $81 billion had spent on canceled
software projects.Although failures are tremendous, we have observed the project risks and critical success
factors are given like shopping lists and so the remedies of risk factors. Very few studies exist for searching the
relationships of these risk factors and the relationship between remedies and risk factors. We are trying to
construct a simple model of risks and remedies borrowing concepts from systems and control theory.
I. Introduction
During early days of software utilization when computers were very scarce and ultra expensive, their
usage were limited to mainly defense sector. Although these organizations have project culture and
familiar with high risk, high budget projects, it is not uncommon for them to have high rate software
project failures. These failures are due to lack of risk management. Lack of risk awareness causes to
optimistic enthusiasm, which cause project developers to make high-risk commitments according to
Boehm (1). “Identifying and dealing with risks early in development lessens long-tem costs and
helps prevent software disasters.” says Boehm in his study (1) that is the earliest risk management
publication as best of our knowledge. Projects are managed by unrealistic optimism, and the concerns
are discarded. Talking about risks is not welcomed.
Risk management is essential for the project success. For a software project to be successful, critical
success factors are required. The probabilities combined with the possible negative impact of lack of
critical success factors can be defined as risk factors.
Failure statistics goes back to the late 1980s and they state that 35 percent of companies faced at
least one software project failure (1). One of the most cited past research is the Chaos Report 1995
(2). The Chaos Report states that US annual expenditures to IT application have risen to $250 billion,
31.1% of the projects are cancelled before completion, 52.7% of the projects are overrun than their
budgets by 89%.
Importance of risk management becomes more evident as the reports present high rate of failures.
The IT expenditures amount and high rate of failures signify the value of efforts to successfully
manage projects. The competitive advantage offered by the IT to organizations that successfully
implemented software projects makes just ignoring the IT projects impossible. The competition
pressure forces the organizations to deploy IT projects. The lack of understanding of both how
organizations might benefit from IT and what makes IT projects successful will result with failure. The
literature gives us the Critical Success Factors and risk management helps prioritizing the critical
success factors and remedies for the lack of them; and helps continuously monitoring and
communicating risks.
2. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 16 | P a g e
As years followed, organizations used Information Technologies to standardize and integrate their
business processes. The standardization and integration of business processes resulted with
software companies to develop software packages, called Enterprise Resource Planning. Although
experience built up since the early years of software projects, the project success is not still within
easy reach. This is mainly because as the experience built up, the complexity of the projects are also
increased.
An ERP system consists of one application, one database and user interface. It integrates and
standardizes the organization’s processes everything from supply-chain management, manufacturing,
distribution, human resources, accounting [3].
II. Literature
The first as best of our knowledge is Boehm’s work (1). He states that if there exists an explicit
concern of software risks those risks would be avoided before they are realized. The lack of risk
concerns will cause an optimistic attitude towards and result with unrealistic promises.
Boehm (1) describes the basic risk management process; suggests decision tree for risk response
decisions; and lists the following risk factors:
1. Personnel shortfalls
2. Unrealistic schedules and budgets
3. Developing the wrong functions and properties
4. Developing the wrong user interface
5. Gold-plating
6. Continuing stream of requirements changes
7. Shortfalls in externally furnished components
8. Shortfalls in externally performed tasks
9. Real-time performance shortfalls
10. Straining computer-science capabilities
Following Boehms’s (1) work, we have the Keil et al’s work (4), the main contribution of Keil et al is
the classification of risks according to the project team’s control.
Keil et al (4) perform a Delphi Study and give the risk factors as:
1. Lack of top management commitment to the project
2. Failure to gain user commitment
3. Misunderstanding the requirements
4. Lack of adequate user involvement
5. Failure to manage end user expectations
6. Changing Scope/Objections
7. Lack of required knowledge/skills in the project personnel
8. Lack of frozen requirements
9. Insufficient/inappropriate staffing
10. Conflict between user departments
Keil et al, contribution is developing a risk categorization framework and categorizing the risks
according to the framework developed. One of the dimensions of the risk categorization is the “level of
control”. Risk management is thought as the responsibility of the project manager and “level of
control” defines if project manager has some control over mentioned risk. For instance the project
manager has little control over the top risk: “Lack of top management commitment to the project”.
3. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 17 | P a g e
As the ERP projects gain importance both from external pressures to implement them and both from
difficulties of implementation, literature shifts to the ERP projects.
Implementing an ERP system is a careful exercise in strategic thinking, precision planning, and
negotiations with departments and divisions [3].
Aloini et al [5], reviews the literature and finds the most mentioned risk factors as such:
1. Inadequate selection
2. Poor project team skills
3. Low top management involvement
4. Ineffective communication system
5. Low key user involvement
6. Inadequate training and instruction
7. Complex architecture and high number of implementation modules
8. Inadequate BPR
9. Bad managerial conduct
10. Ineffective project management techniques
11. Inadequate change management
12. Inadequate legacy system management
13. Ineffective consulting services
14. Poor leadership
15. Inadequate IT system issue
16. Inadequate IT system maintainability
17. Inadequate IT supplier stability and performances
18. Ineffective strategic thinking and planning
19. Inadequate financial management
III. Risk Model
ERP projects are interdisciplinary so they both affect and are affected by multiple departments of
organizations. They include technological and management aspects and these projects are affected
strongly by sociological factors. So risk management of ERP projects should not be sole responsibility
of the IT Department. Success and failure of an ERP project, affects the whole organization. This
means that the Top Management is responsible for execution of an ERP project.
We borrow Three Tier Risk Management Structure from NIST Special Publication 800-39 Managing
Information Security Risk [6],
4. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 18 | P a g e
There exist Organization at Tier 1, Mission/Business Processes at Tier 2 and Information Systems at
Tier 3.
The risk executive function is required to successfully manage risks. The executive establishes risk
management roles and responsibilities. We are inspired by the Keil et al’swork, classification of risk
according to the level of control imposed by project team and distribute the roles and responsibilities
of ERP risk management to the related tiers. The risk executive function and the tier view of
organization are borrowed from NIST Special Publication 800-39 Managing Information Security Risk
[6].
Tier 1 represents the Business Functions; these functions are implemented via Business Processes
that reside at Tier 2. Business processes are realized within the support of the IT Systems at Tier 3.
5. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 19 | P a g e
There are control layers between tiers. Upper layers provide goals, policies and constraints and
receive feedback from lower layers. Top management provides goals, resources and policies and
monitors the goal achievement, resource sufficiency and usage, and policy conformance.
We have divided the responsibilities for the ERP Implementation to the four groups: (1) Top
Management, (2) BPR Team, (3) IT Department and (4) Users. Top Management resides at the Top
Level – Tier 1. BPR team resides at Tier 2 and IT Department and Users of ERP reside at Tier 3.
Responsibilities Monitoring Required Qualities
Top Management (1) Goal Setting
Resource
(2) Providing
(1) Goal Achievement
(2) Resource
Sufficiency and
Resource Usage
Efficiency
(1) Commitment-Leadership
(2) Good Management Skills
(3) Communication
BPR Team (1) Redesign of
Organization
Processes
(2) Estimating Gains
from Reengineered
Business Processes
(3) Change
Management
(4) ERP Selection
(Determining
Suitability for
Organization
Processes)
(1) Compliance to
Organization Business
Processes
(2) Monitoring Gains
(Post Implementation)
(1) Personnel Skills
(2) Communication
(3) Organizational Knowledge
(4) Analytical Skills
IT Department
(1) ERP Selection
(IT Infrastructure Fit
– Usability –
Maintainability –
Reliability -
Flexibility)
(2) Technical
Implementation of
Business Processes
(3) User Training
(4) Operation of ERP
System
(1) IT Performance
and Reliability
(2) User Training
Level
(3) User Experience
(1) Technical Skills
(2) Project Management Skills
(3) People Skills
Users (1) Compliance to
ERP Processes
(1) Data Correctness (1) Commitment
(2) Responsible Usage
6. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 20 | P a g e
IV. ERP System Attributes (Criteria)
Success of the ERP Project strongly depends on the selected ERP. There are quite many studies
about ERP Selection Process and Selection Criteria [8]. The most mentioned risk from literature
review from Aloini et al’s work (2007) is “Inadequate Selection”. We have developed a framework to
evaluate an ERP. There exist four aspects defining an ERP: Functionality, Quality, Compatibility, and
Usability.
