1) All living cells need to respire and undergo aerobic respiration using glucose and oxygen to release energy through a series of chemical reactions and produce carbon dioxide and water.
2) Oxygen is absorbed from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries it through capillaries to tissues, while carbon dioxide moves from tissues to the bloodstream and is expelled from the lungs.
3) When exercising, breathing and heart rates increase to supply cells with more oxygen and glucose through respiration.
The document provides information about human anatomy and physiology related to respiration, circulation, excretion, and reproduction. It contains detailed descriptions and diagrams of the structures and processes involved. The document is authored by Ng Chee Kin and copyrighted in 2012.
Light travels in straight lines and can be blocked by opaque objects, creating shadows. Transparent materials like glass transmit light, while opaque surfaces can absorb or reflect it. Cameras and eyes work similarly, with light rays passing through a lens or pupil to form an upside-down image on the retina or photographic film. Reflection occurs when light rays bounce uniformly off flat mirrors at the same angle they hit, while refraction changes the speed and direction of light when it passes from one medium to another like through glass.
The document compares equal qualities and quantities in Spanish and English. It explains that in Spanish, equal qualities are compared using "tan...como" between an adjective or adverb, while equal quantities are compared using "tanto...como" between a noun. Examples are provided such as "Juan es tan alto como yo" (John is as tall as I am) and "Yo tengo tantos carros como él" (I have as many cars as he has). Fill-in-the-blank exercises follow to practice these comparisons.
The document provides instructions for a school assignment to research and report on accounting scandals. It lists three scandals as examples: Bernie Madoff stole $21 billion from investors and is serving a 150-year prison sentence; Martha Stewart avoided stock losses by selling before a decline was public and served 5 months in jail; Charles Ponzi ran an investment scam without actually investing, was charged with fraud, tried and served 5 years in prison. The student indicates they will focus their project on the Bernie Madoff scandal.
This document provides evaluation criteria for digital library resources and services. It outlines criteria for key areas like search functionality, display options, standards, performance, services, and evaluation. Search criteria include basic and advanced search features. Display criteria cover options for viewing search results. The document also lists criteria for help documentation, linking, and technical standards compliance.
The document outlines 10 lessons that the arts teach, including that the arts celebrate multiple perspectives and solutions to problems rather than just rules or single answers. The arts also teach that problems can be solved in complex ways that change with circumstances, and that subtle differences can have large effects. Furthermore, the arts help students to express what cannot be said through other means and to experience feelings that no other source can provide.
The human reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. Males and females have different reproductive organs that produce sex cells - ovaries produce egg cells in females and testes produce sperm cells in males. Puberty causes physical and emotional changes as adolescents develop the ability to reproduce. Fertilization occurs when sperm meets egg, leading to pregnancy as the embryo develops and implants in the uterus. A baby develops over 9 months of gestation, receiving nutrients from the placenta, until birth.
The document provides information about human anatomy and physiology related to respiration, circulation, excretion, and reproduction. It contains detailed descriptions and diagrams of the structures and processes involved. The document is authored by Ng Chee Kin and copyrighted in 2012.
Light travels in straight lines and can be blocked by opaque objects, creating shadows. Transparent materials like glass transmit light, while opaque surfaces can absorb or reflect it. Cameras and eyes work similarly, with light rays passing through a lens or pupil to form an upside-down image on the retina or photographic film. Reflection occurs when light rays bounce uniformly off flat mirrors at the same angle they hit, while refraction changes the speed and direction of light when it passes from one medium to another like through glass.
The document compares equal qualities and quantities in Spanish and English. It explains that in Spanish, equal qualities are compared using "tan...como" between an adjective or adverb, while equal quantities are compared using "tanto...como" between a noun. Examples are provided such as "Juan es tan alto como yo" (John is as tall as I am) and "Yo tengo tantos carros como él" (I have as many cars as he has). Fill-in-the-blank exercises follow to practice these comparisons.
The document provides instructions for a school assignment to research and report on accounting scandals. It lists three scandals as examples: Bernie Madoff stole $21 billion from investors and is serving a 150-year prison sentence; Martha Stewart avoided stock losses by selling before a decline was public and served 5 months in jail; Charles Ponzi ran an investment scam without actually investing, was charged with fraud, tried and served 5 years in prison. The student indicates they will focus their project on the Bernie Madoff scandal.
