REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - LONG PROFILE OF A RIVER
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The document discusses the long profile of a river, which is a longitudinal section from source to mouth. A theoretical long profile has a concave shape. A smooth long profile is in a state of equilibrium when the discharge, available energy, and available load are balanced. A knickpoint is an uneven step caused by resistant rock or rejuvenation. The base level of a river is the lowest point it can erode to, such as a lake or ultimately the sea.
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REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - CHANNEL EFFICIENCY
Channel efficiency is measured by calculating the hydraulic radius of the channel cross-section, which is the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter. A higher hydraulic radius results in a more efficient channel that can transfer water downstream at a higher velocity. Some channel shapes are more efficient because they have a higher proportion of water not in contact with bed and bank materials, experiencing less frictional effects. Channel efficiency normally increases downstream as the channel deepens and widens, resulting in less friction from smoothed bed and bank materials despite additional water inputs.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - BRAIDED CHANNEL
Braided channels form in areas with large amounts of sediment and highly variable water flow. They consist of multiple interweaving channels separated by small islands called eyots. Eyots typically have a steep upstream end of coarse material that gradually slopes downstream into finer sediments. Braided channels are common in environments recently impacted by glaciers where weathering produces sediment and melting causes discharge fluctuations.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL EROSION
Fluvial erosion is the wearing away and removal of material by moving water in a river channel. The four main processes of fluvial erosion are abrasion, solution, attrition, and hydraulic action, though attrition does not directly erode the channel bed or banks. The two main factors influencing the rate of fluvial erosion are the rock type and the amount of energy available in the river. Dams reduce fluvial erosion downstream by trapping sediment, giving the river more energy to erode channels.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - STREAM AND RIVER VELOCITY
The document discusses factors that control river velocity, including gradient, channel efficiency, and roughness. It explains that velocity normally increases downstream despite decreasing gradient because the other factors become more important. Velocity varies across a channel, with the lowest speeds near the bed and banks and highest in the center, due to friction. It also defines the thalweg as the line of maximum downstream velocity in a river.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - CHANNEL VARIABLES
Channel variables like width, depth, and discharge normally increase with distance downstream, while gradient, roughness, and particle size decrease, due to changes in precipitation input over time. Cross-sectional area is calculated by multiplying width by average depth. Models are useful geography tools that represent theoretical norms by measuring real examples and collecting data.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - MEANDER
The document defines meanders as sinuous wave-like forms in river channels. It then provides answers to 4 questions about meanders: 1) River velocity is fastest on the outside of bends and slowest on the inside. 2) Sinuosity is measured as length of channel divided by straight-line distance, with over 1.5 considered meandering. 3) Meander wavelength is typically 7-10 times the channel width. 4) Meanders usually develop when the bed/bank material is silt/clay and the channel gradient is moderately steep to allow bank erosion.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DISCHARGE
Discharge is defined as the volume of water passing a particular point over a given unit of time. It is calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the average velocity and is normally expressed in cumecs. Discharge usually increases downstream due to increases in cross-sectional area from tributaries and underground sources or increases in velocity, and it varies over time with changes in precipitation from storms or droughts.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - HJULSTROM CURVE
The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between flow velocity and sediment transport, with larger particles being deposited first as velocity decreases due to losing the energy needed to transport heavier sediment, while higher velocities are required to both erode and transport larger particles due to their weight and the cohesion of smaller particles.
