2. The Respiratory System
• Respiratory system includes the lungs,
branching system of tubes, and cavities that
link the sites of gas exchange with the
external environment.
• Respiratory system supplies the body with
oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide.
• Respiration involves pulmonary ventilation,
external respiration, transport of respiratory
gases, internal respiration, & oxygen
utilization.
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4. • Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing):-consists
of thoracic cage, intercostal muscles,
diaphragm, and elastic components of the
lung. It is inhalation and exhalation of air.
• Gas Exchange:-It is performed b/n air & blood
in pulmonary capillaries w/h is called external
respiration and b/n blood and tissue cells in
systemic capillaries w/h is called internal
respiration.
• Oxygen Utilization:-It is performed by all body
cells called cellular respiration, and is energy
producing chemical reactions in the body.
10. Major Functions of Respiratory System
Gas exchange
Contains receptors for the sense of smell
Filtration of inspired air (warm, moisten & trap)
Production of sound
Articulation of words
Excretion of some water and gets rid of heat
in exhaled air
11.
12. Respiratory Epithelium
• ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
and lines most of the conducting part.
• has at least five cell types, all of w/h touch the
thick basement membrane:
1. Ciliated columnar cells:-are the most
abundant and each cell has about 300 cilia
on its apically.
2. Goblet cells:-abundant in some areas of the
epithelium. Their apical portions filled with
granules of mucin glycoproteins.
ByJEMALY.
13. 3. Brush cells:- are scattered columnar cell and
apically have surface many short, blunt
microvilli. They express signal transduction
components like those of gustatory cells and
have afferent nerve endings on their basal
surfaces and are considered to be
chemosensory receptors.
4. Small granule cells:-have numerous dense
core granules 100–300 nm in diameter. Like
brush cells, they represent 3% of the total
cells and are part of DNES (diffuse
neuroendocrine system)
14. 5. Basal cells
-are stem cells that give rise to the other cell
types of this epithelium
-are small rounded cells
-found on the basement membrane
-do not extend to the luminal surface
16. • Tracheal epithelium, ciliated & non ciliated
cells, note the difference in size b/n cilia &
microvilli.
17. Olfactory Epithelium
-contains the olfactory chemoreceptors.
-10 cm2 w/h is responsible for smell (olfaction).
-is in specialized region of mucous membrane.
-covers superior conchae at roof of nasal cavity.
-the lamina propria has large serous glands
(Bowman’s glands), w/h produce a flow of
fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia and
facilitating the access of odoriferous
substances.
ByJEMALY.
18. Olfactory Epithelium
• is also pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• is composed of three types of cells:
1. Supporting Cells
-columnar, with cylindrical apex & narrow base
-have microvilli submerged in a fluid layer
-junctional complex bind them to olfactory cells
ByJEMALY.
19. 2. Olfactory Neurons
-are bipolar neurons that lie b/n the supporting
cells and the basal cells
-its apical pole is the dendrite end, from w/h
long nonmotile cilia emerge, and has surface
area for membrane chemoreceptors
3. Basal Cells
-are the stem cells for the other two types
-are small, spherical or cone-shaped
-form a layer at the basal lamina
ByJEMALY.
22. Components of the Respiratory System:
– Nose
– Pharynx (throat)
– Larynx (voice box)
– Trachea (wind pipe)
– Bronchi
– Lungs
23.
24. The NOSE
-provides an airway for respiration.
-includes the external nose & nasal cavity.
• External Anatomy of Nose
-is covered by skin and has many parts: Root,
Dorsum, Alae, Apex, Nasal Septum, & Nares.
-The dorsum extends from the root to the apex
-The Nares (Ant Nasal Apertures) are bound laty
by the alae (meaning, wings).
-is supported by many bones & cartilages.
-Size variation of noses is due to differences in
nasal cartilages.
28. Nasal Cavity
• is the cavity for passage of air.
• lined by psuedostratified & stratified epithelia.
• has 2 types of mucosa: Respiratory mucosa,
w/h lines most of the nasal cavity and
Olfactory mucosa, is at the roof of nasal
cavity and houses olfactory receptors.
• has 3 regions: Olfactory region (small area at
the roof of the cavity), Respiratory region
(most part of the cavity), & Nasal Vestibule
(around the nares, where hair grows).
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29. Regions of the two Nasal Cavities
• Olfactory Regions
• Respiratory Regions
• Nasal Vestibule
31. NASAL CONCHAE
-are three bony shelf-like projections.
-The middle & inferior conchae are covered
with respiratory epithelium; the superior
concha is covered with olfactory epithelium
-form narrow passages to improve the
conditioning of inspired air by increasing
surface area of moist, warm mucosa and by
slowing and increasing turbulence in the
airflow. The result is increased contact b/n air
streams and the mucous layer.
