Aquaculture medicines, drugs, and chemicals or simply AMDC, are critical in protecting aquaculture farmers from disease in farmed animals and economic losses. The AMDC is now a well-established industry in Bangladesh, and each year, new products that benefit farmers are launched. This review examined published research information on AMDC over the last decade (2011-2020) and discovered that 41 research publications from various parts of Bangladesh were published, citing the names of 1484 AMDC products. It was discovered that 19 generic antibiotics are well established and widely used in different regions' aquaculture, including shrimp aquaculture. Although some researchers expressed concern about the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, they believe that with proper withdrawal periods and the application of small doses, farmers may avoid economic losses. However, the pathway of the antibiotic introduction in aquaculture setup in Bangladesh was unknown to the researchers, through this review, we revealed the pathway of antibiotics introduction in aquaculture. Additionally, this review revealed that various AMDC products, including oxygen suppliers, growth promoter supplements, disinfectants, raw chemicals, probiotics, pond preparation and management AMDC, and toxic gas removal AMDC, are readily available in various markets throughout Bangladesh. The observation implied that research on the efficacy of various AMDC products in Bangladesh's agro-ecological zones could be conducted, which would aid researchers in deciphering the true nature of AMDC in sub-tropical climates.
Aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) used in freshwater aquaculture of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
A broad variety of aquaculture-related medications, drugs, and chemicals (AMDC) are extensively used in the aquaculture industry in SouthEastern Bangladesh. Fish farmers are worried about the quality of their final product, and disease outbreaks must be stopped at all costs. Farmers are sometimes one ahead of the curve when it comes to producing healthy final products by including probiotics, vitamins, and minerals into their aquaculture setups to promote early and disease-free output. However, the current study was carried out in south eastern Bangladesh, specifically in the highly dense aquaculture regions of Chandpur, Cumilla, and Feni district (17 upazilas), from November 2016 to January 2018. Questions were asked through interviews and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held to gather primary data. The major target groups were aquaculture farmers, AMDC shops, pharmaceutical company employees, and hatchery owners. In this three-county area, according to the findings from the thorough research, there are a total of 33 companies that advertise 330 generics brand products via their own distributional channels. Among the available AMDC products in the study area, growth promoters were mostly abundant products among all categories while other products such as predator removal products, insecticides and ectoparasiticides, water quality and pond management, plankton producer, plankton bloom cleaner, disinfectant and disease treatment, toxic gas reducer, pH controller, oxygen supply, stress reducer, growth promoter, probiotics and antibiotics were most selling products to the farmers. The present study revealed 19 generic of antibiotics were available and prescribed by the AMDC vendors or aquaculture disease consultants (ADC) around the regions. Additionally, the research also included the dosages of AMDC and the method of administration in the aquaculture pond, which will assist both the farmers and the ADC in selecting and suggesting the appropriate medications or treatments that may be beneficial to the farmers in the long run.
Sumon22_Functionality and prophylactic role of probiotics.pdfEmmerik Motte
Intensification of aquaculture has led to frequent occurrence of disease outbreaks. To deal with this issue antibiotics
are a widely-preferred control strategy, but one that poses risks to the environment and humans, if used
indiscriminately. In pursuit of an alternative, probiotics have emerged recently among viable alternatives for
health management in aquaculture. The prophylactic use of probiotics in farmed shellfish species, i.e., shrimp,
prawn, crab, crayfish, oyster and abalone, has been demonstrated to enhance production, promote the host
internal microbiota, resulting in reduced incidence of bacterial, parasitic and even viral (e.g., White Spot Syndrome
Virus/WSSV, Yellowhead disease/YHD) diseases. Probiotics can be administered either as feed supplements
or directly into rearing water, the former being generally more effective. Although precise modes of action
are unknown, probiotics can deliver some measure of sustainability to shellfish aquaculture in multiple ways,
including contributions to pathogen exclusion, better growth, survival and feed utilization, and immune modulation.
Antiviral mechanisms of probiotics are not well documented, but certain protobionts such as Bacillus and
Lactobacillus have been effective in developing disease resistance and in reducing the prevalence of WSSV and
YHD in a number of studies. This review discusses recent advances on the role of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture,
emphasizing their prophylactic activity against viral diseases.
Present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture at Jessore sadar upazila...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to know the present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture activities in Jessore district, Bangladesh a rigorous investigation was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from January, 2016 to May 2016. An extensive assortment of aqua-medicines was comprehended throughout pond prepation and water excellence administration by the agrarians. Amongst them Zeo-Fesh, Zeo Prime, Ecolite, Megazeo plus, Geotox, Jv Zeolite, Acmes, Benthos, Pond life, were extensively used in field level. Disinfectants has precise significance; far and wide used by the agrarians and the furthermost prevalent disinfectants are Pathonil, Timen, Fmsen, Virex, Aquakleen etc., the reimbursements of disinfectants are to inhibit dissimilar categories of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases resembling gill rot, tail rot, dropsy etc. to uphold sanitized circumstance in pond apparatus and floorings and in some circumstances use to treat disease. Numerous aqua-medicines were established in the aqua-medicines retailers that were informed to be used as noxious gas reducer. The obtainable deadly gas reducer were gastrap, gas stop, gasonex plus, ammonil besides that, remunerations of using venomous gas reducer are to eliminate the lethal gas like NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub> etc. since the bottommost of pond to diminish concentration of ammonia. For upgrading of dissolve oxygen level, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A, Oxylife were extensively used in the study area. A number of aqua medicines were found in the aqua-medicine enterprise used as growth promoter in addition to upsurge yield performance like, Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boots, Aquamin, Acimix etc. were extensively used in study area. Countless pharmaceutical companies have been chronicled to marketplace these aquaculture healthcare products. Furthermost of the products have been promoted from diverse republics like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium, and China and values were inconstant, but appeared to be reasonable to agrarians. The contemporaneous investigation pointed out numerous restraints concomitant with the use of such aqua-medicines, comprising nonexistence of methodological acquaintance of agrarians about use of aqua-medicines.
A review: Application of probiotics in aquacultureAI Publications
Probiotics can be used as beneficial alternative to enhance the aquaculture production in sustainable way. Selection of the right strain and dose for particular aquaculture species is necessary for the desirable benefits of probiotics application. Probiotics can be administrated as water additives, feed additives and through injection of which as feed additives is commonly used in aquaculture. Application of probiotics has various benefits in aquaculture production as improve the growth performance, enhances the feed utilization, enhance the immune defense against pathogens, disease resistance, improve water quality and enhance stress tolerance capacity. Thus, application of probiotics in aquaculture can be used at the farm level to enhance the economic performance of the aquaculture species.
Replacement of fish meal by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) live larvae and p...AbdullaAlAsif1
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of Zakigonj upazilla, SylhetAbdullaAlAsif1
In order to investigate present status of aqua chemicals and drugs used in various aquaculture activities in Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet. A survey was conducted, with carp polyculture, tilapia and catfish farmers, aqua-medicine sellers, representatives of pharmaceuticals companies, from July 2014 to November 2014. Each group consisted of 25 respondents. According to the survey the most common dose of lime used by the farmers during pond preparation (62.67%) and culture period (53%) is 0.5-1 kg/40m2. Urea and TSP used by the farmers mostly during culture period with most common dose of 100-150g/40m2(37.3%) and 50-100 g/40m2 (68%) respectively. Various categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were identified that were used by fish farmers for different purposes such as water quality management, disinfectants, improve dissolve oxygen level, disease treatment, antibiotics and growth promoter. Many pharmaceutical companies were found to provide these aqua drugs and chemicals with different trade names to fulfill the farmers demand. For pond and water quality management lime, urea and TSP are mostly used. Bleaching powder, Timsen, EDTA, Polgard, Virex, Aquakleen, Germnill, Pond safe were widely used as disinfectant. Health management and disease treatment were the major activities where farmers were seen to use a lot of chemicals. A range of chemicals including antibiotics were found available in market and being used in the aquaculture sector. Commonly found traditional chemicals in heath management included Potassium permanganate, Lime, Salt, Virex, Timsen, Aquakleen, Germnil, Pond Safe, Deletrix, Spa, Albez, Ablez were used regularly for disease treatment. Mostly used antibiotics are Renamycin, Oxysentin 20% Chlorsteclin Oxy-D Vet, Aquamycin, Orgamycin 15 %, Orgacycline-15% etc. Major active ingredients of these antibiotics were oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, amoxicillin, doxycycline etc. There are approximately fifty two pharmaceutical companies have been recorded to market around 300 products. Most of the products have been marketed from different countries like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium and China etc. The study also indicated some problems associated with the use of such chemicals due to lack of knowledge of farmers about the use of chemicals, appropriate dose, method of application and their indiscriminate use of chemicals. The study also highlighted the names and approximate price of aquaculture chemicals available with the chemicals sellers in Zakigonj, Sylhet.
