A logistic regression model has attempted for determining the potential determinants of traveling habit of Dhaka city dwellers. The regression parameters were estimated by Newton-Raphson iteration procedure. Occupation, Income, Age, Marital status, Sex, Family size and Education were found to have significant impact on traveling behavior.
Assigned reading for TMARKPROMO
Short bond, computerized.
Introduction – what the journal article is about
Summary – get the most important points discussed in the article
Conclusion – discuss how you can apply the findings of the study to Tourism.
-- In times of increased students’ mobility worldwide at the tertiary level, preparing them to function in an international and intercultural context is one of the major goals of higher education. In line with this concern, scholarly findings across the globe express concern about the low level of interaction between domestic and international students; ergo, a corresponding increase in intercultural sensitivity on the part of the students is consequently highly required. Hence, the research objective of this study is to compare freshmen’ level of intercultural sensitivity based on seven recurrent factors found in the literature. The population of this study was freshmen from an International College in Bangkok, Thailand. The sample method used was convenience sampling. The research instrument was the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS). Results suggest that international college freshmen exhibit a high level of intercultural sensitivity as measure by the ISS. Data also showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of intercultural sensitivity based on two factors only, namely, nationality, and international friendships. From the findings, it could be recommended to provide intercultural courses for domestic students in order to widen their worldview repertoires, and to engineer intercultural trainings that enable both domestic and international students to go beyond mere contact, and encourage them to forge meaningful and long-lasting relationships with culturally different others
Assigned reading for TMARKPROMO
Short bond, computerized.
Introduction – what the journal article is about
Summary – get the most important points discussed in the article
Conclusion – discuss how you can apply the findings of the study to Tourism.
-- In times of increased students’ mobility worldwide at the tertiary level, preparing them to function in an international and intercultural context is one of the major goals of higher education. In line with this concern, scholarly findings across the globe express concern about the low level of interaction between domestic and international students; ergo, a corresponding increase in intercultural sensitivity on the part of the students is consequently highly required. Hence, the research objective of this study is to compare freshmen’ level of intercultural sensitivity based on seven recurrent factors found in the literature. The population of this study was freshmen from an International College in Bangkok, Thailand. The sample method used was convenience sampling. The research instrument was the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS). Results suggest that international college freshmen exhibit a high level of intercultural sensitivity as measure by the ISS. Data also showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of intercultural sensitivity based on two factors only, namely, nationality, and international friendships. From the findings, it could be recommended to provide intercultural courses for domestic students in order to widen their worldview repertoires, and to engineer intercultural trainings that enable both domestic and international students to go beyond mere contact, and encourage them to forge meaningful and long-lasting relationships with culturally different others
Bringing Them and Keeping Them: A Ten-Year Review of the Recruitment and Ret...unmoei
Bringing Them and Keeping Them: A Ten-‐Year Review of the Recruitment and Reten;on of Underrepresented Faculty at a Hispanic-‐Serving Institution Dr. Josephine “Jozi” De Leon & Dr. Chalane E. Lechuga Division for Equity & Inclusion University of New Mexico
Extract from a report relating to the impact of cultural differences on globalisation. Written from the perspective of consumer behaviour during the #coronavirus crisis. Report is part of a BA (Hons) Marketing degree submission.
Deterents To Women’s Empowerment In Africa: Analysis Of Some Socio-Cultural P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Lecture: Gender, Agriculture and Climate Change, Jennifer Twyman, CIATCIAT
A lecture on Gender, Agriculture and Climate Change, given by Dr. Jennifer Twyman (Gender specialist at CIAT) for the MSc program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security at the National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway
Proposing Methodological Triangulation for a Study on a Diaspora within a Nat...inventionjournals
People moving out of their native place and settling elsewhere due to certain compulsions become diaspora. At present, the term diaspora is used for describing any group of dispersed population. A diaspora undergoes cultural and economic challenges in a receiving society until a complete assimilation takes place or the collective memory of the original identity decomposes. This is a review paper on the choice of methodology adopted for studying negotiations by a diaspora of such challenges in the relevant international scholarship. The literature review suggests that methodological triangulation is appropriate for this kind of a study.
The Impact of Brand Image on the Customer Retention: A Mediating Role of Cust...inventionjournals
In modern time, researchers and practitioners in the field of marketing has paid enormous attention to brand. Currently, the brand is no longer a competent tool in the managers’ hands. Brand is a strategic requisite which helps companies to make more value to customers and also to build up sustainable competitive advantages. Successful brands increase trust in products and intangible services, and customer will be able to better visualize and identify their services. Brand image is the awareness of the product or services for the customer through which the image of the organization is built. Customer satisfaction is also linked with it and positively related with each other which are considered the important tool for marketing strategy. This paper examines the influence of brand image on customer retention under the mediation effect of customer satisfaction.