ByJEMALY.
33. Paranasal Sinuses
• are air filled extensions of the nasal cavity into
the cranial bones namely the frontal,
ethmoid, sphenoid, & maxilla bones.
• are paired cavities in the surrounding bones.
• open into the nasal cavity and include the:
Frontal Sinuses
Sphenoidal Sinuses
Ethmoidal Sinuses
Maxillary Sinuses
- the nasolacrimal duct also opens into the nasal
cavity
35. Functions of nasal cavity
-Sensation of smell (olfactory nerves).
-Provide airway for respiration.
-Filter, warm and moisten the inspired air.
-Cleanse itself of foreign matter.
-Reception and elimination of secretions from
the nasal mucosa, paranasal sinuses, and
nasolacrimal ducts.
-Resonance of voice.
36. PHARYNX
• connects the nasal & oral cavity and
respiratory & digestive tracts.
• is a funnel shaped passageway that starts at
the internal nares of the nasal cavity and
extends to the larynx.
• lies posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and
superior to the larynx.
• its walls mainly contain muscles
37. • Functions of Pharynx include:
- is a passageway for air and food
- provides resonating chamber for speech
sounds
- Houses the tonsils – which have
immunological reaction against foreign
invaders
38. Anatomical Regions of Pharynx
Nasopharynx
• lies posterior to the nasal cavity w/h has five
openings: two internal nares, two openings to
auditory tubes, & opening into oropharynx.
• receives air from nasal cavity and packages of
dust-loaded mucus.
• posterior wall has medial pharyngeal tonsils.
• exchanges small amount of air with the
middle ear through the Eustachian tube to
equalize air pressure b/n the two chambers.
40. Oropharynx
• lies posterior to oral cavity and extends from
the soft palate to the level of hyoid bone.
• contains the fauces, the opening to oral cavity.
• has both respiratory and digestive functions;
(a common passageway for air, food, & drink).
• has 2 pairs of tonsils (palatine & lingual tonsil)
41.
42. Laryngopharynx
• is the distal most part of the pharynx.
• begins at the level of the hyoid bone and
opens into the esophagus posteriorly and
larynx anteriorly.
• is both respiratory and digestive passageway.
43.
44. LARYNX
• is rigid, short (4x4 cm) b/n pharynx & trachea
• its wall is reinforced by 9 cartilages: the
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, cuneiform,
corniculate, & superior arytenoid cartilages
• These cartilages maintain an open airway and
also move by muscles to participate in sound
production during phonation
• The epiglottis serves as a valve to prevent
swallowed food or fluid from entering the
trachea
ByJEMALY.
45. LARYNX
-is rigid, short (4x4 cm) b/n pharynx & trachea
-Its wall is reinforced by 9 cartilages (thyroid, cricoid,
arytenoid, epiglottis, cuneiform, & corniculate
cartilages)
-In addition to maintaining an open airway,
movements of these cartilages by skeletal muscles
participate in sound production during phonation
and the epiglottis serves as a valve to prevent
swallowed food or fluid from entering the trachea
ByJEMALY.
46. The 9 cartilages of the Larynx:
The Three Single are:
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
The Three Paired are:
Cuneiform Cartilages
Corniculate Cartilages
Arytenoid Cartilages
Lat view of larynx
The
Trachea
48. Ant view of larynx
Thyroid Cart.
Epiglottis
Cricoid Cart.
Trachea
Larynx Cartilages
49. Structures of Voice Production in the larynx
• The mucous membrane of the larynx forms
two pairs of folds.
The inferior pair called the true vocal cords.
They produce sound when they vibrate by air.
and have vocalis muscle.
The superior pair called false vocal cords
(ventricular folds). They support the true vocal
cords and do not produce sound.
51. TRACHEA
-is about 13 cm long, extending from the larynx.
-lined with a typical respiratory epithelium.
-its submucosa has 16–20 C-shaped hyaline
cartilages that keep tracheal lumen open.
-The free spaces of the cartilages are on the
posterior surface, against the esophagus, and
are bridged by trachealis muscle b/n the
cartilages’ ends.
-The entire organ is surrounded by adventitia.
-bifurcates into two, right & left, main bronchi.
ByJEMALY.
54. BRONCHI
• The right & left main (principal, primary)
bronchi enter respective lungs and are lined by
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
• Right main bronchus is more vertical, shorter,
& wider than the left, thus, when ever there is
aspiration of foreign body, it is more likely to
enter the right main bronchus (i.e. making it
more vulnerable to infection) than the left.
• Each main bronchus divides into lobar bronchi.
55. Bronchial Tree
• Bronchial tree is the branching system of the airway
beginning from the primary bronchi.
Primary Bronchi:- The right main bronchus divides
into 3 lobar bronchi; whereas the left main
bronchus divides into 2 lobar bronchi.