Feeding frequency on the growth and production of endemic near-threatened Omp...AbdullaAlAsif1
Growth and production of near threatened Ompok pabda (Hamilton) were examined at different feeding frequencies in the present study. The experiment was conducted for four months in three earthen ponds from 1 st April to 31 st July 2018 at Tanore Upazila in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. The experiment was performed using pabda, (Ompok pabda) fingerling (average) to study the effect of feeding frequency on growth performance. The study carried out considering three treatments, namely T 1 , T 2, and T 3 ; while the feeding frequency was two times per day in treatment T 1 , three times per day in treatment T 2, and four times per day in treatment T 3. Fish were fed considering three-stage of life span; these were fingerling stage, early growing stage, and growing stage. In the fry stage, the fishes were fed 20% feed, in the fingerlings stage the fish were fed 10% feed and in the growing stage, the fish were fed 8% feed of the body weight. The mean water temperature ranged between 27.13±2.10 and 27.29±2.16 °C among treatments, while water transparency ranged between 31.91±1.58 and 29.96±1.84 cm. pH ranged between 7.62±0.14 and 7.70±0.19; while the mean dissolved oxygen was ranged between 5.35±0.11 and 5.56±0.14 among treatments. The final weight gain was found to be highest (56.36±0.01) in the treatment T 2 and lowest (38.23±0.01) in the treatment T 3. The SGR value was higher (3.94±0.01) in the treatments T 2 followed by treatments T 1 and T 3. Net weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding frequency three (56.36±0.1), followed by feeding frequency four (38.23±0.1) and feeding frequency two (40.67±0.73). The FCR value ranged between 1.90 and 2.87 among treatments. The growth performance and specific growth rate were significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding frequency three. The highest (4049.1±0.1 kg/ha/120 days) production was observed in T 2. Best cost benefit ratio was gained in treatment T 2 .
Aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) used in freshwater aquaculture of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
A broad variety of aquaculture-related medications, drugs, and chemicals (AMDC) are extensively used in the aquaculture industry in SouthEastern Bangladesh. Fish farmers are worried about the quality of their final product, and disease outbreaks must be stopped at all costs. Farmers are sometimes one ahead of the curve when it comes to producing healthy final products by including probiotics, vitamins, and minerals into their aquaculture setups to promote early and disease-free output. However, the current study was carried out in south eastern Bangladesh, specifically in the highly dense aquaculture regions of Chandpur, Cumilla, and Feni district (17 upazilas), from November 2016 to January 2018. Questions were asked through interviews and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held to gather primary data. The major target groups were aquaculture farmers, AMDC shops, pharmaceutical company employees, and hatchery owners. In this three-county area, according to the findings from the thorough research, there are a total of 33 companies that advertise 330 generics brand products via their own distributional channels. Among the available AMDC products in the study area, growth promoters were mostly abundant products among all categories while other products such as predator removal products, insecticides and ectoparasiticides, water quality and pond management, plankton producer, plankton bloom cleaner, disinfectant and disease treatment, toxic gas reducer, pH controller, oxygen supply, stress reducer, growth promoter, probiotics and antibiotics were most selling products to the farmers. The present study revealed 19 generic of antibiotics were available and prescribed by the AMDC vendors or aquaculture disease consultants (ADC) around the regions. Additionally, the research also included the dosages of AMDC and the method of administration in the aquaculture pond, which will assist both the farmers and the ADC in selecting and suggesting the appropriate medications or treatments that may be beneficial to the farmers in the long run.
Sumon22_Functionality and prophylactic role of probiotics.pdfEmmerik Motte
Intensification of aquaculture has led to frequent occurrence of disease outbreaks. To deal with this issue antibiotics
are a widely-preferred control strategy, but one that poses risks to the environment and humans, if used
indiscriminately. In pursuit of an alternative, probiotics have emerged recently among viable alternatives for
health management in aquaculture. The prophylactic use of probiotics in farmed shellfish species, i.e., shrimp,
prawn, crab, crayfish, oyster and abalone, has been demonstrated to enhance production, promote the host
internal microbiota, resulting in reduced incidence of bacterial, parasitic and even viral (e.g., White Spot Syndrome
Virus/WSSV, Yellowhead disease/YHD) diseases. Probiotics can be administered either as feed supplements
or directly into rearing water, the former being generally more effective. Although precise modes of action
are unknown, probiotics can deliver some measure of sustainability to shellfish aquaculture in multiple ways,
including contributions to pathogen exclusion, better growth, survival and feed utilization, and immune modulation.
Antiviral mechanisms of probiotics are not well documented, but certain protobionts such as Bacillus and
Lactobacillus have been effective in developing disease resistance and in reducing the prevalence of WSSV and
YHD in a number of studies. This review discusses recent advances on the role of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture,
emphasizing their prophylactic activity against viral diseases.
Present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture at Jessore sadar upazila...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to know the present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture activities in Jessore district, Bangladesh a rigorous investigation was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from January, 2016 to May 2016. An extensive assortment of aqua-medicines was comprehended throughout pond prepation and water excellence administration by the agrarians. Amongst them Zeo-Fesh, Zeo Prime, Ecolite, Megazeo plus, Geotox, Jv Zeolite, Acmes, Benthos, Pond life, were extensively used in field level. Disinfectants has precise significance; far and wide used by the agrarians and the furthermost prevalent disinfectants are Pathonil, Timen, Fmsen, Virex, Aquakleen etc., the reimbursements of disinfectants are to inhibit dissimilar categories of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases resembling gill rot, tail rot, dropsy etc. to uphold sanitized circumstance in pond apparatus and floorings and in some circumstances use to treat disease. Numerous aqua-medicines were established in the aqua-medicines retailers that were informed to be used as noxious gas reducer. The obtainable deadly gas reducer were gastrap, gas stop, gasonex plus, ammonil besides that, remunerations of using venomous gas reducer are to eliminate the lethal gas like NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub> etc. since the bottommost of pond to diminish concentration of ammonia. For upgrading of dissolve oxygen level, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A, Oxylife were extensively used in the study area. A number of aqua medicines were found in the aqua-medicine enterprise used as growth promoter in addition to upsurge yield performance like, Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boots, Aquamin, Acimix etc. were extensively used in study area. Countless pharmaceutical companies have been chronicled to marketplace these aquaculture healthcare products. Furthermost of the products have been promoted from diverse republics like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium, and China and values were inconstant, but appeared to be reasonable to agrarians. The contemporaneous investigation pointed out numerous restraints concomitant with the use of such aqua-medicines, comprising nonexistence of methodological acquaintance of agrarians about use of aqua-medicines.
A review: Application of probiotics in aquacultureAI Publications
Probiotics can be used as beneficial alternative to enhance the aquaculture production in sustainable way. Selection of the right strain and dose for particular aquaculture species is necessary for the desirable benefits of probiotics application. Probiotics can be administrated as water additives, feed additives and through injection of which as feed additives is commonly used in aquaculture. Application of probiotics has various benefits in aquaculture production as improve the growth performance, enhances the feed utilization, enhance the immune defense against pathogens, disease resistance, improve water quality and enhance stress tolerance capacity. Thus, application of probiotics in aquaculture can be used at the farm level to enhance the economic performance of the aquaculture species.
Replacement of fish meal by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) live larvae and p...AbdullaAlAsif1
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of Zakigonj upazilla, SylhetAbdullaAlAsif1
In order to investigate present status of aqua chemicals and drugs used in various aquaculture activities in Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet. A survey was conducted, with carp polyculture, tilapia and catfish farmers, aqua-medicine sellers, representatives of pharmaceuticals companies, from July 2014 to November 2014. Each group consisted of 25 respondents. According to the survey the most common dose of lime used by the farmers during pond preparation (62.67%) and culture period (53%) is 0.5-1 kg/40m2. Urea and TSP used by the farmers mostly during culture period with most common dose of 100-150g/40m2(37.3%) and 50-100 g/40m2 (68%) respectively. Various categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were identified that were used by fish farmers for different purposes such as water quality management, disinfectants, improve dissolve oxygen level, disease treatment, antibiotics and growth promoter. Many pharmaceutical companies were found to provide these aqua drugs and chemicals with different trade names to fulfill the farmers demand. For pond and water quality management lime, urea and TSP are mostly used. Bleaching powder, Timsen, EDTA, Polgard, Virex, Aquakleen, Germnill, Pond safe were widely used as disinfectant. Health management and disease treatment were the major activities where farmers were seen to use a lot of chemicals. A range of chemicals including antibiotics were found available in market and being used in the aquaculture sector. Commonly found traditional chemicals in heath management included Potassium permanganate, Lime, Salt, Virex, Timsen, Aquakleen, Germnil, Pond Safe, Deletrix, Spa, Albez, Ablez were used regularly for disease treatment. Mostly used antibiotics are Renamycin, Oxysentin 20% Chlorsteclin Oxy-D Vet, Aquamycin, Orgamycin 15 %, Orgacycline-15% etc. Major active ingredients of these antibiotics were oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, amoxicillin, doxycycline etc. There are approximately fifty two pharmaceutical companies have been recorded to market around 300 products. Most of the products have been marketed from different countries like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium and China etc. The study also indicated some problems associated with the use of such chemicals due to lack of knowledge of farmers about the use of chemicals, appropriate dose, method of application and their indiscriminate use of chemicals. The study also highlighted the names and approximate price of aquaculture chemicals available with the chemicals sellers in Zakigonj, Sylhet.
