The document presents a semi-supervised transfer learning framework that enhances consistency regularization by incorporating adaptive knowledge consistency (AKC) and adaptive representation consistency (ARC). These methods utilize labeled and unlabeled data effectively, demonstrating competitive results against state-of-the-art semi-supervised learning techniques across various benchmarks. The proposed framework aims to improve transfer learning by addressing the domain gap and optimizing representation learning.

1. Adaptive Consistency Regularization for
Semi-Supervised Transfer Learning
Abuduweili et al. (CVPR 2021)
Dongmin Choi
Yonsei University Translational Artificial Intelligence Lab

2. Introduction
Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL)
• Effectively leveraging both labeled and unlabeled data
• Three main approaches:
1) consistency based regularization
2) entropy minimization
3) pseudo label

3. Introduction
Transfer Learning
• The powerful pre-trained model
1) excellent transferability
2) generalization capacity
• Zhou et al.
1) the benefit of SSL are smaller when trained from a pre-trained model
2) combining SSL and transfer learning can solve the domain gap
[Zhou et al, When Semi-Supervised Learning Meets Transfer Learning: Training Strategies, Models and Datasets, arXiv 2018]

4. Introduction
A Semi-Supervised Transfer Learning Framework
• Extend consistency regularization in SSL to adapt the
inductive transfer learning
• Two essential components:
1) Adaptive Knowledge Consistency (AKC)
- transfer knowledge from the pre-trained model
2) Adaptive Representation Consistency (ARC)
- utilize unlabeled examples to adjust the representation

5. Related Work
Domain Adaptation
• Tackle the sample selection bias btw the training and test data
• Generate domain invariant representation over the training set
• 내용 추가 필요

6. Related Work
Semi-Supervised Learning
• Consistency based regularization
- hypothesis : the decision boundary should not pass through high-
density areas
→ two close inputs are expected to have the same label
[Engelen et al, A survey on semi-supervised learning, Machine Learning 2020

7. Related Work
Semi-Supervised Learning
• П-model
[Laine, Temporal Ensembling for Semi-Supervised Learning, ICLR 2017
Targets can be noisy
prior network evaluations

8. Related Work
Semi-Supervised Learning
• Mean Teacher
[Tarvainen, Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning results, NIPS 2017
Averages model weights instead of label predictions

9. Related Work
Semi-Supervised Learning
• FixMatch
[Sohn et al., FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidence, NeurIPS 2020
Consistency regularization + Pseudo labeling

10. The Proposed Framework

11. The Proposed Framework
𝑫𝒕
𝒍
𝑫𝒕
𝒖
𝑭𝜽𝟎
𝑭𝜽
𝑮𝜽𝟎
𝑮𝜽
𝜃∗
, 𝜙∗
= arg min
𝜃,𝜙
∑𝑖=1
𝑛
𝐿CE 𝜃, 𝜙; 𝑥𝑙
𝑖
+ 𝑅 𝜃

12. The Proposed Framework
𝑅𝐾 =
1
𝐵𝑙 + 𝐵𝑢
෍
𝑥𝑖∈𝐿∪𝑈
𝑤K
𝑖
KL 𝐹𝜃0 𝑥𝑖
, 𝐹𝜃 𝑥𝑖
1. Adaptive Knowledge Consistency (AKC)

13. The Proposed Framework
𝑅𝐾 =
1
𝐵𝑙 + 𝐵𝑢
෍
𝑥𝑖∈𝐿∪𝑈
𝒘𝐊
𝒊
KL 𝐹𝜃0 𝑥𝑖
, 𝐹𝜃 𝑥𝑖
1. Adaptive Knowledge Consistency (AKC)
Sample importance 𝒘𝐊
𝒊
= 𝐈 𝐇 𝐩𝒔
𝒊
≤ 𝝐𝐊
- An entropy function H p𝑠
𝑖 = − ∑𝑗=1
𝐶𝑠
p𝑠,𝑗
𝑖
log p𝑠,𝑗
𝑖
- I : a hard entropy-gate function (calculated entropy → binary sample importance)

14. The Proposed Framework
2. Adaptive Representation Consistency (ARC)
Maximum Mean Discrepancies (MMD)
to measure the distance
(Let’s skip the details!)

15. The Proposed Framework
Summarization of the Framework
𝐿 𝜃, 𝜙 =
1
𝑛
෍
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝐿CE 𝜃, 𝜙; 𝑥𝑙
𝑖
+ 𝜆S𝐿S 𝑥𝑢
𝑖
+ 𝜆K𝑅K 𝑥𝑙
𝑖
, 𝑥𝑢
𝑖
+ 𝜆R𝐿R 𝑥𝑙
𝑖
, 𝑥𝑢
𝑖
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4

16. Experiments
Results on CUB-200-2011

17. Experiments
Results on MURA

18. Experiments
Results on CIFAR-10

19. Experiments
Results on CIFAR-10

20. Experiments
The actual sample selected ratio in ARC and AKC
Near 0.9
- exclude hard samples

21. Experiments
In Fully Supervised Transfer Learning

22. Conclusion
Two regularization methods : AKC and ARC
• Competitive among S.O.T.A SSL methods
• Best performance among several baseline methods on various
transfer learning benchmarks
• Can be used for more general transfer learning and (semi-)
supervised learning frameworks

23. Thank you