Functionality: Functionality defines the Business Processes supported by the ERP. The
main functionality of an ERP is the standardization and integration of organizational business
processes. The conformance of processes of ERP packages to target organizations has the
utmost importance.
Quality Aspects: Quality aspects cover the reliability, maintainability, flexibility, after sales
support. Reliability also includes lack of faults.
Compatibility Aspects: Compatibility is about the IT infrastructure belonging to the
organization required for the ERP to be operational.
Usability Aspects: Usability refers to the ease of use by the users and ease of operation by
the IT department. Without user friendliness, the aimed user acceptance and process
efficiency could not be achieved.
Besides the risks or Critical Success Factors addressing the implementation phase of an ERP
project. ERP selection is the risk belonging to the pre-implementation phase. Any ERP software
that does not meet the four general requirements (Functionality, Quality, Compatibility and
Usability) will cause the project to fail or fall short from target goals.
V. Assignment of Risk Factors to Organizational Units
No Risk Factor Responsible
1 Inadequate selection Covered by BPR Team (Business Process Fit)
Covered by IT Department (IT Infrastructure Fit)
2 Poor project team skills Covered by Top Management (Resource Provider)
3 Low top management
involvement
Top Management
4 Ineffective communication system Organizational Quality (affects all activities)
5 Low key user involvement IT Department User Training
6 Inadequate training and
instruction
IT Department User Training
7 Complex architecture and high
number of implementation
BPR and IT Department (IT infrastructure, Business
Processes)
7. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 21 | P a g e
modules
8 Inadequate BPR BPR
9 Bad managerial conduct Top Management
(Project Risk Governance)
10 Ineffective project management
techniques
Top Management
(Project Risk Governance)
11 Inadequate change management BPR Team
12 Inadequate legacy system
management
IT Department
13 Ineffective consulting services IT Department
14 Poor leadership Top Management
15 Inadequate IT system issue IT Department
16 Inadequate IT system
maintainability
IT Department
17 Inadequate IT supplier stability
and performances
IT Department
18 Ineffective strategic thinking and
planning
Top Management
19 Inadequate financial management Top Management
VI. Conclusion
Software projects and ERP projects risk management literature gives the responsibility of risk
management to the project management team. Many of the high level risks are out of project team’s
control. During our study we have identified the project relevant organizational units and defined their
responsibilities. One of the most critical risk factor is the selection of ERP and we have defined a
model describing the attributes of an ERP. Selection of suitable ERP and distribution of
responsibilities of an ERP project is essential for the project success.
References
[1] Boehm B. W., Software Risk Management: Principles and Practices, IEEE, Jan 1991
[2] Johnson, J. Chaos: The dollar drain of IT project failures. Applic. Dev. Trends 2, 1 (1995), 41–
47)
[3 ]Prasad Bingi ,Maneesh K. Sharma &Jayanth K. Godla (1999) Critical Issues Affecting an ERP
Implementation, Information Systems Management, 16:3, 7-14
8. Mehmet ERİŞ “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2018 22 | P a g e
[4] [Keil M., A Framework for Identifying Software Project Risks, November 1998/Vol. 41, No. 11
COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM]
[5] Aloini D., Dulmin R., Mininno V., Risk management in ERP project introduction: Review of the
literatureInformation & Management 44 (2007) 547–567
[6] NIST Special Publication 800-39, Managing Information Security Risk Organization, Mission,
and Information System View, March 2011
[7] Kılıç, H. S., Zaim S., Delen D., Development of a hybrid methodology for ERP system
selection: The case of Turkish Airlines, Decision Support Systems 66 (2014) 82–92
[8] Engineering a Safer World: System Thinking Applied to Safety, Nancy G. Leveson.