Feeding frequency on the growth and production of endemic near-threatened Omp...AbdullaAlAsif1
Growth and production of near threatened Ompok pabda (Hamilton) were examined at different feeding frequencies in the present study. The experiment was conducted for four months in three earthen ponds from 1 st April to 31 st July 2018 at Tanore Upazila in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. The experiment was performed using pabda, (Ompok pabda) fingerling (average) to study the effect of feeding frequency on growth performance. The study carried out considering three treatments, namely T 1 , T 2, and T 3 ; while the feeding frequency was two times per day in treatment T 1 , three times per day in treatment T 2, and four times per day in treatment T 3. Fish were fed considering three-stage of life span; these were fingerling stage, early growing stage, and growing stage. In the fry stage, the fishes were fed 20% feed, in the fingerlings stage the fish were fed 10% feed and in the growing stage, the fish were fed 8% feed of the body weight. The mean water temperature ranged between 27.13±2.10 and 27.29±2.16 °C among treatments, while water transparency ranged between 31.91±1.58 and 29.96±1.84 cm. pH ranged between 7.62±0.14 and 7.70±0.19; while the mean dissolved oxygen was ranged between 5.35±0.11 and 5.56±0.14 among treatments. The final weight gain was found to be highest (56.36±0.01) in the treatment T 2 and lowest (38.23±0.01) in the treatment T 3. The SGR value was higher (3.94±0.01) in the treatments T 2 followed by treatments T 1 and T 3. Net weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding frequency three (56.36±0.1), followed by feeding frequency four (38.23±0.1) and feeding frequency two (40.67±0.73). The FCR value ranged between 1.90 and 2.87 among treatments. The growth performance and specific growth rate were significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding frequency three. The highest (4049.1±0.1 kg/ha/120 days) production was observed in T 2. Best cost benefit ratio was gained in treatment T 2 .
Categorization and distribution of aqua-chemicals used in coastal farming of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted for a period of eight months from January 2019, to August 2019. The primary purpose of this study is to find out the number of aqua drugs shop and categorize the aqua drugs for fish health management in Noakhali sadar, Kabirhat and Begumganj upazila of Noakhali district. The main target groups were aqua drug sellers (aqua drug shops) and aqua drug representatives of pharmaceutical companies. Data were collected directly from aqua drug sellers and representatives in the study area. Totally 13 outlets were identified in the study areas, and all shops types were mixed, variety product such that animal feed and poultry product were also found in the study area. Aqua drugs and chemicals were classified into seven categories viz. aqua drugs available as Oxygen supplier, Growth Promoter, Antibiotics, Disinfectant, Insecticides, Probiotics, and Water Quality Management. In the study area, Timsen, Virex were mostly available as disinfectants. Aci-Ox and Oxymore were mostly used by the farmers as the oxygen supplier to increase dissolved oxygen level in the water body. Most of the farmers used Acimec 1% Oral solution, Rota Plus, Angreb as insecticides. Novamix-104, Renamycin were mostly available in the study area as antibiotics. Pond Life, Biopond, Pond care were the most available probiotics in the study area. Fish farmers and farm owners mostly used Pathonil, Plankton Grow, Megazeo Plus were for pond preparation and water quality management. Square Aquamix, Acimix Super Fish, Liquavit mainly were used as a growth promoter. Those drugs and chemicals were produced by the 13 pharmaceuticals companies. They provide details information about the purposes, dosages, duration and method of application of chemicals in the leaflet.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
This paper aimed at evaluating biotechnology concerning its application. Major areas of applications identified in the literature are environment, medicine, agriculture, food processing, and industry. Therefore, this review report tries to touch all the aspects of biotechnology in the field. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Biotechnological approaches are applied to enhance the nutritional, functional and sensory attributes of food in milk, meat, fish, and beverage processing industries. The targeted use of biotechnological methods can, amongst other things, help reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy ingredients in foods as well as remove allergenic substances
Challenges and Strategies of Marketing of Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
Fieldwork undertaken in specific locations between 2019 and 2021 is crucial to the findings of this study. This study draws on secondary data collected from interviews with key informants at medical drug manufacturing firms in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer area. The study's overarching goal is to assess the current state of the market for medicinal plants, with a focus on easily accessible varieties, as well as the opportunities, threats, and tactics associated with marketing these products in the region under investigation.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Concerns about food safety issues have put considerable pressure on pesticide producers in Europe and worldwide to reduce the levels of pesticide residues in food. The aim of this work is to assess the use of traditional pesticides and their effects, to present perspectives in this field and to identi-fy regulatory needs for their use and implementation. The work is based on a systematic review in which the research problem was defined, primary sources were selected and critically appraised, data were collected, analysed and evaluated, and conclusions were formulated. The state of the pesticide market and the current legal requirements for risk assessment in relation to exposure to chemical sub-stances were reviewed. Food safety issues are presented through the prism of pesticide residues in food. Their widespread use and considerable persistence have made them ubiquitous in the natural environment and their residues pose a threat to the environment and to human and animal health. It has been shown that the most important factor influencing the search for new tools to control diseas-es and pests of crops is the progressive development of resistance of these populations to currently used pesticides. Various alternatives to the phasing out of synthetic pesticides in the form of natural products are therefore being developed to support the development of the natural products market.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
Los plaguicidas han sido identificados como los principales contaminantes de varias vías fluviales. Al estar clasificados como posibles compuestos disruptores endocrinos, los pesticidas en el sistema acuoso son altamente peligrosos para los organismos acuáticos y el ecosistema.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad Dist...ijtsrd
The adoption of organic production and processing is highly determined by market demand. Therefore this is reflected in consumers awareness and satisfaction towards organic food products. This research result indicated that the main reason for purchasing organic food products is an expectation of a healthier and environment friendly means of production. Organic buyer tend to be older and higher educated than who do not buy them. However, the main barrier to increase the market share of organic food product is consumer information. Abisha. KA | Dr. P. Kannan"Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad District-Kerala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9403.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/9403/consumer-awareness-and-satisfaction-towards-organic-products-in-palakkad-district-kerala/abisha-ka
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
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Categorization and distribution of aqua-chemicals used in coastal farming of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted for a period of eight months from January 2019, to August 2019. The primary purpose of this study is to find out the number of aqua drugs shop and categorize the aqua drugs for fish health management in Noakhali sadar, Kabirhat and Begumganj upazila of Noakhali district. The main target groups were aqua drug sellers (aqua drug shops) and aqua drug representatives of pharmaceutical companies. Data were collected directly from aqua drug sellers and representatives in the study area. Totally 13 outlets were identified in the study areas, and all shops types were mixed, variety product such that animal feed and poultry product were also found in the study area. Aqua drugs and chemicals were classified into seven categories viz. aqua drugs available as Oxygen supplier, Growth Promoter, Antibiotics, Disinfectant, Insecticides, Probiotics, and Water Quality Management. In the study area, Timsen, Virex were mostly available as disinfectants. Aci-Ox and Oxymore were mostly used by the farmers as the oxygen supplier to increase dissolved oxygen level in the water body. Most of the farmers used Acimec 1% Oral solution, Rota Plus, Angreb as insecticides. Novamix-104, Renamycin were mostly available in the study area as antibiotics. Pond Life, Biopond, Pond care were the most available probiotics in the study area. Fish farmers and farm owners mostly used Pathonil, Plankton Grow, Megazeo Plus were for pond preparation and water quality management. Square Aquamix, Acimix Super Fish, Liquavit mainly were used as a growth promoter. Those drugs and chemicals were produced by the 13 pharmaceuticals companies. They provide details information about the purposes, dosages, duration and method of application of chemicals in the leaflet.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
This paper aimed at evaluating biotechnology concerning its application. Major areas of applications identified in the literature are environment, medicine, agriculture, food processing, and industry. Therefore, this review report tries to touch all the aspects of biotechnology in the field. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Biotechnological approaches are applied to enhance the nutritional, functional and sensory attributes of food in milk, meat, fish, and beverage processing industries. The targeted use of biotechnological methods can, amongst other things, help reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy ingredients in foods as well as remove allergenic substances
Challenges and Strategies of Marketing of Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
