Descendants of the American Indians arrived in North America perhaps 10,000 years ago from Asia. By 1500, there were some 1.5 million of them in North America. They were divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke many different languages, and kept no written records.
The Cold War with the Soviet Union continued with confrontations in Berlin and in Cuba. But gradually attention shifted to crises brought on by smaller countries, such as the oil crisis brought on by Arab nations in the Middle East and the painful hostage crisis in Iran.
Descendants of the American Indians arrived in North America perhaps 10,000 years ago from Asia. By 1500, there were some 1.5 million of them in North America. They were divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke many different languages, and kept no written records.
The Cold War with the Soviet Union continued with confrontations in Berlin and in Cuba. But gradually attention shifted to crises brought on by smaller countries, such as the oil crisis brought on by Arab nations in the Middle East and the painful hostage crisis in Iran.
Estratégias para a proteção e a contratação de programas de computador (software). Histórico; Proteção ao Software; Direitos de Autor; Patentes; Concorrência Desleal; Marcas; Contratos; Desenvolvimento de Software; Licença de Software; Cláusulas Recomendadas.
The Big Business of Slave Trading and of Slavery in AmericaTsubasa Shimaoka
African-American History(アフリカ系アメリカ人の歴史)の授業での研究内容として、私はThe Big Business of Slave Trading and of Slavery in America(アメリカでの奴隷売買や奴隷制度の大規模なビジネス)を研究テーマに選び実施しました。
History of slave trade in African countries. Authentic slavery related artifacts, including slave shackles and slave currency are available at Sadigh Gallery.
HI 333 – The History & Politics of AfricaTopic 2B Sources – The .docxsimonithomas47935
HI 333 – The History & Politics of Africa
Topic 2B Sources – The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Secondary Sources – Scholarly Sources
1. M. Malowist – “The Struggle for International Trade”
Malowist provides some historical context for the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade. When Europeans first began purchasing Africans, what was their purpose? How and why did that purpose change over time?
[p.6] Portugal was initially attracted to Black Africa by its gold, previously exported to the Islamic countries. The Portuguese, however, soon discovered a second African product attractive to Europeans, namely slaves. Though slavery in Africa differed from that known to Europeans, the tradition of exporting slaves to the Arab countries was an old one in large parts of the continent, particularly Sudan. This tradition seems to have facilitated somewhat the organization—during the 1400s and 1500s—of regular purchases of slaves by the Portuguese from a large part of West Africa, particularly Senegambia, a long-standing economic partner of the Maghrib. The Portuguese, who penetrated farther and farther inland in the south-eastern part of West Africa, successfully applied the trade methods used in Senegambia. Realizing success depended on the cooperation of local chiefs and traders, they worked to interest them in the slave trade. The Portuguese also realized that such trade would lead to
[p.7] increased fighting between peoples and states, because prisoners of war soon became the main subject of the trade. The Portuguese soon abandoned their moral objections to the slave trade, believing, as did many in Europe, that it enabled blacks to reach salvation, whereas had they remained in their own countries, they would as non-Christians have been damned to eternal perdition….
Throughout the 1400s and early 1500s, the main market for ‘the black merchandise’ was Europe, particularly Portugal and the Spanish countries and, to a certain extent, islands in the Atlantic such as Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands and subsequently St. Thomas Island—although the number of slaves transported to these islands was limited by the small size of the islands themselves. The main incentive for the slave trade in Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands and, in particular, St. Thomas Island was the introduction of the cultivation of sugar cane and cotton. Slavery could not develop to any great extent on the European continent because there was no economic reason for it…. It was the discovery of America and its economic development by the whites that gave impetus to the [slave] trade. The enormous shortage of labour in Spanish colonies where local populations were already too few to carry out the heavy production tasks demanded by the Spaniards is currently seen as the main reason….
[p.8] The demand for black labour was already great in the Antilles in the early 1500s and grew rapidly with the territorial expansion following the Spanish conquests. Bec.
C H A P T E R 4The European Organizationof the Slave T.docxclairbycraft
C H A P T E R 4
The European Organization
of the Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade was one of the most complex economic enter-
prises known to the preindustrial world. It was the largest transoceanic
migration in history up to that time; it promoted the transportation
of people and goods among three different continents; it involved an
annual fleet of several hundred ships; and it absorbed a large amount
of European capital invested in international commerce. The trade was
closely associated with the development of commercial export agricul-
ture in America, and Asian trading with Europe. It involved complex
capital and credit arrangements in Europe, Africa, and America and
was carried on by a very large number of competing merchants in an
unusually free market. Finally, it was the largest movement of workers
to the Americas before the mid-nineteenth century.
How did this extraordinary trade develop in Europe? What mecha-
nisms were used to get this system into operation and what were the
relative roles of the state and of private capital? How was the trade
financed and what were the goods used to purchase the slaves? What
types of ships and crews were involved in the transport of these slaves
and how were they purchased in Africa and how were they sold in Amer-
ica? What were the profits generated by the trade and what was their
relative importance within the expanding European economy? These
are some of the issues I will deal with in this and the following chapter
on the African part of the trade.
Given the high entry costs to trading, and the initial lack of detailed
knowledge of the various African and American markets, the earliest
period of the slave trade was one in which the state played a major role.
Though slaves were shipped off the African coast by private European
traders from the 1440s onward as part of general exports of gold and
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 2/16/2019 3:31 PM via EXCELSIOR COLLEGE
AN: 331300 ; Klein, Herbert S..; The Atlantic Slave Trade
Account: s4946256.main.ehost
76 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
ivory, the organization of an intensive slave trade took several hundred
years to develop. Africa was a modest source of slaves for southern
Europe until the beginning of the sixteenth century, and it was only
the opening up of America to European colonization that slave trading
finally turned into a major economic activity.
Although the Portuguese were rich enough to allow private con-
tractors to develop some part of the early trade, both they and all the
Europeans who followed used heavy state control in the form of taxa-
tion, subsidization, or monopoly contracts to get the .
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4. West side of Africa.
No ports in very North or
South Africa.
Most slaves came from mid
part of Africa such as Gold
coast.
5. “More slaves were carried from Africa to
America during 18th century because of
industrialization and lack of labors. “
“In 1502, Portuguese first came to Gold
Cost and made economic transaction
with local African. Then in 1650, an
estimated 25,000 enslaved Africans had
been taken to North Atlantic islands
and nearly one hundred thousand to
Sao Tome”
6.
7.
8. Trade wind comes from south-east to north-west
Perfect time of slave trade is around August
9.
10. Gavin Wright, Slavery and American Economic Development, Louisiana
State University Press
David Eltis and David Richardson, Routes to Slavery, FRANK CASS
Johannes Postma, the Atlantic Slave Trade, GREENWOOD PRESS
Herbert S. Klein, the Atlantic Slave Trade, Cambridge University Press
Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World
Slavery, Volume 1, Macmillan Reference USA Simon & Schuster
Macmillan
The Atlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course World History #24
Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY