The document discusses responsibility modeling for socio-technical systems. It describes how responsibility models can be used to identify vulnerabilities in systems by clarifying agent responsibilities and information needs. The document presents examples of responsibility models for emergency response coordination and uses HAZOP analysis to identify potential failures based on deviations to information resources. The goal of responsibility modeling is to improve system dependability by facilitating analysis of social and organizational factors.
Knowledge or Rule based Expert systems systems are widely used in engineering applications and in problem-solving. Rapid development today has brought with it environmental problems that cause loss or destruction of natural resources. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been acknowledged as a powerful planning and decisionmaking tool to assess new development projects. It requires qualified personnel with special expertise and responsibility in their domain. Rule-based EIA systems incorporate expert’s knowledge and act as a device-giving system. The system has an advantage over human experts and can significantly reduce the complexity of a planning task like EIA.
Knowledge or Rule based Expert systems systems are widely used in engineering applications and in problem-solving. Rapid development today has brought with it environmental problems that cause loss or destruction of natural resources. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been acknowledged as a powerful planning and decisionmaking tool to assess new development projects. It requires qualified personnel with special expertise and responsibility in their domain. Rule-based EIA systems incorporate expert’s knowledge and act as a device-giving system. The system has an advantage over human experts and can significantly reduce the complexity of a planning task like EIA.
Develop a logic model for the formative evaluation of a new prograLinaCovington707
Develop a logic model for the formative evaluation of a new program that you want to develop at your agency. As you analyze your program, begin by describing basic assumptions and then add the following program components. Your narrative section will focus on your analysis of the problematic condition which demands intervention, and underlying assumptions about the sequences (if... then relationship). A typical logic model template would have the following components
1. Resources/Inputs include the human, financial, organizational, and community resources a program has available to direct toward the work. Sometimes this component is referred to as
2. Activities are what the program does with the resources. Activities are the processes, tools, events, technology, and actions that are an intentional part of the program implementation. These interventions are used to bring about the intended program changes or results.
3. Outputs are the direct products of program activities and may include types, levels and targets of services to be delivered by the program.
4. Outcomes (Intermediate) are the specific changes in program participants’ behavior, knowledge, skills, status and level of functioning.
5. Impact/Long-term Outcome is the fundamental intended or unintended change occurring in organizations, communities or systems as a result of program activities.
Logic Model Template
CSSW 586 Research Methods II
Program: logic model
Situation:
Inputs
Outputs
Outcomes-Impact
Activities
Participants
Short
Medium
Long-term
Assumptions
External Factors
Inputs
Outputs
Activities Participation
Outcomes – Impact
Short Term Medium
Term
Long Term
Accident-Related E-Scooter Trauma Logic Model
What we invest:
* Partnerships (i.e. CDC, health
departments & DOT )
* Trauma center staff
* Volunteers
* Materials (i.e. pamphlets)
* Time
* Funding (i.e.
What we do:
* Conduct training
w/ partners
* Networking
* Delivery of
educational material
to at-risk population
* Town hall meetings
* Ads/Billboards
Who we reach:
* People who use
alternative
transportation
between the ages of
15-35
Attitude
changes:
* Increased
awareness about e-
scooter injuries
Behavior
changes:
* Helmet policy
* Expansion of
bike lanes
* Reduction in the
number of
operational
permits available
to each company
Status
changes:
• Reduction in
accident-related
e-scooter traumas
Assumptions:
1. Most e-scooter injuries involve a motor vehicle.
2. First-time riders are more likely to be involved in accident related e-scooter trauma.
3. E-scooter injuries typically occur at night.
External factors:
1. The Atlanta City Council may reject law / policy proposals.
2. Confidentiality laws may limit participant accessibility.
1
Keisha Williams
CSSW 586 Research II: Evaluation of Practice
Logic Model Narrative
Dr. Kim
October 7, 2019
Program: Accident-Related E-Scooter Trauma Logic Model
Situation: Currently, ...