This document provides evaluation criteria for digital library resources and services. It outlines criteria for key areas like search functionality, display options, standards, performance, services, and evaluation. Search criteria include basic and advanced search features. Display criteria cover options for viewing search results. The document also lists criteria for help documentation, linking, and technical standards compliance.
The document outlines 10 lessons that the arts teach, including that the arts celebrate multiple perspectives and solutions to problems rather than just rules or single answers. The arts also teach that problems can be solved in complex ways that change with circumstances, and that subtle differences can have large effects. Furthermore, the arts help students to express what cannot be said through other means and to experience feelings that no other source can provide.
The human reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. Males and females have different reproductive organs that produce sex cells - ovaries produce egg cells in females and testes produce sperm cells in males. Puberty causes physical and emotional changes as adolescents develop the ability to reproduce. Fertilization occurs when sperm meets egg, leading to pregnancy as the embryo develops and implants in the uterus. A baby develops over 9 months of gestation, receiving nutrients from the placenta, until birth.
Lampung land survey | jasa pemetaan lampungsupriyantoedi
This document provides information about land survey services in Lampung, Indonesia. The services include topography measurement surveys, hydrography surveys, construction measurements, calculating cut and fill volumes, cross sections, monitoring, staking out plots and pickets, measuring land areas and boundaries, building grids, establishing fixed points, and producing situation drawings. Contact details are provided for Edi Supriyanto, who can be reached by phone or email.
Este documento repite la frase "Algunas cosas parecen sencillas, pero son algo complicadas" varias veces para enfatizar que aunque poner un fondo negro en Word cambia automáticamente el color de la fuente a blanco, los bordes y sombreados pueden ser más complicados de lo que parecen.
This certificate recognizes Mark Halfon for his achievement in selling the Clearwell eDiscovery Platform from Symantec in May 2013. Symantec is proud to award Mark Halfon the designation of Sales Expert. The certificate is signed by Bill DeLacy, Symantec's SVP of Global Sales & Marketing.
Hood Chevrolet, a Chevrolet dealer near New Orleans, has received the new 2013 Chevrolet Avalanche truck. The 2013 Avalanche features a bold exterior and cutting-edge interior, and can transform from an SUV to a pickup truck quickly. It has a 5.3L V-8 engine that provides powerful performance. New Orleans drivers will enjoy an improved ride from the fully boxed frame and rack-and-pinion steering. Interested customers are encouraged to contact Hood Chevrolet for more information on the 2013 Chevrolet Avalanche.
O documento descreve a configuração de um DVR-2 em um rack no dia 19 de dezembro de 2013 pela empresa RTE - Rodonaves. O técnico preparou o DVR-2 para instalação no rack 2, configurou os pontos e endereçou as câmeras nas docas de forma sistemática usando um terminal de programação, software D'Guard Center e ferramentas de extensão e rotulagem.
El documento es un texto corto que menciona el Colegio Nicolás Esguerra en Bogotá, Colombia en el año 1938. Parece ser un lema o frase del colegio que dice "Construimos el futuro".
The document discusses the circulatory system in animals and the transport of substances in plants. It describes how the heart pumps blood through arteries and veins to circulate oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and other substances around the body. Blood contains red blood cells with hemoglobin that carries oxygen, white blood cells that fight infection, and platelets that help with clotting. The document also explains how xylem vessels transport water and minerals absorbed by roots up through the stem and leaves in plants.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels which supply the body with a constant flow of blood. Blood is pumped around the body by rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The forces exerted by blood flow through the main arteries is called blood pressure, which varies with heart rate, arterial wall elasticity, and blood volume and thickness.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The human circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs through veins. Birds and mammals have further developed separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits to oxygenate blood in the lungs before distributing it to the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers that pump oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the lungs and body. Blood vessels called arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins return deoxygenated blood back to it. The main functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, regulate blood pressure and fluid balance, and protect the body from infection.
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells through the continuous pumping of the heart. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through arteries and veins. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart while veins return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells. The lungs replenish the blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through respiration before the blood returns to the heart again.
Study the concept map below and then answer the questions that follow.pdfshalins6
Study the concept map below and then answer the questions that follow. Copyright on McGraw-
HilEducation Permission required for reproduction or display BLOOD co, and o. is transported
includes Platelets include are suspended Red blood cells espiratory system Consists of
Circulatory espiratory tract respiratory tract system Heart Blood vessels Lungs Alveoli Body
tissues
Solution
Answer:
1.