Corporate Social Responsibility Model Based On “Tri Hita Karana” Cultureinventionjournals
This research was conducted with the background of the CSR activities that are usually done by the company including the BPR industry. So far, CSR has not been adjusted to the values of local wisdom. One of the values of local wisdom in Bali that can be adopted by companies is the cultural value THK. Therefore, this study has the objective to explain the model of CSR-based cultural values THK. This study used a qualitative approach using key informants are stakeholders of the BPR industry, consisting of: the director of BPR, BPR commissioner, banking analyst, cultural experts, and academics. The number of informants there are as many as 15 people. The results showed that the BPR in Bali has implemented CSR activities such as: providing funding punia to pretend, to invite employees to tirta yatra, took off in the days of Hinduism, planting trees, using conditioned taste, using office facilities friendly environment, provide a decent salary, give a reasonable interest rate, giving social assistance to orphanages / nursing, until there doing house renovation. The various CSR activities when combined with cultural concepts THK then be grouped into parahyanganbased CSR, CSR-based pawongan, and CSR-based palemahan. All this THK-based CSR activities have a positive impact for all stakeholders BPR industry in Bali, such as: maintenance of harmonious relations with the BPR employees, customers and the surrounding community, the preservation of the natural environment is good, and the increased performance of BPR.
Exploring the Impact of the use of Business Information systems BIS on the or...inventionjournals
Business Information System BIS is considered as a critical tool, which has a major supporter of the economy which use BIS in an effectively manner. Organizations marked experiencing and acceleration towards the use of BIS to support its operations in order to improve performance and achieve superiority over competitors, which is reflected in the organizational effectiveness. This study aims to identify the impact of the use of Business Information Systems BIS on the organizational performance effectiveness in banks in Jordan. The study population are all (23) banks in Jordan. The study instrument distributed a (42) questionnaire to all senior directors in the banks, The questionnaires were analysed using regression, correlation analysis in order to determine the impact of business information systems BIS and its dimensions as an independent variable on the organizational performance effectiveness which is dependent variable in banks in Jordan.. The study outcomes shown that business information system BIS adoption would increase organizational performances, and offering practical suggestions that may ensure the achievement of the objectives to be accomplished by using BIS contributing to organisational effectiveness. Beside, effective use of BIS in banks would maximizing the total value to financial performance. Also Banks in Jordan gives great importance to the use of BIS significantly, in the belief that they contribute to improving the competitive position.
Economic Analysis of Externalities Cottage In The Presence Of Boarding Darul'...inventionjournals
This research was conducted in Jombang regency precisely in the area of Pondok Pesantren Darul 'Ulum Jombang. The reasons for selecting a location, known as the city's first is Jombang that some students was choose. So, in this case can illustrated with some boarding schools in the Jombang and supported by the local government's vision to make handsome as a city faithful who supported many boarding school. So that boarding schools can be used as a magnet or a special attraction for people living outside in Jombang and expected with character behavior for Jombang society according to the vision of local government, so as to empower for the boarding school that can be used as a cultural and education can lead to a positive economic externalities. A assessment of the management of economic externalities are expected by pack a problem to be beautiful and aesthetic.
An exposition of public accountability and public responsibility with referen...inventionjournals
Research indicates that a reasonable number of scientists, scholars and practitioners argue that a few terms and concepts political science, public administration and administrative law are used so freely, and confusingly as public responsibility and public accountability. Furthermore, in many textbooks available the impression is created that the two concepts are synonymous if not equitable. As shown in this article, this is, however, not quite true. What follows is a reasoned exposition of terminological and semasiological distinctions between public accountability and public responsibility.
Bringing Them and Keeping Them: A Ten-Year Review of the Recruitment and Ret...unmoei
Bringing Them and Keeping Them: A Ten-‐Year Review of the Recruitment and Reten;on of Underrepresented Faculty at a Hispanic-‐Serving Institution Dr. Josephine “Jozi” De Leon & Dr. Chalane E. Lechuga Division for Equity & Inclusion University of New Mexico
Extract from a report relating to the impact of cultural differences on globalisation. Written from the perspective of consumer behaviour during the #coronavirus crisis. Report is part of a BA (Hons) Marketing degree submission.