This session will cover risk and risk management, defining these terms and describing typical risks in adaptation projects. The session will also cover the role of the private sector in risk management, and how to encourage private sector involvement to ensure sustainability of the project. This session will contribute to the overall development of a toolbox which will enable the participants to develop a plan for moving from project concept to bankable proposal. By the end of this session, participants will be able to use the risk management tool to analyze a sample project so as to improve its efficiency and sustainability.
o OBJECTIVE 1: Participants will utilize basic risk management tools
o OBJECTIVE 2: Participants will understand basic principles of risk allocation and the roles of the public and private sector in risk management
More Research Needed on Concurrent Usage of Information Systems during Emerge...Steve Peterson, CEM
This presentation highlighted research challenges to improving effectiveness of integrating information and communication technologies during emergencies. Proposed as a research focus is the integration of proven virtual activation processes with an unobtrusive research presence. This positions the research presence during a real-time emergency to glean previously unknown information/rationales on how decision-makers decide and take action. Establishing a collaborative partnership by combining a “research presence” with the “virtual operation capability,” would be essential. Mutual understanding must embrace the precept of no disruption to response and recovery efforts. Consensus would be reached in identifying measurable outcomes for the research. The collaborative effort opens a groundbreaking area for consideration of study in crisis response and management. It could shed new light on an underexplored, critical area of emergency management and has the potential to further enhance the value of information and communication systems in preparing, responding, and recovering from emergencies.
In October 2014 I delivered a presentation on the subject of ‘Reporting and complexity’ as a guest speaker at the 5th Advanced Project Management International Conference in Amsterdam.
If you have any questions or comments please email me on danton@danton-progm.co.uk
Call-takers/dispatchers’ preparation and performance pre-determines the quality and ultimate effectiveness of the potentially lifesaving emergency services, therefore training is crucial. But all of the training in the world is useless if the call-taker/dispatcher isn’t being continuously monitored and reinforced for proper procedures.
Chair: Marko Nieminen, Director, Emergency Response Centre Administration, Finland
Depending on the nature of the task, the level of safety management training required will vary from general safety familiarization to expert level for safety specialists, for example:
a) Corporate safety training for all staff,
b) Training aimed at management’s safety responsibilities,
c) Training for operational personnel (such as pilots, maintenance engineers, dispatchers / FOO’s and personnel with apron or ramp duties), and
d) Training for aviation safety specialists (such as the Safety Management System and Flight Data Analysts).
The scope of SMS training must be appropriate to each individual’s roles and responsibilities within the operation. Training should follow a building-block approach. As part of the ICAO requirements, an operator must provide training to its operational personnel (including cabin crew), managers and supervisors, senior managers, and the accountable executive for the SMS.
Training should address the specific role that cabin crew members play in the operation. This includes, but is not limited to training with regards to:
a) Unit 1 SMS fundamentals and overview of the operator’s SMS;
b) Unit 2 Safety policy;
c) Unit 3 Hazard identification and reporting; and
d) Unit 4 Safety Communication.
e) Unit 5 Review of Company Safety Management
f) Unit 6 Review of Safety Reporting
The base content comes from many sources but all aligned to the ICAO syllabus requirements, and created for an international operational airline.
If you are a startup airline, or looking to align courses with your specific operational standards, please take a look and check out
pghclearningsolutions@gmail.com leave a message and I will contact you where we can discuss your requirements, send you examples and if required, download my editable masters which you can customize to meet your own specific operational training requirements.
Develop a logic model for the formative evaluation of a new prograLinaCovington707
Develop a logic model for the formative evaluation of a new program that you want to develop at your agency. As you analyze your program, begin by describing basic assumptions and then add the following program components. Your narrative section will focus on your analysis of the problematic condition which demands intervention, and underlying assumptions about the sequences (if... then relationship). A typical logic model template would have the following components
1. Resources/Inputs include the human, financial, organizational, and community resources a program has available to direct toward the work. Sometimes this component is referred to as
2. Activities are what the program does with the resources. Activities are the processes, tools, events, technology, and actions that are an intentional part of the program implementation. These interventions are used to bring about the intended program changes or results.