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REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - CHANNEL EFFICIENCY
Channel efficiency is measured by calculating the hydraulic radius of the channel cross-section, which is the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter. A higher hydraulic radius results in a more efficient channel that can transfer water downstream at a higher velocity. Some channel shapes are more efficient because they have a higher proportion of water not in contact with bed and bank materials, experiencing less frictional effects. Channel efficiency normally increases downstream as the channel deepens and widens, resulting in less friction from smoothed bed and bank materials despite additional water inputs.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - BRAIDED CHANNEL
Braided channels form in areas with large amounts of sediment and highly variable water flow. They consist of multiple interweaving channels separated by small islands called eyots. Eyots typically have a steep upstream end of coarse material that gradually slopes downstream into finer sediments. Braided channels are common in environments recently impacted by glaciers where weathering produces sediment and melting causes discharge fluctuations.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL EROSION
Fluvial erosion is the wearing away and removal of material by moving water in a river channel. The four main processes of fluvial erosion are abrasion, solution, attrition, and hydraulic action, though attrition does not directly erode the channel bed or banks. The two main factors influencing the rate of fluvial erosion are the rock type and the amount of energy available in the river. Dams reduce fluvial erosion downstream by trapping sediment, giving the river more energy to erode channels.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - STREAM AND RIVER VELOCITY
The document discusses factors that control river velocity, including gradient, channel efficiency, and roughness. It explains that velocity normally increases downstream despite decreasing gradient because the other factors become more important. Velocity varies across a channel, with the lowest speeds near the bed and banks and highest in the center, due to friction. It also defines the thalweg as the line of maximum downstream velocity in a river.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - CHANNEL VARIABLES
Channel variables like width, depth, and discharge normally increase with distance downstream, while gradient, roughness, and particle size decrease, due to changes in precipitation input over time. Cross-sectional area is calculated by multiplying width by average depth. Models are useful geography tools that represent theoretical norms by measuring real examples and collecting data.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - MEANDER
The document defines meanders as sinuous wave-like forms in river channels. It then provides answers to 4 questions about meanders: 1) River velocity is fastest on the outside of bends and slowest on the inside. 2) Sinuosity is measured as length of channel divided by straight-line distance, with over 1.5 considered meandering. 3) Meander wavelength is typically 7-10 times the channel width. 4) Meanders usually develop when the bed/bank material is silt/clay and the channel gradient is moderately steep to allow bank erosion.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DISCHARGE
Discharge is defined as the volume of water passing a particular point over a given unit of time. It is calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the average velocity and is normally expressed in cumecs. Discharge usually increases downstream due to increases in cross-sectional area from tributaries and underground sources or increases in velocity, and it varies over time with changes in precipitation from storms or droughts.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - HJULSTROM CURVE
The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between flow velocity and sediment transport, with larger particles being deposited first as velocity decreases due to losing the energy needed to transport heavier sediment, while higher velocities are required to both erode and transport larger particles due to their weight and the cohesion of smaller particles.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DELTAS
Deltas are areas of land formed by significant buildup of river sediment at a river's mouth. Deltas form when the supply of sediment from the river exceeds the rate at which it is removed by marine processes. Deltas have two main elements - the delta front along the shoreline and offshore zone, and the delta plain. Deltas often display near-horizontal layers of sediment known as bottom-set, fore-set, and top-set beds in their vertical structure.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL DEPOSITION
Fluvial deposition is the process by which a river deposits the material it carries. A river deposits its load when it loses energy, such as when entering a lake or sea or during periods of drought. The largest materials are deposited first as the river loses velocity. If a river suddenly gains a large additional load from an event like a landslide, it will use all its energy to transport material, but will deposit any excess it cannot carry.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - STORM HYDROGRAPHS
The document discusses factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph, including relief, urbanization, and vegetation cover. It defines lag time as the difference between maximum precipitation and peak discharge. The rising limb is often steep because surface runoff quickly transfers water to channels, while the falling limb is less steep as it consists mainly of slower underground water movements like throughflow and baseflow.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DRAINAGE BASIN
A drainage basin is defined as the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Static factors that influence water movement through a basin and do not change over time include rock type, relief, soil type, shape and size of the basin, and drainage density. Dynamic factors that influence water movement through a basin and do vary over time include climate, vegetation, human activities, and previous conditions. All of the factors mentioned influence the amount of water stored in the basin and the rate at which water is transferred between stores.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - SUSTAINABLE FLOOD MANAGEMENT
Sustainable flood management uses natural and soft engineering approaches that work with river systems rather than against them. It involves restoring rivers to their natural state, using wetlands to absorb flood water, and implementing integrated catchment management plans that combine reduction, protection, and both hard and soft engineering approaches. River corridors refer to undeveloped floodplain areas where planning restrictions allow rivers to flood without risk to humans.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
The document contains 4 questions and answers about hydrology and depositional landforms. It discusses how depositional landforms like levees are predominantly found in the lower course of rivers where the velocity decreases, encouraging sediment deposition. It explains that levees are formed through repeated flooding that causes material to build up on river banks. Finally, it lists deltas, alluvial fans, floodplains, oxbow lakes, and point bars as other examples of depositional landforms.