Respiring cells release waste carbon dioxide into the blood
Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood
Carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the lungs
2.
Circulatory system is divided into two loops called pulmonary circulation and systemic
circulation.
Pulmonary circulation exchanges gases at alveoli
3.
Blood vessels include arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries have more smooth muscle than veins
Capillaries exchange dissolve substances with interstitial fluids.
The heart is divided into four chambers to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Valves between the chambers prevent backflow of blood.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It defines components of the heart like the atria and ventricles. It also defines arteries, veins, capillaries, and other parts of the circulatory system. Additionally, it describes how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveoli and surrounding capillaries in the lungs.
The document summarizes the circulation of blood in the human body. It describes how blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs, passing through the heart's four chambers - the right and left atria and ventricles. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. There are different blood types which determine blood donation compatibility. The circulatory system includes arteries which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood throughout the body. It is made of cardiac muscle and is connected to the lungs and the rest of the body via blood vessels. The heart has four chambers - two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. It contains valves that ensure blood flows in one direction. Doctors can check a patient's heartbeat using a stethoscope or electrocardiogram machine.
The document defines key terms related to the circulatory system:
Vessels transport blood throughout the body, including large vessels and small vessels. Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells using the protein hemoglobin. The heart has four chambers - two atriums which receive blood and two ventricles which pump blood to the body and lungs. Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues. Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins, exchanging gases at the cellular level. Circulation refers to the circular path of blood flow through the body and lungs via the heart.
The document defines key terms related to the circulatory system:
Vessels transport blood throughout the body, including large vessels and small vessels. Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells using the protein hemoglobin. The heart has four chambers - two atriums which receive blood and two ventricles which pump blood to the body and lungs. Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues. Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins, exchanging oxygen and nutrients with cells. Circulation refers to the circular path of blood flow through the body and lungs.
The human circulatory system consists of three main parts - the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added. The blood is then pumped throughout the body via arteries, veins, and capillaries to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste before returning to the heart to restart the cycle.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through the body. Components include blood, heart and blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries and veins. Early vertebrates had simpler hearts but over time hearts evolved to have more chambers and septa to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts with complete septation allowing for dual circulation.
Lampung land survey | jasa pemetaan lampungsupriyantoedi
This document provides information about land survey services in Lampung, Indonesia. The services include topography measurement surveys, hydrography surveys, construction measurements, calculating cut and fill volumes, cross sections, monitoring, staking out plots and pickets, measuring land areas and boundaries, building grids, establishing fixed points, and producing situation drawings. Contact details are provided for Edi Supriyanto, who can be reached by phone or email.
Este documento repite la frase "Algunas cosas parecen sencillas, pero son algo complicadas" varias veces para enfatizar que aunque poner un fondo negro en Word cambia automáticamente el color de la fuente a blanco, los bordes y sombreados pueden ser más complicados de lo que parecen.
This certificate recognizes Mark Halfon for his achievement in selling the Clearwell eDiscovery Platform from Symantec in May 2013. Symantec is proud to award Mark Halfon the designation of Sales Expert. The certificate is signed by Bill DeLacy, Symantec's SVP of Global Sales & Marketing.
Hood Chevrolet, a Chevrolet dealer near New Orleans, has received the new 2013 Chevrolet Avalanche truck. The 2013 Avalanche features a bold exterior and cutting-edge interior, and can transform from an SUV to a pickup truck quickly. It has a 5.3L V-8 engine that provides powerful performance. New Orleans drivers will enjoy an improved ride from the fully boxed frame and rack-and-pinion steering. Interested customers are encouraged to contact Hood Chevrolet for more information on the 2013 Chevrolet Avalanche.
O documento descreve a configuração de um DVR-2 em um rack no dia 19 de dezembro de 2013 pela empresa RTE - Rodonaves. O técnico preparou o DVR-2 para instalação no rack 2, configurou os pontos e endereçou as câmeras nas docas de forma sistemática usando um terminal de programação, software D'Guard Center e ferramentas de extensão e rotulagem.
El documento es un texto corto que menciona el Colegio Nicolás Esguerra en Bogotá, Colombia en el año 1938. Parece ser un lema o frase del colegio que dice "Construimos el futuro".