3. Outputs are the direct products of program activities and may include types, levels and targets of services to be delivered by the program.
4. Outcomes (Intermediate) are the specific changes in program participants’ behavior, knowledge, skills, status and level of functioning.
5. Impact/Long-term Outcome is the fundamental intended or unintended change occurring in organizations, communities or systems as a result of program activities.
Logic Model Template
CSSW 586 Research Methods II
Program: logic model
Situation:
Inputs
Outputs
Outcomes-Impact
Activities
Participants
Short
Medium
Long-term
Assumptions
External Factors
Inputs
Outputs
Activities Participation
Outcomes – Impact
Short Term Medium
Term
Long Term
Accident-Related E-Scooter Trauma Logic Model
What we invest:
* Partnerships (i.e. CDC, health
departments & DOT )
* Trauma center staff
* Volunteers
* Materials (i.e. pamphlets)
* Time
* Funding (i.e.
What we do:
* Conduct training
w/ partners
* Networking
* Delivery of
educational material
to at-risk population
* Town hall meetings
* Ads/Billboards
Who we reach:
* People who use
alternative
transportation
between the ages of
15-35
Attitude
changes:
* Increased
awareness about e-
scooter injuries
Behavior
changes:
* Helmet policy
* Expansion of
bike lanes
* Reduction in the
number of
operational
permits available
to each company
Status
changes:
• Reduction in
accident-related
e-scooter traumas
Assumptions:
1. Most e-scooter injuries involve a motor vehicle.
2. First-time riders are more likely to be involved in accident related e-scooter trauma.
3. E-scooter injuries typically occur at night.
External factors:
1. The Atlanta City Council may reject law / policy proposals.
2. Confidentiality laws may limit participant accessibility.
1
Keisha Williams
CSSW 586 Research II: Evaluation of Practice
Logic Model Narrative
Dr. Kim
October 7, 2019
Program: Accident-Related E-Scooter Trauma Logic Model
Situation: Currently, ...
This session will cover risk and risk management, defining these terms and describing typical risks in adaptation projects. The session will also cover the role of the private sector in risk management, and how to encourage private sector involvement to ensure sustainability of the project. This session will contribute to the overall development of a toolbox which will enable the participants to develop a plan for moving from project concept to bankable proposal. By the end of this session, participants will be able to use the risk management tool to analyze a sample project so as to improve its efficiency and sustainability.
o OBJECTIVE 1: Participants will utilize basic risk management tools
o OBJECTIVE 2: Participants will understand basic principles of risk allocation and the roles of the public and private sector in risk management
More Research Needed on Concurrent Usage of Information Systems during Emerge...Steve Peterson, CEM
This presentation highlighted research challenges to improving effectiveness of integrating information and communication technologies during emergencies. Proposed as a research focus is the integration of proven virtual activation processes with an unobtrusive research presence. This positions the research presence during a real-time emergency to glean previously unknown information/rationales on how decision-makers decide and take action. Establishing a collaborative partnership by combining a “research presence” with the “virtual operation capability,” would be essential. Mutual understanding must embrace the precept of no disruption to response and recovery efforts. Consensus would be reached in identifying measurable outcomes for the research. The collaborative effort opens a groundbreaking area for consideration of study in crisis response and management. It could shed new light on an underexplored, critical area of emergency management and has the potential to further enhance the value of information and communication systems in preparing, responding, and recovering from emergencies.
In October 2014 I delivered a presentation on the subject of ‘Reporting and complexity’ as a guest speaker at the 5th Advanced Project Management International Conference in Amsterdam.
If you have any questions or comments please email me on danton@danton-progm.co.uk
Call-takers/dispatchers’ preparation and performance pre-determines the quality and ultimate effectiveness of the potentially lifesaving emergency services, therefore training is crucial. But all of the training in the world is useless if the call-taker/dispatcher isn’t being continuously monitored and reinforced for proper procedures.