Introduction to River Systems
Rivers are characterized by their velocity, discharge, gradient, channel development, drainage area, and sediment yield. Velocity is the speed of water flow, discharge is the volume of water flowing per second, and gradient refers to the steepness of the river channel and floodplain. Drainage area is the land area that drains into the river, and sediment yield measures the amount of sediment exported from the drainage basin.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
Erosional landforms are predominantly found in the upper course of a river. Pot holes are small, circular depressions formed in river beds by abrasion during turbulent flood waters. Other erosional landforms include waterfalls, rapids, interlocking spurs, and V-shaped valleys.
Methods Of Flood Control For Assessment
The document discusses methods of flood control and river management. It describes various causes of flooding such as heavy rain, urbanization, dam collapse, tsunamis, snowmelt, monsoons, and global warming. Common flood control techniques include building dams and pumping stations, barriers like embankments and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening and widening them, and controlling land use near rivers. The Mississippi and Nile Rivers are discussed as examples, with details provided about the extensive levee system along the Mississippi and the Aswan High Dam on the Nile.
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Sediment transport-Environmental Health
This document summarizes research on sediment transport and coastal erosion along the Gaza coast. It discusses how construction of the Aswan Dam interrupted sediment supply from the Nile River in the 1960s, causing erosion. Methods used include analyzing historical satellite images from 1972-2010 to measure shoreline change and numerical modeling of mitigation structures. Modeling indicated relocating the fishing harbor offshore or using submerged breakwaters could help accretion by 28,000-4,000 m3/km annually, while detached breakwaters and groins caused erosion. The best alternative for restoration was found to be relocating the harbor offshore.
Discharge and velocity
The document discusses key concepts related to river discharge and hydrographs. It defines discharge as the amount of water in a river measured in cubic meters per second. Discharge increases from the source to the mouth as tributaries add more water. Width and depth also increase downstream. Factors like rainfall, temperature, and land use affect discharge. Velocity is the speed of the river measured in meters per second. A hydrograph shows changes in river discharge over time and can reveal the lag time between rainfall and peak discharge after a storm.
Methods of flood control
The document discusses methods for flood control, including:
1. Controlling water levels through dams, check dams, and reservoirs to store flood waters.
2. Building barriers like levees and embankments to restrict flood waters to river channels.
3. Altering river channels by straightening, widening, and deepening them to increase capacity.
4. Controlling land use near rivers through zoning to reduce impervious surfaces and flooding.
5. Using floodways to divert flood waters into low-lying areas or other pathways.
River classification smj_july25_english
This document provides an overview of fluvial geomorphology and channel classification methods. It discusses the connection between watershed processes, land, and water. Several classification systems are described for classifying stream channels, including the Rosgen and Montgomery-Buffington systems. Level 1 classification involves rapidly identifying stream type, while Level 2 classification uses field measurements of cross-sections, slope, sinuosity and other characteristics to further classify channels. Indicators of bankfull width are also outlined. The classification systems can be used to understand natural channel processes and impacts of disturbance.
How new fish passage development can mitigate the impacts of the Don Sahong H...
This presentation created a lot of interest during the regional consultation on the Don Sahong Hydropower project hosted by the MRC in Pakse in December 2014
Structural flood control options
The document discusses flood damage to structures and flood control/proofing alternatives. It notes that flood damage depends on water depth, time of inundation, contaminants, and flow speed. Static water causes interior damage while dynamic water adds exterior pressure. Relocating structures to higher ground removes obstructions from the floodplain and benefits river processes and fish habitat. Elevating structures onto new foundations has mixed effects, depending on foundation type and whether other flood protection measures can be removed.
Flood resilient presentation 05.16.12
1) Tropical Storm Irene caused record flooding in many Massachusetts rivers, with some peak flows having less than a 0.2% probability of occurring in a given year.
2) The flooding showed that rivers will access their floodplains and erode and deposit sediment in ways that change their channels over time if not prevented by infrastructure like undersized culverts.
3) Massachusetts has established stream crossing standards to maintain river processes and continuity, and these standards are now required under various state permits and regulations. Adhering to these standards helps infrastructure withstand floods like Irene while allowing rivers more natural function.
