Revised review of phonatory physiology
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This document discusses the physiology of phonation, or voice production. It covers the key laryngeal cartilages involved, muscles that control them, and the aerodynamic process of phonation. The vocal folds must be approximated, properly tensed and elongated, and airflow must be established from the lungs. Once these conditions are met, the vocal folds vibrate through the interplay of subglottal pressure, elasticity, and the Bernoulli force, creating the periodic sound waves of speech.
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Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is a cyst-like structure in the middle ear filled with skin cells and debris. It can be congenital, arising from embryonic skin cell rests, or acquired through retraction of the eardrum or migration of skin cells through a perforated eardrum. The skin cells in the cholesteatoma produce enzymes that destroy the surrounding bone. Cholesteatoma is evaluated with examination, imaging, and hearing tests. Treatment involves surgery to remove the cholesteatoma and reconstruct the damaged bones.
Theories of cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is a cystic lesion formed from keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium in the temporal bone. It has a complex pathogenesis involving both congenital and acquired factors. Congenitally, it may arise from epithelial rests or microperforations. Acquired cholesteatomas develop primarily from invagination or secondarily from implantation, migration, or basal cell changes. Molecularly, cytokines released in response to bacteria promote bone erosion and development of cholesteatoma.
Disfonia
1. El documento describe la anatomía y fisiología de la producción y emisión de sonidos verbales. 2. Explica los órganos implicados como los pulmones, laringe, boca y articuladores. 3. También analiza las cavidades supraglóticas como la faringe, cavidad oral y nasal y su papel en la resonancia de los sonidos.
Physiology of deglutition
Deglutition involves the coordinated passage of food from the mouth to the stomach through three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. During the oral phase, tongue movements prepare and transfer food into a bolus. In the pharyngeal phase, swallowing becomes reflexive as the bolus passes through the pharynx, with the soft palate and epiglottis protecting the airway. The esophageal phase propels the bolus through peristaltic contractions into the stomach. Swallowing is controlled by brain centers that coordinate the complex activity of muscles and nerves to allow for breathing and swallowing while preventing food from entering the airway.
Disfonía
Este documento describe varios tipos de disfonía, incluyendo alteraciones de las cuerdas vocales, nódulos vocales, pólipos de las cuerdas vocales, cáncer laríngeo, y parálisis de las cuerdas vocales. Explica los métodos de diagnóstico como la laringoscopia y la videoestroboscopia. También cubre los tratamientos como la terapia foniatria, cirugía láser y radioterapia.
9 disfonia
El documento describe la fisiología, anatomía, evaluación y tratamiento de diversas afecciones de la voz. Explica que la voz se produce por la vibración de las cuerdas vocales al pasar el aire de los pulmones, y que cambios anormales en la calidad de la voz se denominan disfonía. Describe varias condiciones como nodulos, pólipos y granulomas laríngeos, así como su tratamiento quirúrgico o rehabilitación. También cubre las disfonías funcionales y psicogénicas sin lesión anató
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is defined as a cystic bag-like structure filled with desquamated squamous debris lying on a fibrous matrix, also known as "skin in the wrong place." It can be congenital or acquired. Acquired cholesteatomas are either primary, with unknown etiology, or secondary caused by acute necrotizing otitis media. Evaluation involves history, examination, audiometry and CT scan to determine extent. Surgical treatment aims to eradicate the cholesteatoma while preserving hearing, with options like canal wall up or down mastoidectomy depending on the case. Complications can include infection, bone destruction, hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis if
Fisiología de la voz-
Este documento presenta una introducción a la fisiología vocal. Explica que la voz se produce a través de la vibración de las cuerdas vocales impulsada por el flujo de aire de los pulmones. Describe la anatomía y función de los sistemas respiratorio, fonatorio y de resonancia, así como las teorías sobre la producción vocal. Finalmente, analiza la histología y biomecánica de las cuerdas vocales, incluyendo su ciclo vibratorio y las posiciones que adoptan durante la fonación.
Trismus
El documento proporciona información sobre el trismo, incluyendo sus definiciones, síntomas, causas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El trismo se define como la limitación de la apertura bucal normal causada por la contracción de los músculos masticadores, generalmente como resultado de una lesión, infección u otros problemas. Las causas más comunes incluyen infecciones dentales o de tejidos blandos cercanos, traumatismos quirúrgicos y condiciones médicas como el tétanos. El tratamiento generalmente implica f
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The document discusses the physiology of voice production, including:
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Disorders of Voice can affect the quality, range, and function of the voice. A thorough assessment of voice disorders involves taking a patient history, examining the larynx and vocal cords, and using objective measures like acoustic analysis and laryngoscopy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include voice therapy, medications, or surgery to address issues like vocal fold lesions or paralysis. Common types of voice disorders include muscle tension dysphonia, vocal nodules, and laryngeal cancer.
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Revised review of phonatory physiology
- 1. Phonation Muscle Review & Physiology
- 6. PCA Action
- 8. LCA
- 9. LCA Action
- 10. Cricothyroid
- 12. Cricothyroid Location and Action
- 14. Laryngeal Physiology • The vibrating vocal folds are the major source of periodic sound for speech. The vocal folds may also produce aperiodic sounds. • In this section, we discuss two main aspects of phonatory physiology: – 1. How are the vocal folds put into vibration? – 2. How do we change the manner in which the vocal folds vibrate?
- 15. Glottal Tone Initiation • Before sound can be produced from the vocal folds, several conditions must be established: • 1. The vocal folds must be approximated or at least brought into the phonatory position. Phonation may also be initiated after complete closing of the vocal folds.
- 16. • 2. It is also necessary to properly tense and elongate the vocal folds prior to actually producing sounds. Length and tension are important determinants of the fundamental vibrating rate of the vocal folds.
- 17. • 3. Finally, there must be airflow from the lungs. In order to be able to produce the required flow of air from the lungs, there must be a sufficient quantity of air in the lungs. • Once the aforementioned conditions have been met, phonation can start.
- 18. The Phonatory Cycle: The Aerodynamic-Myoelastic Theory • The vocal folds are brought to the midline of the glottis via muscular forces. • Vocal fold adduction must occur in coordination with the expiratory air stream. • Subglottal air pressure builds below the closed folds. • The pressure eventually overcomes the resistance of the folds and separates them.
- 19. The Bernoulli Force • The vocal folds return to the midline of the glottis due to (a) elasticity, and (b) the Bernoulli force: – When a gas/fluid moving through a tube reaches a constriction, its velocity increases. – As the gas speeds through the point of constriction, a pressure drop occurs perpendicular to the direction of flow. • The vocal folds are sucked back together in this zone of low pressure.
- 20. Fluid Flow Through a Constriction