Fieldwork undertaken in specific locations between 2019 and 2021 is crucial to the findings of this study. This study draws on secondary data collected from interviews with key informants at medical drug manufacturing firms in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer area. The study's overarching goal is to assess the current state of the market for medicinal plants, with a focus on easily accessible varieties, as well as the opportunities, threats, and tactics associated with marketing these products in the region under investigation.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Concerns about food safety issues have put considerable pressure on pesticide producers in Europe and worldwide to reduce the levels of pesticide residues in food. The aim of this work is to assess the use of traditional pesticides and their effects, to present perspectives in this field and to identi-fy regulatory needs for their use and implementation. The work is based on a systematic review in which the research problem was defined, primary sources were selected and critically appraised, data were collected, analysed and evaluated, and conclusions were formulated. The state of the pesticide market and the current legal requirements for risk assessment in relation to exposure to chemical sub-stances were reviewed. Food safety issues are presented through the prism of pesticide residues in food. Their widespread use and considerable persistence have made them ubiquitous in the natural environment and their residues pose a threat to the environment and to human and animal health. It has been shown that the most important factor influencing the search for new tools to control diseas-es and pests of crops is the progressive development of resistance of these populations to currently used pesticides. Various alternatives to the phasing out of synthetic pesticides in the form of natural products are therefore being developed to support the development of the natural products market.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
Los plaguicidas han sido identificados como los principales contaminantes de varias vías fluviales. Al estar clasificados como posibles compuestos disruptores endocrinos, los pesticidas en el sistema acuoso son altamente peligrosos para los organismos acuáticos y el ecosistema.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad Dist...ijtsrd
The adoption of organic production and processing is highly determined by market demand. Therefore this is reflected in consumers awareness and satisfaction towards organic food products. This research result indicated that the main reason for purchasing organic food products is an expectation of a healthier and environment friendly means of production. Organic buyer tend to be older and higher educated than who do not buy them. However, the main barrier to increase the market share of organic food product is consumer information. Abisha. KA | Dr. P. Kannan"Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad District-Kerala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9403.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/9403/consumer-awareness-and-satisfaction-towards-organic-products-in-palakkad-district-kerala/abisha-ka
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
Successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus♂ and Clarias gariepinus♀AbdullaAlAsif1
Hybridization is a significant approach to breeding that enables the creation of new varieties that enhance genetic diversity. Through fish inter-species hybridization, it is possible to produce hybrids that can be utilized in aquaculture and stocking programs to enhance growth rate, transfer desirable traits between species, and combine the favourable attributes of two parents into a single progeny. The present study revealed the successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus (Ng, 2001) ♂ and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) ♀ for the first time in the aquaculture industry. C. microstomus is a species of Clariid catfish endemic to the island of Borneo and C. gariepinus is an introduced species widely aquacultured throughout the southeast Asian region. The embryonic development of the hybrid offspring is described with the hatching percentage of 58.63% and the early survival rate for the first 72 hours for the larvae of 85.76%. The hybrids showed no signs of deformities and developed normally. The findings of the study provide a new high yield variety of catfish for farmers and aquaculture industry for increasing production and profit margin.
Freshwater gastropod diversity in the selected lotic environment, Betong, Sar...AbdullaAlAsif1
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Macrofaunal diversity on the surface sediment of mangrove habitat adjacent to...AbdullaAlAsif1
Macrofaunal diversity and composition are essential to understanding the ecosystem structures and functions of mangroves in any dynamic estuarine coast. To understand the temporal distribution of macrofaunal community structures and diversity on the surface sediment in the intertidal mangrove forest next to the seagrass beds, this study was conducted at Punang-Sari-River estuary, Lawas, Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), South China Sea. Sampling was done during post-monsoon, intermediate-September, premonsoon, and monsoon from July 2019 to February 2020. The mean macrofauna abundance was higher pre-monsoon, while Gastropoda Optediceros breviculum (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) was the most abundant (RA = 0.704). Important species index (ISI = 70.36) and percentage of contribution (64.97%) were also higher of this species than any other records from the site. The ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarity), Jaccard index and SIMPER (Similarity Percentage Analysis) analysis suggested that the highest species abundance similarity was observed between pre-monsoon and monsoon, while the highest dissimilarity was observed between intermediate-September and pre-monsoon (74.67%). Seasonal PCA, nMDS, and cluster analysis revealed that pre-monsoon and monsoon were comparable in species and individual abundance. The dominance (0.85) was found significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in intermediate-September, while Simpson (0.734), Shannon (1.56) and Evenness indices (0.528) were found higher in monsoon, followed by the higher Margalef richness indices (3.21) in post-monsoon. It was observed that the seasonal ecological parameters were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different, including the temperature, salinity, rainfall, pore water nitrogenous compounds (NO2, NO3 and NH3-N), phosphorus compound (PO4) and micro minerals. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results suggested that ecological factors influenced several species. Considering the few studies on mangrove macrofauna in Malaysian Borneo, further research on their trophic structures and food web interactions is very important to disclose their overall characteristics and ecosystem functions.
Population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonic...AbdullaAlAsif1
Nemipterus japonicus (Japanese threadfin bream) is one of the most significant fish species throughout the Indo-Pacific regions. No previous studies on the population dynamics of N. japonicus have been carried out in the Eastern Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). The present study focused on the population dynamics of N. japonicus from April 2013 to March 2014 in the coastal area of Bintulu, South China Sea. Local fishermen provided samples, which were then analysed. The FiSAT II software was used to evaluate the collected length frequency data. The asymptotic length (L ∞) and growth coefficient (K) were 26.78 cm and 0.85 yr-1, respectively. The growth performance index (ϕ'), total mortality coefficient (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 2.785, 2.97, 1.63 and 1.34 per year, respectively. According to the estimates, the exploitation rate (E) for N. japonicus was 0.45, while the E 0.1 , E 0.5 and E max were determined as 0.72, 0.4 and 0.806, respectively. The obtained value of exploitation was less than E max, although slightly higher than E 0.5. The recruitment characteristics of N. japonicus have been stable throughout the year, with one peak pulse. The results contribute to the knowledge of the dynamics of N. japonicus populations and are important for the sustainable management of the Sarawak fishing resources.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Trends in seagrass research and conservation in Malaysian watersAbdullaAlAsif1
The seagrass ecosystems found in the marine and coastal areas, with substantial economic and ecological services and span all over the globe excluding the Antarctic region. The Coral Triangle and Southeast Asia are recognized as a worldwide hotspot of seagrass species and habitats, encompassing 10-21 species of seagrass in every nation , although the study, understanding, and quantity of publications on seagrass ecosystems are rather limited in the region, including Malaysia. Malaysia contains 18 seagrass species from three families, which occupy 16.8 km 2 of coastal area, where the study and discovery of seagrass species and meadows began in 1904 with the report of Beccari. All of the published papers reviewed reported on Malaysian seagrass-related research, which was divided into nine topic groups: biology and distribution, carbon sequestration, fauna, remote sensing, impact and pollution genetic study, restoration , microbiological investigation, and others. The extensive study of the seagrass ecosystem began in 1993, and we have identified 183 published papers from Scopus, 141 publications from Web of Science, and 42 from Google Scholar. However, the average trend of the number of publications from 1993 to 1999 was 0.71 ± 0.36, while from 2000 to 2022 was 7.70 ± 1.16 followed by the average trend of the yearly number of publications was 6.78 ± 1.08. The highest number of publications was found on faunal categories (43.17%), followed by biology and distribution (21.85%). The number of articles that were published on Malaysian seagrass meadows each year has been discovered to be rising, which indicates that the trends in seagrass study and publishing were progressively garnering the attention of researchers, academics, and the government. However, to better understand the sustainable ecology and ecosystem services provided by seagrass habitats, an emphasis on certain research niches, such as the genetic study of flora and fauna in seagrass meadows, microbial ecology, and restoration as well as conservation of seagrass species might be helpful.
First record of saucer scallop Ylistrum balloti (Bernardi, 1861) from equator...AbdullaAlAsif1
Ylistrum balloti is one of the Pectinidae species distributed within the Indo-Pacific region. Recently, 15 live specimens of Y. balloti were recorded from the continental shelf of Sarawak, Malaysia. The main morphological characteristics were displayed on the outer valve, these being a brown-red colour and a clear concentric pattern of thin brown lines. The prominent internal ribbing numbers on both valves also helped species identification. The preliminary report of Y. balloti revealed that the species is present in Sarawak waters and can be further explored in the future.