Presentation_DUET-AH
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of coastal floodplain sedimentation on net subsidence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta. The study uses a hydrodynamic model to simulate sedimentation and erosion rates in the delta's three estuarine systems between 2000-2100. It finds that while the eastern and western regions see net uplift by 2100 due to sedimentation outpacing subsidence, the central region continues subsiding due to higher erosion rates. The sedimentation modeled partially offsets predicted sea level rise impacts in the eastern and western regions but leaves the central region more vulnerable.
Methods of flood control
The document discusses methods for flood control, including controlling water levels through dams and check dams, building barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, controlling land use around rivers, and using floodways. It provides details on reservoirs, levees, and floodways as specific flood control techniques. Levees are described as earthen embankments built between rivers and protected areas to restrict flood water flow, with considerations for their height and freeboard. The Mississippi River levee system is highlighted as one of the largest in the world.
G3 ppt
This document discusses different types of bodies of water including lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, reservoirs, tube wells, and springs. Lakes and ponds are inland bodies of standing or slowly moving fresh water that vary in size from small ponds to large lakes. Streams flow due to gravity and provide benefits like drinking water but can also erode rock. Rivers are larger bodies of flowing water that drain into oceans or other bodies of water. Reservoirs are bodies of impounded water created by dams to regulate water supply. Tube wells and springs tap into underground sources of water.
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
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REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - FLUVIAL DEPOSITION
Fluvial deposition is the process by which a river deposits the material it carries. A river deposits its load when it loses energy, such as when entering a lake or sea or during periods of drought. The largest materials are deposited first as the river loses velocity. If a river suddenly gains a large additional load from an event like a landslide, it will use all its energy to transport material, but will deposit any excess it cannot carry.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - STORM HYDROGRAPHS
The document discusses factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph, including relief, urbanization, and vegetation cover. It defines lag time as the difference between maximum precipitation and peak discharge. The rising limb is often steep because surface runoff quickly transfers water to channels, while the falling limb is less steep as it consists mainly of slower underground water movements like throughflow and baseflow.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DRAINAGE BASIN
A drainage basin is defined as the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Static factors that influence water movement through a basin and do not change over time include rock type, relief, soil type, shape and size of the basin, and drainage density. Dynamic factors that influence water movement through a basin and do vary over time include climate, vegetation, human activities, and previous conditions. All of the factors mentioned influence the amount of water stored in the basin and the rate at which water is transferred between stores.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - SUSTAINABLE FLOOD MANAGEMENT
Sustainable flood management uses natural and soft engineering approaches that work with river systems rather than against them. It involves restoring rivers to their natural state, using wetlands to absorb flood water, and implementing integrated catchment management plans that combine reduction, protection, and both hard and soft engineering approaches. River corridors refer to undeveloped floodplain areas where planning restrictions allow rivers to flood without risk to humans.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
The document contains 4 questions and answers about hydrology and depositional landforms. It discusses how depositional landforms like levees are predominantly found in the lower course of rivers where the velocity decreases, encouraging sediment deposition. It explains that levees are formed through repeated flooding that causes material to build up on river banks. Finally, it lists deltas, alluvial fans, floodplains, oxbow lakes, and point bars as other examples of depositional landforms.
Introduction to River Systems
Rivers are characterized by their velocity, discharge, gradient, channel development, drainage area, and sediment yield. Velocity is the speed of water flow, discharge is the volume of water flowing per second, and gradient refers to the steepness of the river channel and floodplain. Drainage area is the land area that drains into the river, and sediment yield measures the amount of sediment exported from the drainage basin.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
Erosional landforms are predominantly found in the upper course of a river. Pot holes are small, circular depressions formed in river beds by abrasion during turbulent flood waters. Other erosional landforms include waterfalls, rapids, interlocking spurs, and V-shaped valleys.
Methods Of Flood Control For Assessment
The document discusses methods of flood control and river management. It describes various causes of flooding such as heavy rain, urbanization, dam collapse, tsunamis, snowmelt, monsoons, and global warming. Common flood control techniques include building dams and pumping stations, barriers like embankments and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening and widening them, and controlling land use near rivers. The Mississippi and Nile Rivers are discussed as examples, with details provided about the extensive levee system along the Mississippi and the Aswan High Dam on the Nile.