The document discusses the circulatory system in animals and the transport of substances in plants. It describes how the heart pumps blood through arteries and veins to circulate oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and other substances around the body. Blood contains red blood cells with hemoglobin that carries oxygen, white blood cells that fight infection, and platelets that help with clotting. The document also explains how xylem vessels transport water and minerals absorbed by roots up through the stem and leaves in plants.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels which supply the body with a constant flow of blood. Blood is pumped around the body by rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The forces exerted by blood flow through the main arteries is called blood pressure, which varies with heart rate, arterial wall elasticity, and blood volume and thickness.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The human circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs through veins. Birds and mammals have further developed separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits to oxygenate blood in the lungs before distributing it to the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers that pump oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to and from the lungs and body. Blood vessels called arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins return deoxygenated blood back to it. The main functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, regulate blood pressure and fluid balance, and protect the body from infection.
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells through the continuous pumping of the heart. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through arteries and veins. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart while veins return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells. The lungs replenish the blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through respiration before the blood returns to the heart again.
Study the concept map below and then answer the questions that follow.pdfshalins6
Study the concept map below and then answer the questions that follow. Copyright on McGraw-
HilEducation Permission required for reproduction or display BLOOD co, and o. is transported
includes Platelets include are suspended Red blood cells espiratory system Consists of
Circulatory espiratory tract respiratory tract system Heart Blood vessels Lungs Alveoli Body
tissues
Solution
Answer:
1.
Respiring cells release waste carbon dioxide into the blood
Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood
Carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the lungs
2.
Circulatory system is divided into two loops called pulmonary circulation and systemic
circulation.
Pulmonary circulation exchanges gases at alveoli
3.
Blood vessels include arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries have more smooth muscle than veins
Capillaries exchange dissolve substances with interstitial fluids.
The heart is divided into four chambers to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Valves between the chambers prevent backflow of blood.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It defines components of the heart like the atria and ventricles. It also defines arteries, veins, capillaries, and other parts of the circulatory system. Additionally, it describes how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveoli and surrounding capillaries in the lungs.
The document summarizes the circulation of blood in the human body. It describes how blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs, passing through the heart's four chambers - the right and left atria and ventricles. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. There are different blood types which determine blood donation compatibility. The circulatory system includes arteries which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood throughout the body. It is made of cardiac muscle and is connected to the lungs and the rest of the body via blood vessels. The heart has four chambers - two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. It contains valves that ensure blood flows in one direction. Doctors can check a patient's heartbeat using a stethoscope or electrocardiogram machine.
The document defines key terms related to the circulatory system:
Vessels transport blood throughout the body, including large vessels and small vessels. Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells using the protein hemoglobin. The heart has four chambers - two atriums which receive blood and two ventricles which pump blood to the body and lungs. Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues. Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins, exchanging gases at the cellular level. Circulation refers to the circular path of blood flow through the body and lungs via the heart.
The document defines key terms related to the circulatory system:
Vessels transport blood throughout the body, including large vessels and small vessels. Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells using the protein hemoglobin. The heart has four chambers - two atriums which receive blood and two ventricles which pump blood to the body and lungs. Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues. Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins, exchanging oxygen and nutrients with cells. Circulation refers to the circular path of blood flow through the body and lungs.
The human circulatory system consists of three main parts - the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added. The blood is then pumped throughout the body via arteries, veins, and capillaries to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste before returning to the heart to restart the cycle.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through the body. Components include blood, heart and blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries and veins. Early vertebrates had simpler hearts but over time hearts evolved to have more chambers and septa to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts with complete septation allowing for dual circulation.
The human circulatory system consists of three main parts: the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added. The blood is then pumped throughout the body via arteries, veins, and capillaries, supplying oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste before returning to the heart to restart the cycle.
This document discusses gas exchange in the lungs and respiratory system. It describes how oxygen is brought into the body during inhalation and carbon dioxide is removed during exhalation. The roles of the diaphragm, alveoli, and blood in transporting gases throughout the body are explained. Various oxygen therapy devices and their uses are also outlined.
The respiratory system consists of a series of organs responsible for gas exchange. It includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The trachea is a windpipe about 4 inches long that divides into two bronchi, one for each lung. The trachea and bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing ciliated, goblet, and basal cells. The bronchioles continue branching and lead to alveoli in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs through a thin membrane between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardio respiratory system. It discusses how the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and respiratory system work together to oxygenate tissues and remove carbon dioxide. Specifically, it outlines the roles of blood (transportation, regulation, protection), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), the heart (pumping blood through the body), and respiration (gas exchange in lungs and tissues). Overall, the cardio respiratory system carries oxygen to tissues and removes waste through integrated functions of circulation and breathing.
Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. It occurs through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues. External respiration is the exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood in the lungs. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and cells. The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs which have alveoli that facilitate gas exchange with blood to oxygenate tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
1. The student was asked to grow an uncontaminated culture of microbes. The method provided involved sterilizing equipment, heating an inoculating loop, spreading bacteria onto agar jelly in a petri dish, and incubating the dish at 25°C.
2. The student tested the effectiveness of four antibiotic solutions by placing sterile paper discs dipped in each solution onto agar with growing bacteria. After two days of incubation, different sized regions with no bacterial growth were observed around each disc.
3. The least effective antibiotic produced the smallest region without bacteria, as the size of this region indicates how strongly the antibiotic inhibited bacterial growth. Calculations of the area of the bacterial-free zones would be inaccurate
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA developed from a similar strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) that was treatable with antibiotics. Through natural selection, some MSSA bacteria gained mutations that made them resistant to antibiotics. Those resistant bacteria survived exposure to antibiotics and passed on the resistance genes through asexual reproduction, leading to the emergence of the MRSA strain.
The document discusses antibiotic resistance, specifically Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are difficult to treat with antibiotics that previously worked. This is because MRSA developed from a strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus that was susceptible to antibiotics, through natural selection whereby bacteria resistant to antibiotics survived and passed on those resistance genes. New treatments are needed to kill MRSA since existing antibiotics are no longer effective.
The document summarizes data from a hospital in the 1800s that showed higher death rates for women giving birth in Ward A compared to Ward B. After 1840, only doctors worked in Ward A while only midwives worked in Ward B, resulting in a much lower death rate in Ward B. In 1847, Semmelweis required doctors to wash their hands with chloride of lime before childbirth. This led to a significant reduction in the Ward A death rate in 1848-1849, bringing it closer to the rate in Ward B. The hand washing killed bacteria that doctors were transmitting from autopsies to women during childbirth.
The document summarizes data from the 1800s that showed death rates of women giving birth in two hospital wards: Ward A and Ward B. Before 1840, both wards had similar high death rates as doctors and midwives worked in both. After 1840, Ward A had only doctors while Ward B had only midwives, and Ward B saw significantly lower death rates. Dr. Semmelweis later required doctors to wash their hands in chloride of lime solution before deliveries in Ward A, which further reduced Ward A's death rate to match Ward B's lower level.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When someone with TB coughs or sneezes, the bacteria are expelled into the air and can be inhaled by others. If breathed in, the bacteria initially infect the lungs. In the lungs, the bacteria can multiply and cause lesions and inflammation. Other types of microorganisms besides bacteria, such as viruses, can also cause infectious disease. When the body is exposed to TB bacteria, it mounts an immune response to fight the infection by using white blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms of defense.
The document discusses diet, exercise, and metabolic rate. It defines metabolic rate as the rate of chemical reactions in the body. While genes affect metabolic rate, exercise can increase it. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provides energy, builds cells, and stores energy. An imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition by providing too much or too little energy compared to what the body needs. The document questions an advert claiming quick weight loss from a program, as it lacks long-term data and sample size details.
The document discusses diet, exercise, and weight management. It defines metabolic rate as the rate at which the body burns calories and explains that some people have naturally low metabolic rates. It recommends exercise as a way to increase metabolic rate. Diet components like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats serve important functions, and an imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition. The document questions the validity of an advert claiming quick weight loss from a "Dropweight" program based on reported one-day results.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When people with TB cough or sneeze, they expel the bacteria into the air. If others breathe these bacteria in, they can become infected. The bacteria first infect the lungs or bronchioles. In the body, the bacteria produce toxins that damage cells. The body fights the infection through white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and produce antibodies and antitoxins. Vaccines work by exposing the body to an inactive form of the disease-causing microbe, allowing it to develop antibodies without risk of illness. These antibodies then provide future protection against the live microbe.
1) The document is a revision checklist for additional GCSE science covering topics in physics including forces, motion, braking, terminal velocity, elasticity, energy, momentum, static electricity, electrical circuits, household electricity, current, charge, power, atomic structure, radiation, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.