Culture and production of Lucilia sericata Meigen (1826) larvae for rearing s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The fly larvae (Lucilia sericata) are being used as an alternative protein source in any kind of animal feed as it reduces the cost of preparation of feed. This current study focused on the physico-chemical and proximate properties of raw poultry waste, while this study also revealed the production process of fly larvae and the proximate composition of it. The poultry waste was collected from Suvro poultry farm, Sutiakhali, Mymensingh, then the physic-chemical properties of the raw poultry waste were determined using different procedures. Three treatments were considered for production of fly larvae, T 1 (3 kg), T 2 (6 kg) and T 3 (9 kg) in a 15 kg capacity tray with three replications. After production, the proximate composition were also measured of fly larvae. Physico-chemical properties such as, color, odor, texture, temperature, pH, total solids (TSS+TDS), chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, available N, available P, and fiber in raw poultry waste were determined and presented. Proximate composition such as, moisture, total N, total P, available N, total Ca, ash and crude fiber were found in significant amount in the poultry waste. It was found that T 3 (1350±68g) produced highest volume of live maggot compared to the other treatments, but T 2 (17.50±1.10%) produced highest percentage volume. The proximate compositions of fly larvae were assessed and found 56.60±0.25% protein value in it, suggesting that fly larvae could be the protein replacer in fish feed. The result of this study revealed cheap protein source in aquaculture production, such as production and rearing of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, and the findings might be helpful for cost reduction in aquaculture operation.
The molecular approach reveals the relationship among Venus clams (Meretrix s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Molecular study is important to detect variations and similarities among species from the same genus, in case if they do not encompass any morphological or physiological differences. The study was conducted to differentiate among species of Meretrix spp. (Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria) obtained from two locations in Malaysia through the phylogenetic tree. The adductor muscle tissues were used to extract DNA and to perform other procedures; the samples were subjected to analyses using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The multiple sequence comparison was conducted by MUSCLE and the phylogenetic relationships were established using Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical methods with MEGA 6.0 statistical software. M. lyrata samples showed 99% similarity to the three accessions sequence, where M. lyrata indicated 87% similarities, and M. meretrix showed not more than 89% similarities from the deposited sequence. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 37.9%, Cytosine (C) 15.4%, Adenine (A) 27.4%, and Guanine (G) 19.4%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using the Tamura 3-parameter model to establish five major clades on Meretrix spp. and two out-groups clades significantly different from the Meretrix spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 50% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Meretrix. The present study on Meretrix spp. from the Sarawak locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between M. lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria. M. lusoria was close related to M. meretrix with strong bootstrap supporting evidence at 96% scoring. Moreover, M. lyrata was inferred as the ancestor to M. meretrix, and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia.
Disappearance or overlooked or untouched? - A brief history of aquatic gastro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aquatic gastropods (marine and freshwater) in Malaysian Borneo (MYB) have an ancient history of 255 years, while the first record was observed in 1767 by the pioneer Carl Linnaeus. Over time, many European, native taxonomists and conservationists have worked on the diverse group of gastropods in the Malaysian part of Borneo (states of Sabah and Sarawak). No previous work has been conducted to assess the historical status of this particular class of Mollusca. The study objective was to reveal the types of aquatic gastropods and the number of published research and expeditions conducted in MYB. The bibliometric analysis found 145 research publications mentioning the names of the region and reporting at least one gastropod species from this geographic region. Over the history of 255 years, a total of 559 gastropod species were reported by different research groups. Between 1767 and 1900, a total of 150 gastropod species were reported, followed by 79 species from 1900 to 2000 and 330 species from 2001 to 2022. The Grubbs test (p<0.05) identified outlier years for the reporting of gastropod species from MYB with 54 new species each in 2011 and 2020 and 39 species in 2001. Over the history of aquatic gastropod research in MYB, the taxonomists making the greatest contribution were Han Raven and his colleagues from Naturalis who reported 111 new species from the region, followed by Nur Leena Wong from Universiti Putra Malaysia (54 new species). The results suggested that reporting of new species from MYB is increasing, which may reflect the many unexplored sites and suggests the existence of as yet unrecorded species in this ecoregion. In this regard further expeditions and research should improve estimates of the true number of aquatic gastropod species in this area. These results can help the regional governments in making a regional biodiversity database as well as in taking decisions regarding aquatic gastropod research and management.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Diversity of fisheries in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo: Present status and conse...AbdullaAlAsif1
Information on fisheries resources in East Malaysia is scarce and poorly known. The current review aims to compile a checklist of fisheries resources in the Northwest Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia) from available published literature, address the resources' present status, and suggest future monitoring needs for selected critical species. The study also aims to determine several Sarawak land-use issues that are in flux and responsible for habitat degradation. Five hundred sixty-four species belonging to 123 families and 32 orders were recorded from Sarawak waters. Freshwater fish species comprised 48.0% of the total, followed by a marine (36.6%), marine-euryhaline (12.9%), and brackish water (2.5%) species. Of this, Cyprinidae was the most dominant group accounting for the greatest number of species (82 species), followed by Balitoridae (34 species), Bagridae (21 species) and Penaeidae (21 species). Therefore, available fisheries resources should be managed carefully as 48 species (9.0%) are currently vulnerable to extinction. Furthermore, the presence of 20 alien species in Sarawak water bodies also requires attention from the authorities due to the potential disruption of aquatic ecological balance. Changing land use issues in Sarawak such as forest degradation, agricultural expansion, peatland deforestation and conversion, logging, destruction of mangrove forests, and construction of hydroelectric power dams and flood mitigation channels pose significant challenges to fishery management in Sarawak. Our study documents the priority of fishery monitoring and conservation in Sarawak water bodies to ensure sustainable management of fisheries resources.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Research trends of aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) in Bangladesh: the last decade's (2011-2020) story to tell
1. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 90-106; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v7i2.54987
Asian Journal of
Medical and Biological Research
ISSN 2411-4472 (Print) 2412-5571 (Online)
www.ebupress.com/journal/ajmbr
Review
Research trends of aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) in Bangladesh:
the last decade's (2011-2020) story to tell
Abdulla-Al-Asif1*
, Amir Hossain2*
, Hadi Hamli1
, Saiful Islam3
and S. M. Lutful Kabir4
1
Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra
Malaysia Bintulu Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
2
International Studies of Aquatic Tropical Ecology (ISATEC), Department of Biology, University
of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
3
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
4
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Abdulla-Al-Asif, Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural
Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia Campus Bintulu, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia,
jessoreboyhemel@gmail.com, and Amir Hossain, International Studies of Aquatic Tropical Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany,
amhnstu@gmail.com
Received: 05 April 2021/Accepted: 03 June 2021/ Published: 30 June 2021
Abstract: Aquaculture medicines, drugs, and chemicals or simply AMDC, are critical in protecting aquaculture
farmers from disease in farmed animals and economic losses. The AMDC is now a well-established industry in
Bangladesh, and each year, new products that benefit farmers are launched. This review examined published
research information on AMDC over the last decade (2011-2020) and discovered that 41 research publications
from various parts of Bangladesh were published, citing the names of 1484 AMDC products. It was discovered
that 19 generic antibiotics are well established and widely used in different regions' aquaculture, including
shrimp aquaculture. Although some researchers expressed concern about the use of antibiotics in aquaculture,
they believe that with proper withdrawal periods and the application of small doses, farmers may avoid
economic losses. However, the pathway of the antibiotic introduction in aquaculture setup in Bangladesh was
unknown to the researchers, through this review, we revealed the pathway of antibiotics introduction in
aquaculture. Additionally, this review revealed that various AMDC products, including oxygen suppliers,
growth promoter supplements, disinfectants, raw chemicals, probiotics, pond preparation and management
AMDC, and toxic gas removal AMDC, are readily available in various markets throughout Bangladesh. The
observation implied that research on the efficacy of various AMDC products in Bangladesh's agro-ecological
zones could be conducted, which would aid researchers in deciphering the true nature of AMDC in sub-tropical
climates.
Keywords: AMDC research; aqua drugs; aqua medicines; aqua chemicals; antibiotics; Bangladesh
1. Introduction
Successful and profitable aquaculture solely depends on some management norms, including seed selection,
pond preparation, nursing, stocking density selection, feeding, routine checkup, disease management, water
quality management, and lucrative final product to the end consumer (Biswas et al., 2018; Faruk et al., 2018;
Sarker et al., 2020; Sharif and Al-Asif, 2015). Some extensive aquaculture setup simply used to overlook the
disease of aquaculture organisms, whereas they might face economic loss due to high mortality in disease and
infections (Leung and Bates, 2013). Preventing mortality and economic loss, some specialist suggested
2. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2)
91
providing vaccines to the fishes or culture organism for particular disease resistance (Assefa and Abunna, 2018);
for example, lake virus in tilapia (Zeng et al., 2021) and koi herpesvirus (Embregts et al., 2019). This
vaccination program requires huge workflow, infrastructures, budgets and times for countries like Bangladesh;
not last but least, the lack of experts on vaccination implication and research remain questionable. Aquaculture
is a booming industry in Bangladesh, as the country’s inland production is just lower than mainland China and
this industry consider a second export contribution provider for the country (Shamsuzzaman et al., 2020, 2017).