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi:- are 3 in the right lung
and 2 in the left lung and each supplies a lobe.
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi:- are 10 in the right
lung and 9 in the left lung that form as each
secondary bronchus branches and each supplies a
bronchopulmonary segment.
ByJEMALY.
56. The Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary Bronchi
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Right
Primary
Bronchus
Right & Left
Secondary
Bronchi
Left
Tertiary
Bronchi
Right
Tertiary
Bronchi
The
Left
Primary
Bronchus
The
57. Bronchioles:-form as each tertiary bronchus
divides into smaller branches.
Terminal Bronchioles:-form as each
bronchiole divides into branches.
Respiratory Bronchioles:-form as each
terminal bronchiole divides into branches.
Alveolar Ducts:-are smaller branches from
each respiratory bronchiole.
Alveolar Sacs:-form by groups of alveoli, w/h
have a common alveolar duct.
Alveoli:-terminal strs and are 300 million.
ByJEMALY.
60. LUNGS
• are cone-shaped, spongy organs of respiration
attached to the heart by their roots.
• covered by double layered serous membrane
called pleura in w/h the superficial layer lines
the wall of the thoracic cavity and is called
parietal pleura, and the deep layer is called
visceral pleura, that covers the lungs.
• The space b/n the parietal & visceral layers is
called pleural cavity, w/h is filled with serous
fluid that decreases friction b/n the pleurae.
61.
62.
63. Lung Hilum: is an area on the medial aspect
of each lung where bronchi, pulmonary veins
& arteries, & nerves enter & leave the lung.
Lung Root: a bundle of the above structures.
Fissures: are grooves w/h divide the lungs into
lobes. Both lungs have an oblique fissures.
The right lung has also a horizontal fissure.
Lobes: are divisions of lung and the left lung
has two lobes (upper & lower) and the right
lung has three lobes (upper, middle & lower).
Lobules: are pyramidal divisions of each lobe
and the right lobe has 10 & the left one 9.
64. Difference b/n the two lungs
Right Lung Left Lung
Has 2 fissures Has 1 fissure
Has 3 lobes Has 2 lobes
Has 10 lobules Has 9 lobules
Larger Smaller
Weighs 700gm Weighs 600gm
Shorter & broader Longer & narrower
Has not cardiac notch Has cardiac notch
65.
66. Bronchopulmonary Segments
• are anatomical & functional units of the lungs.
• are the lobules of the lungs partitioned by
septa of the lung tissue.
• each is supplied by a tertiary bronchus & a
segmental branch of pulmonary artery.
• are clinically important for surgeons to
remove the diseased segment of a lung b/c a
single segment can be resected out without
affecting the functions of the other segments.
68. Tertiary bronchi to the bronchopulmonary segments
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in the
in the
in the
in the
in the
Lobe
Lobe
Lobe
Lobe
Lobe
69. Respiratory Membrane
• is a layer of tissue through O2 from the lungs
enter the blood and CO2 from the blood
enter the lungs.
• is composed of:
Epithelium of the alveolar wall
Basement membrane of the alveolar wall
Capillary basement membrane
Endothelial cells of the capillary
73. Pleural Effusion
-presence of excess fluid in the pleural cavity.
-associated with congestive heart failure,
infectious lung diseases, trauma.
-effusion of blood is termed hemothorax.
74.
75. Bronchitis (Traheobronchitis)
-inflammation of the bronchi or
tracheobroncheal tree.
-may results in narrowing/ blocking of the air
way passage.
Asthma
-an allergic condition that involves the
respiratory system causing spasm of smooth
muscles result in constriction of air passage
77. Emphysema
-a disease that causes breakdown of the
alveolar septa.
-results in decreased surface area for gas
exchange by damaging surrounding tissue.
-is a chronic medical disorder of the lungs in
w/h the air sacs are dilated or enlarged and
lack flexibility, so that breathing is impaired
and infection sometimes occurs.
78. Laryngitis
-inflammation of the larynx, most often caused
by a respiratory infection or irritants such as
cigarette smoke.
-Inflammation of the vocal cords causes
hoarseness of voice by interfering with
contraction of the folds or by causing swelling
of the folds → decrease vibration.
Sinusitis
-is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
79. Primary Pulmonary Cancer
-Smoking is leading cause of all types of lung
cancers.
-common site: epithelium of bronchi.
–bronchogenic carcinoma
–masses form and block air passages
–metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver,
bones, brain, or kidney
80. Influenza
• is an acute infectious respiratory disease.
• results from viral infection.
• causes fever, chills, headache, anorexia.
Cystic Fibrosis
• is hereditary disorder, w/h affects exocrine
glands.
• viscous mucus blocks bronchioles.
• gas exchange impaired.