Chair: Marko Nieminen, Director, Emergency Response Centre Administration, Finland
Depending on the nature of the task, the level of safety management training required will vary from general safety familiarization to expert level for safety specialists, for example:
a) Corporate safety training for all staff,
b) Training aimed at management’s safety responsibilities,
c) Training for operational personnel (such as pilots, maintenance engineers, dispatchers / FOO’s and personnel with apron or ramp duties), and
d) Training for aviation safety specialists (such as the Safety Management System and Flight Data Analysts).
The scope of SMS training must be appropriate to each individual’s roles and responsibilities within the operation. Training should follow a building-block approach. As part of the ICAO requirements, an operator must provide training to its operational personnel (including cabin crew), managers and supervisors, senior managers, and the accountable executive for the SMS.
Training should address the specific role that cabin crew members play in the operation. This includes, but is not limited to training with regards to:
a) Unit 1 SMS fundamentals and overview of the operator’s SMS;
b) Unit 2 Safety policy;
c) Unit 3 Hazard identification and reporting; and
d) Unit 4 Safety Communication.
e) Unit 5 Review of Company Safety Management
f) Unit 6 Review of Safety Reporting
The base content comes from many sources but all aligned to the ICAO syllabus requirements, and created for an international operational airline.
If you are a startup airline, or looking to align courses with your specific operational standards, please take a look and check out
pghclearningsolutions@gmail.com leave a message and I will contact you where we can discuss your requirements, send you examples and if required, download my editable masters which you can customize to meet your own specific operational training requirements.
‘Delivering Programmes of work in a Collaborative Environment’
In December 2013 I delivered a presentation on the above subject as a guest speaker at the 3rd Advanced Project Management International Conference in Berlin.
If you have any questions please email me on: danton@danton-progm.co.uk
Term paper for CSE371: Management Information System Course
Course Lecturer: Mr. Syed Mahmudur Rahman
This paper talks about our business "Cloud Class" and its IT Contingency plans.
IWMW 2006: User Testing on a Shoestring Budget (1)IWMW
Slides used in workshop session B7 on "User Testing on a Shoestring Budget " at the IWMW 2006 event held at the University of Bath on 14 - 16 June 2006.
See http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2006/sessions/tonkin/
Discusses sociotechnical issues that arose in the design of a national digital learning system intended for use by more than a million students and their teachers
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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Resp modellingintro
1. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 1
Responsibility Modelling in Socio-
technical Systems
Ian Sommerville
St Andrews University
2. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 2
System dependability
• General premise of our work is that a significant class
of system ‘failures’ are due to inadequate
consideration of social, organisational and cultural
factors that affect the design and operation of a
computer-based system
• Often manifested as a misfit between a system and
the organisation using that system, resulting in:
– User interaction ‘errors’
– Unreliable and inefficient processes
– Provision of incorrect or inappropriate information to system
users
3. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 3
Socio-technical system failure
• Failures are not just catastrophic events but normal,
everyday system behaviour that disrupts normal work
and that mean that people have to spend more time
on a task than necessary
• A system failure occurs when a direct or indirect user
of a system has to carry out extra work, over and
above that normally required to carry out some task,
in response to some inappropriate system behaviour
• This extra work constitutes the cost of recovery from
system failure
4. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 4
Responsibility
• A suitable abstraction for modelling the components
and interactions of socio-technical systems of
systems
“A duty, held by some agent, to achieve, maintain or
avoid some given state, subject to conformance with
organisational, social and cultural norms.”
• More abstract than goals or tasks (but...)
• Not (too) concerned with different types of agents
• Easier to express less formalised types of work
• Easier to discuss with stakeholders
5. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 5
Responsibility as an Abstraction
Responsibilities
Goals
Tasks
Activities
Functions
...
“Financial
Management”
Improve
Profitability
by 5% over
FY
6. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 6
Why responsibility?
