REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL EROSION
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Fluvial erosion is the wearing away and removal of material by moving water in a river channel. The four main processes of fluvial erosion are abrasion, solution, attrition, and hydraulic action, though attrition does not directly erode the channel bed or banks. The two main factors influencing the rate of fluvial erosion are the rock type and the amount of energy available in the river. Dams reduce fluvial erosion downstream by trapping sediment, giving the river more energy to erode channels.
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This document provides an overview of Puget Sound restoration efforts, focusing on estuaries, deltas, beaches and bluffs. It discusses the productivity of estuaries but also the degradation issues they face from pollution, overfishing and poor land management practices. The Nooksack River Delta restoration project aims to remove levees and dikes that disrupt natural water flows, restoring tidal channels and floodplains to improve conditions for fish and wildlife. The Lilliwaup Estuary project replaced a causeway and restored estuary processes to benefit local ecology. Puget Sound restoration addresses improving natural conditions across different habitat types to enhance the overall health of the sound.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY: 1.3 RIVER CHANN...
Subchapter 3 in the first chapter of Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology, suitable for AS students, consisting in the following: river processes, velocity, flows and Hjulstrom Curve.
Sedimentary shales and slitstones with fossils.ppt
This document summarizes research on landslides along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that landslides are mainly caused by fluctuations in the reservoir water level and precipitation, and are distributed along fault zones. Three typical unstable slopes are analyzed to show how the initial reservoir filling and subsequent water level changes contributed to their deformation and failures. Two failure models are proposed to explain the mechanisms. The extent of landslides is less than other reservoirs in China, likely due to smaller water level fluctuations in addition to geological factors.
Geomorphological variations within drainage basins
1) Erosion by rivers occurs through various processes including abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action, and solution which break down river banks and beds.
2) Transportation in rivers includes suspension of small particles, solution of dissolved materials, and bedload movement of larger particles through saltation or traction.
3) Deposition happens when river velocity decreases due to factors like lower rainfall, entering a lake, becoming shallower, or overflowing banks, causing sediment to be left behind.
Weathering of Rocks.pptx
This document discusses the different types of weathering that break down rocks. It describes mechanical weathering processes like thermal stress, frost action, and tree root growth that physically break rocks without changing their chemical composition. It also explains chemical weathering processes like oxidation, carbonation, hydration, and hydrolysis that chemically alter rocks through reactions with water and atmospheric gases. Chemical weathering is aided by acids from biological sources like plant roots, fungi, and bacteria. Both mechanical and chemical weathering impact engineering projects by creating fractures and weakening bedrock and stone materials over time.
Yr 11 Rivers Revision 2009
- A drainage basin is the area of land where rain and snowmelt drains into a body of water, such as a river, lake, reservoir or sea.
- Larger drainage basins contain many tributaries that feed into the main river channel. This increases the risk of flooding.
- Impermeable rock and soil, steep slopes, deforestation and heavy rainfall all increase surface runoff in a drainage basin, raising flood risk. Controlling land use and replanting trees can help reduce this.
L1 River Processes
The document discusses several key river processes including erosion, transportation, deposition, and the hydrological cycle. It describes the main forces that shape rivers as they flow downstream such as erosion processes like hydraulic action and abrasion. It also explains how rivers transport sediment loads through traction, saltation, and suspension. Finally, it discusses how and why rivers deposit material based on changes in gradient, volume, and speed.
Erosion
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by natural forces like wind and water. While erosion is natural, human activities have increased erosion rates globally by 10-40 times, causing problems like land degradation. The main types of erosion are water erosion from rainfall, rivers, coastal areas, glaciers and floods; wind erosion; and gravitational erosion.
Hydro geology slides 21 to 30
1. Prior to 18,000 years ago, the entire area was covered by an ice sheet up to 400 meters thick.
2. As the ice sheet retreated north of Norley/Cuddington, it deposited boulder clay and then stopped, unable to retreat further west due to pressure from ice flows from the Welsh highlands.
3. Outwash from the static ice front deposited glacial sands and gravels north of Norley/Cuddington and through gaps in the sandstone ridge.