Fish passage design on DŁUBNIA RIVER IN KRAKOW
This document discusses a pool fish pass located on the Dłubnia River in Krakow, Poland. It provides background information on fish passes, including their purpose, design considerations, and dimensions based on fish species. The study aimed to assess the technical condition of this specific fish pass and formulate recommendations to improve its effectiveness for fish migration. Field work was conducted to identify any elements restricting fish passage. The document concludes that the fish pass is not currently operating effectively and recommendations are provided for its renovation.
Sediment transport-Environmental Health
This document summarizes research on sediment transport and coastal erosion along the Gaza coast. It discusses how construction of the Aswan Dam interrupted sediment supply from the Nile River in the 1960s, causing erosion. Methods used include analyzing historical satellite images from 1972-2010 to measure shoreline change and numerical modeling of mitigation structures. Modeling indicated relocating the fishing harbor offshore or using submerged breakwaters could help accretion by 28,000-4,000 m3/km annually, while detached breakwaters and groins caused erosion. The best alternative for restoration was found to be relocating the harbor offshore.
Discharge and velocity
The document discusses key concepts related to river discharge and hydrographs. It defines discharge as the amount of water in a river measured in cubic meters per second. Discharge increases from the source to the mouth as tributaries add more water. Width and depth also increase downstream. Factors like rainfall, temperature, and land use affect discharge. Velocity is the speed of the river measured in meters per second. A hydrograph shows changes in river discharge over time and can reveal the lag time between rainfall and peak discharge after a storm.
Methods of flood control
The document discusses methods for flood control, including:
1. Controlling water levels through dams, check dams, and reservoirs to store flood waters.
2. Building barriers like levees and embankments to restrict flood waters to river channels.
3. Altering river channels by straightening, widening, and deepening them to increase capacity.
4. Controlling land use near rivers through zoning to reduce impervious surfaces and flooding.
5. Using floodways to divert flood waters into low-lying areas or other pathways.
River classification smj_july25_english
This document provides an overview of fluvial geomorphology and channel classification methods. It discusses the connection between watershed processes, land, and water. Several classification systems are described for classifying stream channels, including the Rosgen and Montgomery-Buffington systems. Level 1 classification involves rapidly identifying stream type, while Level 2 classification uses field measurements of cross-sections, slope, sinuosity and other characteristics to further classify channels. Indicators of bankfull width are also outlined. The classification systems can be used to understand natural channel processes and impacts of disturbance.
How new fish passage development can mitigate the impacts of the Don Sahong H...
This presentation created a lot of interest during the regional consultation on the Don Sahong Hydropower project hosted by the MRC in Pakse in December 2014
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1) Tropical Storm Irene caused record flooding in many Massachusetts rivers, with some peak flows having less than a 0.2% probability of occurring in a given year.
2) The flooding showed that rivers will access their floodplains and erode and deposit sediment in ways that change their channels over time if not prevented by infrastructure like undersized culverts.
3) Massachusetts has established stream crossing standards to maintain river processes and continuity, and these standards are now required under various state permits and regulations. Adhering to these standards helps infrastructure withstand floods like Irene while allowing rivers more natural function.
Presentation_DUET-AH
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of coastal floodplain sedimentation on net subsidence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta. The study uses a hydrodynamic model to simulate sedimentation and erosion rates in the delta's three estuarine systems between 2000-2100. It finds that while the eastern and western regions see net uplift by 2100 due to sedimentation outpacing subsidence, the central region continues subsiding due to higher erosion rates. The sedimentation modeled partially offsets predicted sea level rise impacts in the eastern and western regions but leaves the central region more vulnerable.
Methods of flood control
The document discusses methods for flood control, including controlling water levels through dams and check dams, building barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, controlling land use around rivers, and using floodways. It provides details on reservoirs, levees, and floodways as specific flood control techniques. Levees are described as earthen embankments built between rivers and protected areas to restrict flood water flow, with considerations for their height and freeboard. The Mississippi River levee system is highlighted as one of the largest in the world.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 01. FASCISM
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
Weimar had faced a series of problems between 1919 and 1923 (hyperinflation, Munich Putsch, Kapp Putsch) but despite the odds had managed to survive.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
08. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Questions and Answers.pptx
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
07. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Abyssinian Crisis.pptx
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
06. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Manchurian Crisis.pptx
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptx
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
08. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Questions and Answers.pptx
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Chapter 2
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