Adaptation of vaccine technology for particular fish species will be wise for long run consideration; but to keep
stabilize the national production, export and connecting to the new global market, the disease management, and
cure of affected animal should be crucial which will prevent the economic loss to the farmer of the country.
If we look back to the previous decades, while the country’s aquaculture sectors start as a new emergence, the
disease was one of the major challenges for the farmers who wanted to get a handsome profit from their farm
(Aftabuddin et al., 2016; Faruk et al., 2004). We should not forget that aquaculture is a profit-making business
along with serving the nation by providing animal protein. Mitigation of any sort of problem needs to handle
professionally. The rural fish rearing ponds face less diseases and health problems due to low stocking densities
and uninterrupted water bodies; while to make profit, aquaculturists often stocks the culture organisms in a high
density, although there are some guides to stock the culture organisms (Hasan et al., 2010; M’balaka et al.,
2012).
Aquaculture pond and water quality management also play a crucial role in a successful operational cycle; thus,
some experts obviously suggested the biofloc and re-circulatory aquaculture system (RAS) (Appiah-Kubi, 2012;
Crab et al., 2012). Even though RAS is reliable, disease preventive and profitable, the drawback of this
technology is too expensive and it is difficult for our rural farmer to implement.
Nevertheless, the disease problems still remained unsolved in the Bangladeshi aquaculture industry, where
experts always suggested the proper management is the key to fruitful and efficient operation; and however,
they also suggested taking the support of available medication from the local market (Chowdhury et al., 2015).
The early stage of aqua medicine, drugs and chemicals were supported by village quack doctors who eventually
treat the homestead animals such as cow, buffalo, etc., where they simply suggested applying lime (CaCO3) in
the pond water to solve all health problems. However, this idea was worked at that time due to these ponds and
animal was solely reared for non-commercial purposes.
The establishment of different universities opened a wide door to treat our aquatic (mostly non-visible) reared
animals. At the first stage, experts suggested the available veterinary drugs to treat aquatic animals; but while
the companies or importer realized this sector might boom in the near future they brought aquaculture specific
drugs, medicines and chemicals (Hoq et al., 2011; Ullah et al., 2020).
The big shot in the market remains the first comers; while some of the companies launched their agro-vet
divisions, and aquaculture drugs were still overlooked for their lack of relevant expertise and negligence.
Nowadays, most of the giant pharmaceutical companies have their animal health division to support the farmer
of the country.
The rest of the chemicals which were used in Bangladesh for aquaculture purposes, they remained on the hand
of old-fashioned businessmen, for example, lime, mustard oil cake, tea seed cake. But the situation was changed
while one of the companies (ACI Animal health) imported powder lime (CaO) from Vietnam. The farmer
instantly appreciated this product, and they started to use it in their culture pond (Rahman et al., 2017). With
this example, it can be said that our chemical importer, businessmen, and companies really thinking about the
advancement of this sector.
Research on aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) in Bangladesh was initiated by some research
groups from Bangladesh Agricultural University. The first stage of these AMDC research was about to report
the available drugs, chemicals, and medicines used in the rural aquaculture (Faruk et al., 2004; Aktar et al.,
2020), on time being antibiotic resistance and use of antibiotic in animal become concern issues; while
nowadays researchers in Bangladesh are really putting effort to examine the efficacy of the antibiotics,
resistance capacity of different antibiotics in fishes and different aspects of antibiotics in aquaculture (Faruk et
al., 2021; Lulijwa et al., 2020). The recent studies suggested that antibiotic use in aquaculture and aquatic
ecosystem might be lead to the resistance of this substance (Hossain et al., 2018; Rahman et al., 2009). On the
other hand, veterinary farm (Dairy, cattle and poultry) waste products are widely used fertilizer in Bangladesh
such as cow dung; however recent studies suggested that the use of antibiotic in poultry and cattle is becoming
antimicrobial drug resistance, while use of these waste products (cow dung and poultry litter) in aquaculture
setup increasing the probability of antibiotic resistance pathogens in aquaculture (Kabir et al., 2019; Sobur et
al., 2019; Sarker et al., 2020; Alam et al., 2020; Neogi et al., 2020; Haque et al., 2021). In a long run which
might be a threat to the industry. In the present review, we scrutinize all information regarding the use of
3. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2)
92
AMDC in Bangladesh, the research trends aspects, the antimicrobial pathways to the aquaculture setup and
discussed the gap of AMDC research in Bangladesh.
2. Literature search strategy
The available literature on aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) were accumulated mainly from
published articles from the periods of 2011 to 2020. The literature search was performed with Google Scholar
web search using "Publish or Perish" software from January 2021 to May 2021 (Harzing, 2007). The specific
keywords were inserted and search for the documents ("Bangladesh" AND ("Aqua medicines" OR "Aqua
drugs" OR “aqua chemicals” OR "fish drugs" OR "fish medicines" OR "fish chemicals")). We extracted the
papers related to aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) in Bangladesh from 2011 to 2020.
3. Animal health companies and business
Veterinary medicines companies and businesses have been well established in Bangladesh compared to aqua
medicines and drug companies which are still young in this country. The previously published documents cited
their names, products and activities in different regions (Chowdhury et al., 2015; Rahman et al., 2017; Sarker et
al., 2018; Ullah et al., 2020). We scrutinized some of the nationwide and local companies (Table 1), which
reflects most human health pharmaceuticals companies remains the top market share holder of aqua-drug and
aqua medicines. As previously mentioned, some companies are related to trading old-fashioned chemical
commodities (Chowdhury et al., 2015; Rahman et al., 2017; Ullah et al., 2020); for instance, ACI Animal health
has a distribution channel of lime (CaO). It is observed that some companies have other consumer products such
as raw salt (NaCl) so that their business coverage in terms of medicinal, drugs and chemical products were
found huge.
According to the published literature and personal communication with the relevant companies, it is revealed
that ACI Animal Health found one of the leading companies having 27% of the market share. Other companies,
such as Eon Animal Health, Square Agrovet Division, SK+F Animal Health, etc., have a significant market
share of AMDC (aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals) (Figure 1).
4. Research trends of AMDC in the last decade
The extensive literature search on the AMDC (aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals) research revealed that the
first published documents were traced on the last decade in 2011 by Hoq et al. (2011) and Khan et al. (2011)
from the Mymensingh region. There was an interval of AMDC research publication found in 2013; but from the
following year, the journey continued, and the last publication of the previous decade was traced by the research
of Ullah et al. (2020), mainly from the Noakhali district of south-eastern Bangladesh. The trend analysis of
AMDC research found a positive and sharp increase at the last of the decade; it is presumed that the new decade
(2021-2030) will contribute a large number of research publications on different aspects (Figure 2).
4.1. Area wise research trends of AMDC in the last decade
According to AMDC research, the most documents were published in the Khulna region (34%; 14 documents),
followed by Mymensingh (20%; 8 documents), Chattogram (15%; 6 documents), and Rajshahi (12%; 5
documents) (Figure 3). The Khulna division has a high number of publications due to the presence of
universities (Khulna University, Jashore University of Science and Technology, and Khulna Agricultural
University), Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) stations, major shrimp producing regions, and the
hatchery industry in this area. Mutual interest between businessmen and research institutions created a bridge
for the successful establishment of aquaculture operations in that region (Hasan et al., 2015). However,
Mymensingh is located very close to the country's capital city Dhaka, making it the most convenient region for
feeding the megacity's millions of residents. Freshwater aquaculture production, particularly Pangas, tilapia, and
koi, are very high in this region. The headquarters of BFRI and Bangladesh Agricultural University is also
located here, encouraging researchers to conduct AMDC research on various topics in this area. On the other
hand, Cumilla is one of the closest districts to the capital city of Dhaka, and the freshwater aquaculture industry
is thriving there; numerous animal feed and pharmaceutical companies have established regional offices in
Cumilla, and the aquaculture disease consultants are primarily university graduates who share their professional
expertise and interests with farmers and businessmen, thereby avoiding some impediments (Rahman et al.,
2017; Ullah et al., 2020) (Figure 4).
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4.2. Total AMDC reported
The literature from 2011 to 2020 reported 1484 names, types, and generics of AMDC from different part of
Bangladesh. Among the literature, in 2020, the highest number of AMDC were reported (Das et al., 2020;
Hasan et al., 2020; Ullah et al., 2020), followed the year 2017 (208 AMDC), 2014 (196 AMDC), 2019 (189
AMDC) and it is observed some reported AMDC in every year except 2013; due to lack of any published
document in 2013, we did not find any AMDC in that year (Figure 5). The result of this analysis gives an
understandable trend that, the farmer’s preferences of AMDC is raising in a different part of the country.