Deterents To Women’s Empowerment In Africa: Analysis Of Some Socio-Cultural P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Lecture: Gender, Agriculture and Climate Change, Jennifer Twyman, CIATCIAT
A lecture on Gender, Agriculture and Climate Change, given by Dr. Jennifer Twyman (Gender specialist at CIAT) for the MSc program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security at the National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway
Proposing Methodological Triangulation for a Study on a Diaspora within a Nat...inventionjournals
People moving out of their native place and settling elsewhere due to certain compulsions become diaspora. At present, the term diaspora is used for describing any group of dispersed population. A diaspora undergoes cultural and economic challenges in a receiving society until a complete assimilation takes place or the collective memory of the original identity decomposes. This is a review paper on the choice of methodology adopted for studying negotiations by a diaspora of such challenges in the relevant international scholarship. The literature review suggests that methodological triangulation is appropriate for this kind of a study.
The Impact of Brand Image on the Customer Retention: A Mediating Role of Cust...inventionjournals
In modern time, researchers and practitioners in the field of marketing has paid enormous attention to brand. Currently, the brand is no longer a competent tool in the managers’ hands. Brand is a strategic requisite which helps companies to make more value to customers and also to build up sustainable competitive advantages. Successful brands increase trust in products and intangible services, and customer will be able to better visualize and identify their services. Brand image is the awareness of the product or services for the customer through which the image of the organization is built. Customer satisfaction is also linked with it and positively related with each other which are considered the important tool for marketing strategy. This paper examines the influence of brand image on customer retention under the mediation effect of customer satisfaction.
Corporate Social Responsibility Model Based On “Tri Hita Karana” Cultureinventionjournals
This research was conducted with the background of the CSR activities that are usually done by the company including the BPR industry. So far, CSR has not been adjusted to the values of local wisdom. One of the values of local wisdom in Bali that can be adopted by companies is the cultural value THK. Therefore, this study has the objective to explain the model of CSR-based cultural values THK. This study used a qualitative approach using key informants are stakeholders of the BPR industry, consisting of: the director of BPR, BPR commissioner, banking analyst, cultural experts, and academics. The number of informants there are as many as 15 people. The results showed that the BPR in Bali has implemented CSR activities such as: providing funding punia to pretend, to invite employees to tirta yatra, took off in the days of Hinduism, planting trees, using conditioned taste, using office facilities friendly environment, provide a decent salary, give a reasonable interest rate, giving social assistance to orphanages / nursing, until there doing house renovation. The various CSR activities when combined with cultural concepts THK then be grouped into parahyanganbased CSR, CSR-based pawongan, and CSR-based palemahan. All this THK-based CSR activities have a positive impact for all stakeholders BPR industry in Bali, such as: maintenance of harmonious relations with the BPR employees, customers and the surrounding community, the preservation of the natural environment is good, and the increased performance of BPR.
Exploring the Impact of the use of Business Information systems BIS on the or...inventionjournals
Business Information System BIS is considered as a critical tool, which has a major supporter of the economy which use BIS in an effectively manner. Organizations marked experiencing and acceleration towards the use of BIS to support its operations in order to improve performance and achieve superiority over competitors, which is reflected in the organizational effectiveness. This study aims to identify the impact of the use of Business Information Systems BIS on the organizational performance effectiveness in banks in Jordan. The study population are all (23) banks in Jordan. The study instrument distributed a (42) questionnaire to all senior directors in the banks, The questionnaires were analysed using regression, correlation analysis in order to determine the impact of business information systems BIS and its dimensions as an independent variable on the organizational performance effectiveness which is dependent variable in banks in Jordan.. The study outcomes shown that business information system BIS adoption would increase organizational performances, and offering practical suggestions that may ensure the achievement of the objectives to be accomplished by using BIS contributing to organisational effectiveness. Beside, effective use of BIS in banks would maximizing the total value to financial performance. Also Banks in Jordan gives great importance to the use of BIS significantly, in the belief that they contribute to improving the competitive position.
Economic Analysis of Externalities Cottage In The Presence Of Boarding Darul'...inventionjournals
This research was conducted in Jombang regency precisely in the area of Pondok Pesantren Darul 'Ulum Jombang. The reasons for selecting a location, known as the city's first is Jombang that some students was choose. So, in this case can illustrated with some boarding schools in the Jombang and supported by the local government's vision to make handsome as a city faithful who supported many boarding school. So that boarding schools can be used as a magnet or a special attraction for people living outside in Jombang and expected with character behavior for Jombang society according to the vision of local government, so as to empower for the boarding school that can be used as a cultural and education can lead to a positive economic externalities. A assessment of the management of economic externalities are expected by pack a problem to be beautiful and aesthetic.