2) It lists key terms, concepts, and formulas to define and explanations to provide for each topic.
3) The checklist provides resources for students to review physics content and ensure they understand the essential information for their GCSE exam.
This document contains a revision checklist for the GCSE Core Science P1 Physics exam. It lists several topics and subtopics that students should review in preparation for the exam, including: infrared radiation; states of matter; conduction, convection, and evaporation/condensation as methods of heat transfer; factors affecting the rate of heat transfer; solar panels; specific heat capacity; energy efficiency and Sankey diagrams; electrical appliances and calculating energy transfers; methods of generating electricity including alternative sources; the National Grid; waves including transverse/longitudinal waves, electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves; and Doppler effect and evidence for the Big Bang theory.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in additional science C2: chemistry. It outlines several key topics in chemistry including structure and bonding, atomic structure and quantitative chemistry, rates of reaction, endo/exothermic reactions, acids bases and salts, and electrolysis. For each topic, it lists the main concepts, definitions, and processes that students are expected to understand at a higher level, such as describing bonding using diagrams, calculating relative formula mass, explaining how factors affect reaction rates, writing equations for acid-base reactions, and describing electrolysis processes and products. The document serves as a revision checklist for students to ensure they have learned the essential high-level information and skills for the additional chemistry content.
This document is a revision checklist for GCSE core science covering various topics in chemistry. It provides a list of key concepts and processes to review for each topic, including fundamental chemistry ideas like atomic structure, limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and changes to the Earth's atmosphere. For each item, it indicates related videos, exam questions, and whether it is core or higher content.
This document provides an outline of topics covered in Additional Science B2: Biology. It includes sections on cells and transport, tissues and organ systems, photosynthesis, organisms and their environment, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cell division and inheritance, speciation, and includes learning objectives for each section such as describing processes like diffusion, the roles of organs in the digestive system, the process of photosynthesis, and more. It also provides exam questions, activities, and checkpoints to evaluate understanding of the material.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including:
- The components of a balanced diet and how exercise affects health.
- How pathogens make us ill and how the body protects against them.
- The development and testing of medical drugs, and issues around drug dependence.
- Genetic variation, inheritance, and different types of reproduction.
- Evolution by natural selection and genetic variation over generations.
- Ecological concepts like food chains, nutrient cycling, and indicator species.
X-rays have a short wavelength and can cause ionization. They are used in medicine for diagnosis and treatment, but precautions must be taken when operating X-ray machines. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves above the human hearing range. The waves reflect off boundaries and the time of reflections can be used to determine distances between interfaces in different media. Lenses refract light to form images. A convex lens brings parallel rays to a focus at its principal focus, defined by the focal length. The nature of images depends on size, orientation, and whether real or virtual.
The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, properties of groups in the periodic table, hard and soft water, chemical reactions, and organic compounds. It describes how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table by electronic structure and properties of groups such as metals, nonmetals, and halogens. It also discusses chemical tests and reactions including flame tests, precipitation reactions, acid-base titrations, and the production of ammonia via the Haber process.
This document provides information on various biology topics including:
- Diffusion and osmosis, the movement of substances through membranes. Active transport requires energy.
- Exchange surfaces are effective with large surface area, thinness, good blood supply and ventilation like in alveoli and villi.
- During breathing, the ribcage and diaphragm work to decrease thoracic pressure and draw air into the lungs. Artificial aids can help breathing.
- In plants, carbon dioxide enters leaves and water and minerals are absorbed by roots, transported by xylem and phloem.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circulation systems. Blood flows through arteries, veins
The document discusses key economic concepts related to government objectives and the functioning of the economy. It covers topics such as different types of economies, market failures including externalities and public goods, the economic cycle, fiscal and monetary policies, and the role of the EU. The key points are that candidates should understand the principal objectives of governments in terms of economic growth, employment, prices and trade balances. They should also be aware of how markets can fail to allocate resources efficiently and the roles of government and central banks in addressing these issues.
The document outlines a specification for teaching personal finance concepts. It covers understanding the personal lifecycle and how needs and wants change throughout different stages of life. Students will learn to make financial decisions by weighing costs and benefits and considering opportunity costs. They will also explore concepts related to spending, saving, borrowing money, and managing personal finances. The specification also addresses topics related to work, including rewards, labor markets, unemployment, and the impact of globalization. Finally, it covers understanding international trade, exchange rates, and the influence of consumers on national and global economies.