On the other hand, the reported AMDC from the Chattogram district is comparatively higher (455 AMDC) than
in any other part of the country. This is because aquaculture farmers in the Chattogram district have adapted to
new technology at a much faster rate (455 AMDC) than in any other part of the country (Figure 6). In another
light, the aquaculture setups in Chattogram, particularly in Cumilla and Noakhali, are extremely intensive in
nature, with frequent outbreaks of disease and mismanagement, necessitating the use of AMDC by farmers.
4.2.1. Antibiotics
The uses of antibiotics are not a pleasant phenomenon in aquaculture. The development of antimicrobial drug
resistance, hypersensitive reaction, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, bone marrow depression, and
disturbance of normal intestinal flora are all serious public health implications of antibiotic residues (Miranda et
al., 2018; Okocha et al., 2018; Schar et al., 2020). However, uses of antibiotics in aquaculture is regulated by
the conventional laws of the state for instance, National drug policy-2005, Fish feed and animal feed act-2010,
National livestock development policy-2007, National strategy for ARC (Antimicrobial resistance
containment)-2011 and Road map of a national action plan for ARC (Hosain et al., 2021). Nevertheless, several
studies of last decades indicated several antibiotics of different generics and trade names were reported from
different part of the country. We found alone in 2020, a total of 58 antibiotics were reported from different
regions (Figure 7). At the same time, the farmers of Chattogram regions are the major user of antibiotics (56
antibiotics) (Figure 8). The problems of antibiotic uses in aquaculture are recently put into concern by the
research of Lulijwa et al. (2020). The research of Lulijwa et al. (2020) provided the data of antibiotic uses in top
aquaculture producer countries, including Bangladesh, China, India and Vietnam. However, they reported 19
antibiotics are being used in Bangladeshi aquaculture. The government needs to put this matter into a high
priority and concern to impose strict regulation and monitoring at the field level. As Bangladesh is a top
aquaculture producer and exporter in the world, if the importer countries will impose a ban on the export of
aquaculture products, especially the shrimp and Pangas fillet, it will change our fisheries sector drastically.
Another publication from Cumilla (Rahman et al., 2017) also reported 19 antibiotic generics while many of the
antibiotics which are being used by farmers and suggested thru practitioner and consultant practically did not
come out in the last decades documents.
4.2.2. Exposure pathway of antibiotics in aquaculture
Uses of antibiotics became burning issue in live food and meat production industries including aquaculture
(Lulijwa et al., 2020). In whatever form we use antibiotics in live food production, it used to returns to the end
user human and causes considerable complication to the human body, environment and aquatic ecosystems
(Brunton et al., 2019; Rasul and Majumdar, 2017). The pathway analysis revealed that, antibiotic vendors with
intentional medicinal uses purpose are the major source of antibiotics in aquaculture (Figure 9). However, the
other reason might be uses of cow dung as fertilizer in aquaculture pond. Cow dung is widely used raw
materials in the aquaculture setup (Jha et al., 2004). The recent study suggested that, use of antibiotics in cattle
farm, and later on these cattle farm waste (waste disposal including cow dung, faecal waste and) served as
fertilizer in aquaculture which might be severe source of antibiotic introduction of aquaculture setup (Kabir et
al., 2019; Sobur et al., 2019). However, the most terrible scenario was reported by Ashrafun et al. (2019), where
they revealed the tetracycline resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. from different source, as tetracycline is
widely used antibiotic in aquaculture industry of Bangladesh. So far indiscriminate uses of antibiotics are
leading the aquaculture industry to the antimicrobial resistance bacterial species, which can be considered as
dangerous phenomenon in long run. Another mentionable source of antibiotics in aquaculture pond is poultry
and duck litter disposal in aquaculture pond for increment of phytoplankton and primary productivity of pond.
Interestingly, recent research suggested that, some pathogenic bacteria which are available in all farms
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environment found antibiotic resistance characters, such as Aeromonas hydrophila in broiler farm (Sarker et al.,
2020), Campylobacter spp. in small scale commercial broiler farms (Alam et al., 2020), Campylobacter spp. in
poultry farms and live bird markets (Neogi et al., 2020), Salmonella in small-scale commercial layer flocks
(Haque et al., 2021), and Campylobacter species in ducks (Uddin, 2018). This phenomenon suggested that use
of poultry litter in aquaculture might grow the antimicrobial resistance capacity for the pathogenic microbes in
aquatic environments, which obviously will not be a wise idea for the practitioners and aquaculturists. The use
of antibiotics in different fish feed are practiced globally, but this were rarely reported (Agoba et al., 2017),
however this might be considered another source of antibiotics introduction in aquaculture pond. The waste of
pharmaceuticals industry used to dispose directly in the river environments without any treatment; thus some
aquaculture setup adjacent to rivers might be affected and the antibiotics might improve the resistance capacity
of pathogens. We found some another causes of antibiotic introduction to the aquaculture ponds such as
introduction of antibiotics through migratory birds, homestead waste having antibiotic residue disposal to the
aquaculture ponds.
4.2.3. Other chemicals
The published documents over the last decades have provided invaluable information to aquaculturists,
practitioners, businessmen, policymakers, think tanks, and a variety of other civil groups involved in the
aquaculture industry. Apart from antibiotics, the supplier of supplemental oxygen is critical in preventing
economic losses in aquaculture operations (Chowdhury et al., 2015). Companies sell the oxygen in granular and
tablet form using different brand names, although the ingredients are similar (Table 2). We found many brand
names of oxygen tablets from different companies which were reported in the last decade. Growth promoter, for
example, various vitamins, minerals, feed premix, additives, fish oil etc. were reported in the last decade by
different research groups; Rahman et al. (2017), Chowdhury et al. (2015), Adhikary et al. (2018) and Rahman et
al. (2019). In the market, ACIMIX premix (combination of different minerals) and vitamin C are very popular,
which helps to boost fish growth in a short period.
Disinfectant is one of the most used chemicals in the freshwater and brackish water aquaculture (Hasan et al.,
2015; Uddin et al., 2020). Due to improper management of the culture setup, overstocking, introducing diseased
fish, and various other factors causing diseases to spread in aquaculture ponds. Farmers are advised to use
disinfectant and follow consultant guidance in such circumstances. In most cases, a lower pH in the culture
setup is to blame for the disease. Liming at an appropriate dose may help raise the pH and completely eradicate
existing pathogenic organisms in the aquaculture setup (Chowdhury et al., 2015). However, the most popular
disinfectant in Bangladesh found BKC (Benzal konium chloride) chemical, where the active ingredients are n-
Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 40%, stabilized urea 60% (Chowdhury et al., 2015). The market
research suggested that the trade name Timsen by Eon Animal Health found most popular among the farmer and
aquaculture disease experts. We noticed other disinfectants, such as Virex (ACI Animal Health), Aquakleen
(Square Agrovet division); whereas some old-fashioned chemicals work as a magic disinfectant, for example,
bleaching powder reported by Rahman et al. (2017).
The use of raw chemicals in aquaculture solely depends on lime, mustard oil cake, tea seed cake, Potassium
permanganate, formalin, salt, malachite green, Methylene blue, diesel, kerosene etc. (Biswas et al., 2018). These
chemicals are vastly available in the poison and seed for agriculture-related vending points, grocery stores and
chemical shops. The use of the raw chemical is very vast, and they can be used from the eradication of
unwanted organisms from culture setup to pond preparation, feeding setup, along disease treatments in
aquaculture. In the last decade, many documents reported about the different raw chemicals, where recent
publication of Das et al. (2020) reported the highest (7 chemicals) raw chemicals from aquaculture of Rangpur
district in Bangladesh (Table 2). However, the appeal of the use of raw chemicals in aquaculture will retain the
same due to its effectiveness and low cost.
Probiotics are other wings of AMDC, where it plays a vital role to prevent the disease introduction and outbreak
by keeping the water quality in good form. However, the use of probiotics in farmers were not so widespread,
but this technology used to adopt by most of the educated peoples who already familiar with this technology.
The use of probiotics and other chemicals to prevent disease in aquaculture leads to the creation of biofloc
technology theory, which is gaining popularity worldwide (Crab et al., 2012). We found many probiotics are
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available and reported in the last decade, which can be considered a good sign that farmers are adopting new
technology to increase production and reduce an economic loss (Akter et al., 2020; Chowdhury et al., 2015;
Rahman et al., 2017).
Water quality management is one of the vital issues for successful aquaculture practice, while it requires regular
monitoring and care (Hamli et al., 2013). This review revealed that many water quality maintaining products,
including zeolite (ash of volcanic eruption), were very popular. It is also found that, based on single products
(Zeolite), many local companies and importer is doing business nationwide. It is due to the zeolite is well known
to the farmer, and it is comfortable to use in their aquaculture pond (Rahman et al., 2017; Chowdhury et al.,
2015).