• System failures can result from misunderstandings
about responsibilities and failures of people to
discharge their responsibilities as expected
• Responsibilities are high-level abstractions that
define (informally) what is expected of a human or
automated agent. No assumptions are made about
how an agent will discharge its responsibilities
• Responsibilities are natural abstractions that
people can relate to and talk about
– In system design, technical abstractions (such as objects)
that are alien to system stakeholders are often used
8. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 8
What is a responsibility model?
• A succinct definition of the responsibilities in a
system, the agents who have been assigned these
responsibilities and the resources that should be
available to these agents in discharging their
responsibilities.
9. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 9
Responsibility models
• Simple graphical presentation that shows:
– Responsibilities
– Organisations/people/automated systems who are
assigned specific responsibilities (agents)
– Authority structures (where appropriate) i. e.
information about accountability in an organisation
– Responsibility dependencies
– Information, and other resources required to
discharge responsibilities
10. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 10
Types of responsibility models
• Planning models
– Describe the intended allocation of responsibilities in some
situation
– Define the agents who should discharge the responsibility
– Set out the resources that are normally required to discharge
a responsibility
• Operational models
– Planning models plus annotations that describe:
• The agents that are actually assigned a responsibility
• The resources that are actually used
11. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 11
Responsibility model notation
Appoint Govt.
Technical Advisor
Declaration of
Emergency
Activate Central
Nuclear Emergency
Support Centre
Activate Scottish
Exec. Emergency
Room
Activate Site
Emergency Control
Centre
<Site Emergency
Controller>
<Deputy Site
Emergency Controller>,
<<Scottish Executive>>
<<Secretary of State>>
Activate North
Ayrshire
Emergency Room
<<Site Owner>>
| Reactor Status Report |
12. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 12
Contingency Planning
• Development of contingency scenarios and plans for
coping with incidents
• Plans can be for a generic contingency, or specific
scenarios (e.g. flooding)
• Single agency plans document resources,
procedures etc to be utilised by the agency to
discharge responsibilities
• Inter-organisational plans document the
responsibilities that each organisation holds and can
expect others to discharge
• Planning is evaluated through emergency exercises
13. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 13
Problems in Contingency Planning
• Contingency plans are often verbose and rarely used
during emergency responses
• Misunderstandings occur between organisations
regarding:
– Who holds particular responsibilities
– How responsibilities are interpreted
• Circumstances may require unexpected agents to
discharge responsibilities
• The appropriate information may not be available to
an agent for a responsibility to be discharged
– E.g. Communication infrastructure or process failures
14. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 14
Coordination system for CP
• Scenarios from a (socio-technical) coordination
system for contingency management are used as the
driver for our work
• Each agency involved has its own C & C system and
does not wish to invest in a shared C & C system for
managing emergencies
• System has to support
– Joint planning
– Sharing of information from different systems
– Audit trail of actions taken during an emergency
– Provision of information to managers in the field
15. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 15
Responsibility planning model
Appoint Govt.
Technical Advisor
Declaration of
Emergency
Activate Central
Nuclear Emergency
Support Centre
Activate Scottish
Exec. Emergency
Room
Activate Site
Emergency Control
Centre
<Site Emergency
Controller>,
<Deputy Site
Emergency Controller>
<<Scottish Executive>>
<<Secretary of State>>
Activate North
Ayrshire
Emergency Room
<<Site Owner>>
| Reactor Status Report |
16. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 16
Information resources
Check on safety of
vessels in
incident area
Broadcast Marine
Safety Information<<MRCC Clyde>>
| Navigation warnings |
| Weather warnings |
| Subfacts |
| Gunfacts |
| Alert Broadcast |
| Incident information |
<< Police | NAECC Liaison Officer >>
[ VHF Radio ] [ MF Radio ]
17. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 17
Responsibility modelling
benefits
• Responsibility models are a way of facilitating the
analysis of responsibilities and discussing
responsibilities across organisations
• They support risk analysis and the identification of a
class of potential vulnerabilities in a system
• They serve as a means of identifying information
requirements and help identify redundancy and
diversity that should be planned for in a system
• They may be useful as a means of documenting
responsibilities and learning from experience
18. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 18
Information requirements
• Requirements for information to be provided to
agents to help them do their work, requirements for
information sharing and access control and
requirements for information that is to be generated
• When systems are created by integrating and
configuring existing systems, their behaviour is
constrained. There is limited scope for defining the
functionality of a system
• We argue that, in such cases, a behavioural
approach to requirements specification should be
replaced by a focus on the information produced,
consumed and shared by the agents in the system
19. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 19
Information analysis
• We assume that the holder of a responsibility needs some
information to discharge that responsibility
• Information requirements are concerned with:
– What: The information required
– Where: The source of that information
– How: The channel (or channels) through which that information is
delivered
– Structure: How the information is organised/should be organised
– Presentation: How the information should be presented to a user of
that information
20. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 20
Deriving information
requirements
• What information is required to discharge a
responsibility?