4. Final retreat of the ice sheet left further extensive deposits of boulder clay across the area.
field methods.ppt
This document summarizes the landslides that have occurred along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that numerous landslides have developed since impoundment, mainly consisting of shallow slides in accumulative layers or weakened rock masses impacted by water level changes and weathering. Seven unstable slopes were identified that show signs of large deformation, local collapses, and tension cracks induced by water level fluctuations. Overall, the landslides are associated with reservoir water levels and precipitation, and are spatially distributed along known faults and in weak, water-sensitive deposits and rocks. Two failure models are proposed to explain the deformation processes observed on representative slopes. While landslides are less extensive compared to other Chinese reservoirs, smaller water level
the deformation and failure processes of the reservoir.ppt
This document summarizes the landslides that have occurred along the banks of the Dagangshan reservoir in China. It finds that numerous landslides have developed since impoundment, mainly affecting Quaternary deposits and weakened bedrock. Seven unstable slopes were identified that show signs of large deformation, local collapses, and tension cracks induced by water level changes and rainfall. The landslides tend to occur along major faults and in easily erodible materials. Three representative slopes exhibit different responses to water level fluctuations and rainfall infiltration. Models of creep-shear-tension and toppling-tensile-shear failures are proposed to explain slope movements. The extent of landsliding is less than other Chinese reservoirs, likely due to smaller
GCSE OCR B Revision pack 2013
The document provides information about GCSE Geography revision for key themes and exams. It outlines three levels of understanding - foundational (F), accomplished (A), and competent (C). For each level it describes the scope of geographical knowledge, skills, and abilities students would demonstrate. The document also contains sample exam content on rivers, coasts, flooding case studies and river/coastal landforms.
Geological work of natural agencies like rivers
Geological work of natural agencies like rivers PART 1
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COASTAL LANDFORMS.pptx
The document discusses coastal landforms and the processes that create them. It describes how waves, tides, and currents shape the coastal environment and lead to both erosional and depositional landforms. Erosional features include cliffs, headlands, sea caves, and stacks, which are formed by processes like abrasion and hydraulic action. Depositional landforms include beaches, bars, spits, and barrier islands, which are produced when sediment is transported and deposited by waves, currents, and biological activity.
Delta
1. Deltas form where rivers enter bodies of standing water, depositing large amounts of sediment. They are common features where large rivers meet the ocean.
2. Deltas consist of a delta plain, delta front, and prodelta. The delta plain is the subaerial region with distributary channels, the delta front is the shallow underwater region where mouth bars form, and the prodelta is the deepest region where fine sediments settle out.
3. Deltas are classified based on dominant hydrodynamic processes, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated deltas which have characteristic morphologies and sedimentary structures.
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Sedimentary shales and slitstones with fossils.ppt
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 01. FASCISM
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
Weimar had faced a series of problems between 1919 and 1923 (hyperinflation, Munich Putsch, Kapp Putsch) but despite the odds had managed to survive.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
08. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Questions and Answers.pptx
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
07. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Abyssinian Crisis.pptx
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
06. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Manchurian Crisis.pptx
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptx
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL EROSION
- 2. DEFINITION Fluvial erosion is the wearing away and/or removal of material by the action of moving water in a river channel.
- 3. QUESTION 1 What are the four main processes of fluvial erosion?
- 4. ANSWER Abrasion, solution, attrition, hydraulic action.
- 5. QUESTION 2 Which of these processes does not erode the bed/banks of the channel?
- 6. ANSWER Attrition – it causes the load to decrease in size.
- 7. QUESTION 3 Which two physical factors chiefly influence the rate at which a river erodes?
- 8. ANSWER Rock type and available river energy.
- 9. QUESTION 4 How do dams affect rates of fluvial erosion?
- 10. ANSWER Because sediment is trapped behind the dam, the river has less load to carry further downstream. This gives it more available energy to erode and the channel is often scoured as a result.
- 11. IMPORTANT You need to appreciate the varying significance of the different processes. Solution may only be important on calcareous rocks such as limestone, which contain calcium. Hydraulic action, forcing air/water into cracks/joints on the bank/bed, may only be significant in times of flood or when the flow is very turbulent.