The use of Yucca (Yucca schidigera) extracts to remove ammonia from pond bottoms and water is extremely
popular among farmers. While some experts have suggested using probiotics to remove toxic gases from culture
ponds, there are situations while rapid gas removal is required, in which case extract of Yucca is found to be
extraordinary. (Santacruz-Reyes and Chien, 2012, 2009). Interestingly dietary use of this plant extract in
aquaculture also found effective somewhere else (Güroy et al., 2014; Tidwell et al., 1992).
Numerous gas removal products have been reported in the Bangladeshi market. In contrast, a recent publication
indicated that the use of gas removal products (16 in total) are popular among farmers in Bogura (Akter et al.,
2020) (Table 2).
Table 1. List of top animal health companies.
No. Name of companies No. Name of companies
1 Eon Animal Health 16 Ultimate (BD) Ltd.
2 Square Agrovet Division 17 S.S.S Agro Care Ltd.
3 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 18 Navana Limited
4 ACI Animal Health 19 Renata Animal Health
5 SK+F Animal Health. 20 VnF Agro Ltd.
6 The ACME Laboratories Ltd. 21 One Pharma Ltd.
7 Nature Care Ltd. 22 NAAFCO Pharma Ltd.
8 Fishtech (BD) Limited 23 Verno Bio-Solutions Ltd.
9 Penta Agrovet Ltd. 24 Nutri Health Ltd.
10 Organic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 25 Advanced Agrotech (BD) Ltd.
11 First Care Agro Ltd. 26 Chemical Seller
12 Lion Overseas Trading Company 27 Promim Agro vet Industries
13 Catapol Bioscience Ltd. 28 PRAN Agro Business Ltd.
14 Avon Animal Health 29 Univet Ltd.
15 Century Agro Ltd. 30 Agrosol Bangladesh Company
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Table 2. AMDC research conducted in last decade (2011-2020).
Years Study location
Total
aqua
medicines
Antibiotics Oxygen
Growth
promoter
Disinfectants
Raw
chemicals
Probiotics
Pond preparation
and water quality
management
Toxic gas
removal
Source
2020 Noakhali 49 2 7 16 2 - 9 10 - Ullah et al. (2020)
2020 Patuakhali 71 10 9 10 9 - 2 12 5 Hasan et al. (2020)
2020 Rangpur 81 9 10 10 9 7 8 10 9 Das et al. (2020)
2020 Bogura 79 11 10 8 12 - 9 13 16 Akter et al. (2020)
2020 Moulvibazar 46 5 12 11 5 - - 8 5 Singha et al. (2020)
2020
Southern coastal
region
17 2 3 2 2 - 3 5 - Uddin et al. (2020)
2020 Bangladesh 19 19 - - - - - - - Lulijwa et al. (2020)
2020 North-west region 4 - - - - 4 - - - Mondal et al. (2020)
2019 North Chattogram 75 13 10 10 10 - 6 15 5 Kawsar et al. (2019)
2019
Southwestern
Region
65 7 7 13 6 - 5 9 6 Hossain et al. (2018)
2019 Jashore 1 - - - - 1 - - - Rahman et al. (2019)
2019 Mymensingh 5 - - - 5 - Billah et al. (2019a)
2019 Mymensingh 5 - - - 5 - Billah et al. (2019b)
2019 Jhenaidah 38 8 6 7 5 5 - 4 3 Rahman et al. (2019)
2018 Jashore 47 5 6 8 7 - - 13 8 Adhikary et al. (2018)
2018 Jamalpur 53 9 7 20 6 - - 11 - Anwar et al. (2018)
2018 Mymensingh 3 - - - - 2 - 1 - Faruk et al. (2018)
2018 Jashore 35 3 - 1 6 3 - 22 - Biswas et al. (2018)
2018 Jashore 2 - - - - 2 - - - Yeasmin et al. (2018)
2017 Mymensingh 1 1 - - - - - - - Neowajh et al. (2018)
2017 Lalmonirhat 6 - - - - 6 - - - Vaumik et al. (2017)
9. Figure 1. Market share of AMDC (aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals) products in
Bangladesh by different companies. (ACIAH= ACI Animal Health; EAH= Eon Animal Health;
SAD= Square Agrovet Division; NPL = Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd; SKFAH= SK+F Animal
Health; ACMEL= ACME Laboratories Ltd; FTL= Fishtech (BD) Limited; and OTH= Others).
Figure 2. Research trends and available published documents on AMDC (Aqua medicine, drugs
and chemical) from 2011-2020.
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Figure 3. Region wise available published documents (2011-2020) on AMDC (Aqua medicine, drugs and
chemical). (CHT=Chattogram; BAR= Barishal; KHU= Khulna; MYM= Mymensingh; RAJ= Rajshahi;
RAN= Rangpur; SYL= Sylhet; WHO= Whole country).
Figure 4. Number of published documents on AMDC (Aqua medicine, drugs and chemical) from
different regions (2011-2020). (CHT=Chattogram; BAR= Barishal; KHU= Khulna; MYM= Mymensingh;
RAJ= Rajshahi; RAN= Rangpur; SYL= Sylhet; WHO= Whole country).
15%
5%
34%
20%
12%
5%
7%
2%
CHT
BAR
KHU
MYM
RAJ
RAN
SYL
WHO
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Number
of
published
AMDC
documents
Years
CHT BAR KHU MYM RAJ RAN SYL WHO
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Figure 5. Number of total AMDC (Aqua medicine, drugs and chemical) reported from different regions
(2011-2020). (CHT=Chattogram; BAR= Barishal; KHU= Khulna; MYM= Mymensingh; RAJ= Rajshahi;
RAN= Rangpur; SYL= Sylhet; WHO= Whole country).
Figure 6. Year wise number of total AMDC (Aqua medicine, drugs and chemical) reported from different
regions (2011-2020). (CHT=Chattogram; BAR= Barishal; KHU= Khulna; MYM= Mymensingh; RAJ=
Rajshahi; RAN= Rangpur; SYL= Sylhet; WHO= Whole country).
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Total
number
of
AMDC
reported
Years
CHT BAR KHU MYM RAJ RAN SYL WHO
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
CHT BAR KHU MYM RAJ RAN SYL WHO
Number
of
AMDC
reported
Regions
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
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Figure 7. Number of total antibiotic reported from different regions (2011-2020). (CHT=Chattogram;
BAR= Barishal; KHU= Khulna; MYM= Mymensingh; RAJ= Rajshahi; RAN= Rangpur; SYL= Sylhet;
WHO= Whole country).
Figure 8. Year wise number of total antibiotic reported from different regions (2011-2020).
(CHT=Chattogram; BAR= Barishal; KHU= Khulna; MYM= Mymensingh; RAJ= Rajshahi; RAN=
Rangpur; SYL= Sylhet; WHO= Whole country).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CHT BAR KHU MYM RAJ RAN SYL WHO
Number
of
antibiotics
reported
Regions
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Number
of
antibiotics
reported
Years
CHT BAR KHU MYM RAJ RAN SYL WHO
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Figure 9. The possible exposure pathway of antibiotics in aquaculture setup (Chowdhury et al., 2015;
Furtula et al., 2010; Han et al., 2017; Ngogang et al., 2021; Pruden et al.,2013; Shobrak and Abo-Amer,
2014; Thai et al., 2018; Ullah et al., 2020; Yeom et al., 2017).
5. Conclusions
Aqua medicines, drugs, and chemicals (AMDC) research trends indicated that use of AMDC increases
significantly among farmers, while aquaculture is also gaining popularity among new entrepreneurs. Young
entrepreneurs are becoming more involved in aquaculture and embracing new technologies. While the product
profiles of various AMDC companies provide insight into the products' performance, the researchers are
unaware of efficacy results on the following products in various Bangladeshi agro-ecological zones, which can
be interpreted as a significant research gap in the area of AMDC products and research. While these AMDC
products were imported from various tropical and temperate aquaculture countries, and the results were
satisfactory to farmers and consultants, more attentions are required before importing any new AMDC products
into Bangladesh in accordance with the country's existing agrochemical laws.
Acknowledgements
The first and second authors would like the express their deep gratitude to Mr. Rabi Talukder (late) (Ex-DSM of
ACI Animal Health) and Mr. Harun-Or-Rashid (late) (Ex-Senior Fisheries Officer, Department of Fisheries,
Bangladesh).
Conflict of interest
None to declare.
Authors’ contribution
Conceptualization: Abdulla-Al-Asif, Amir Hossain and S. M. Lutful Kabir; methods: Abdulla-Al-Asif; data
collection: Abdulla-Al-Asif and Amir Hossain; statistics and presentation: Abdulla-Al-Asif; writing, original-
draft preparation: Abdulla-Al-Asif; writing, review and editing: Hadi Hamli, Saiful Islam and S. M. Lutful
Kabir. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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