• Where does the information come from?
• What channels are used to communicate this
information?
• What information is recorded in the discharge of this
responsibility?
• What channels are used to communicate the
recorded information?
• What are the consequences if the information is
unavailable, inaccurate, incomplete, late, early, etc.?
22. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 22
Initiate Evacuation
• Information requirements
– Risk assessment showing properties at risk from predicted
flooding, predicted times of flooding and the likelihood of
flooding in specific areas (Environment agency, local
authority)
– Information about ‘special properties’ e.g. hospitals, care
homes, schools, where the residents will require help to be
evacuated (Local authority)
– Availability of resources from emergency services and other
agencies (Emergency services liaison officers)
23. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 23
Information analysis
• Risk assessment
– An assessment of the areas that are of risk from the flood
and the probabilities of flooding in these areas (What info)
– Based on flood warnings from environment agency and local
knowledge (Where from)
– Telephone, web, meetings (Channels)
– Areas at risk and imminence of risk; Who made decision and
what local knowledge used (What recorded)
– Fax to silver command or meeting
– Vulnerabilities - discussed later
25. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 25
Vulnerability analysis
• The responsibility model reflects the understanding of
an organisation about who is responsible for what
and what that responsibility entails
• Where multiple agencies are involved, there are likely
to be discrepancies between their understanding of
responsibility
• Examining and comparing models allows us to
identify:
– Responsibility omissions - responsibilities that each
organisation assumes are assigned to some other
organisation or which are simply not assigned to any
organisation
– Responsibility misunderstandings - situations where different
organisations understand a responsibility in different ways
26. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 26
HAZOPS
• A HAZOPs-style ‘what if’ analysis can be applied to
the information requirements for each responsibility
– Analyses the robustness of the contingency plan in failure
circumstances
• Guide words were selected to query information
channel failure for each requirement: [Do I mean
this?]
– Early
– Late
– Never
– Inaccurate
31. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 31
Deviations
• HAZOPS style keyword/consequence method for
assessing each information resource:
• Example: Priority Premises Resource
– Unavailable: Manual premises check required to see if
vulnerable people to be evacuated.
– Inaccurate: Manual premises check may be necessary.
Possible delay in evacuation of vulnerable people. People
may be left behind.
– Incomplete: Possible delay in evacuation.
– Late: Information has to be communicated to units in the field
rather than at local coordination centre.
– Early: No consequence.
32. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 32
Requirements Examples
• The coordination system shall maintain a list of
priority premises to be evacuated for each town in the
local area.
– This shall be updated by the local council when the
coordination centre is established. (The premises list is
maintained by the local government authority but may not be
immediately available outside of normal working hours; While
a central list may be out of date, it is better than nothing.)
• The coordination centre system shall maintain a list of
premises evacuated along with the time of evacuation
and the units involved in the evacuation.
33. Responsibility modelling, LSCITS ENgD course, 2010 Slide 33
Conclusions
Benefits of taking a responsibility perspective:
• Naturalness
– Responsibility is a natural object of discussion regarding
organisations and systems
• Scalability
– Existing case studies are already sizable
• User involvement
– Several organisations interested in the modelling approach
• Complementarity
– Fit with existing conceptual frameworks, e.g. goals, tasks
– Early stage RE