An exposition of public accountability and public responsibility with referen...inventionjournals
Research indicates that a reasonable number of scientists, scholars and practitioners argue that a few terms and concepts political science, public administration and administrative law are used so freely, and confusingly as public responsibility and public accountability. Furthermore, in many textbooks available the impression is created that the two concepts are synonymous if not equitable. As shown in this article, this is, however, not quite true. What follows is a reasoned exposition of terminological and semasiological distinctions between public accountability and public responsibility.
Customer Decision Making Style, Based On Bugis –Makassar Culture in Indonesiainventionjournals
This research aims to describe the style of consumer decisionmakingphilosophyisbased on the application of behaviorderivedfrom culture Bugis in Makassar. The importance of knowing the style of the customer purchased ecision because there are manycompanies offering the same services, sothatconsumers are free to choose and move from one company to another. Thus the onlycompany capable of doing the best approach to consumers, whichis able to survive and successfully won a loyal customer. This article tries to explore ways or approachesthatcanbedone to reachconsumers in accordance with the cultural characteristics and desires of consumers, for the writing of thisisbased on searchesdonethroughscholarlywritings and non-scientific (derivedfrom magazines and newspapers on line and non on line) in Makassar.
The effect of career development, leadership style and organizational culture...inventionjournals
The practice of career development, leadership style and organizational culture on organizational commitment to employee satisfaction is an important factor in achieving the good governance. Causality between variables built into the model by using the 7,342 employees working in 37 regional work unit (SKPD) in the province of Papua. The sampling technique is done by using proportionate random sampling, the sample size in order to obtain a number of 379 employees with a response rate of 36.41 %, so overall the questionnaire used to analyze just 138 employees. The results of the analysis of moment structures using Ver. 21 provides evidence that career development and organizational culture proved can improve employee job satisfaction. Other facts suggest that the better career development and leadership style, the higher the employee organizational Commitment while organizational culture and employee job satisfaction was not shown to improve organizational commitment.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriainventionjournals
The study examines the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. The study sought to find out how human capital development (education and health) contributes to economic growth (GDP, unemployment and employment rate) in Nigeria. Investment in Education and health are always not considered in Nigeria which limits the economic growth in Nigeria thereby not contributing to gross domestic product in Nigeria. Poor consideration of human capital development result to high level unemployment, low GDP and low employment rate in Nigeria. The main objective is to examine the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. Time series data were collected from secondary source from 1999-2015. The Ordinary Least Square was adopted and finding reveals that human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria is insignificant. The study also found that human capital development contributes to unemployment rate in Nigeria but does not contributes to GDP and employment rate in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that Nigeria government should re-strategies its human capital development policies and develop a programme to solve human development needs in terms of education and health since there is insignificant relationship between human capital development and economic growth.
Niche Marketing and Value-Based Differentiation in the Footwear Industrial Su...inventionjournals
This study empirically examines the relationship between niche marketing and value differentiation in the footwear sub-sector of the shoe and leather industry in Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey method was adopted for the study and cluster sampling technique was applied to draw the sample from the population of footwear retailer outlets in Ogun State. A structured questionnaire was administered on 235 respondents who were randomly selected. Cronbach coefficient of 0.79 showed a high degree of reliability of the research instrument. Using regression as an analytical tool, the result of the first hypothesis revealed that there is significant relationship between niche marketing and value differentiation in Nigeria’s footwear industry (R2 = 0.961; F = 14.866; p = 0.000). Similarly, the result of the second hypothesis showed that product characteristics is significantly related to value differentiation in Nigeria’s footwear industry (R2 = 0.801; F = 9.369; p = 0.000). The result of the third hypothesis also indicated a positive relationship between market characteristics and value differentiation in Nigeria’s footwear industry. Also, the fourth hypothesis showed that there is significant relationship between company characteristics and value differentiation in Nigeria’s footwear industry. The study concludes that niche marketing is an important strategy for the achievement of value differentiation aimed at stimulating consumers’ purchase decisions especially in the retailing outlets of footwear sub-sector in Nigeria
Effects of Personality Traits on Hedonic Travel Motivationinventionjournals
Travel motivation has been seen as the key driving force behind travel behavior. One of these motivations is the hedonic motivation to travel and some conceptualizations were made to determine the antecedents of travel motivations. However, there are relatively little research attention to see the big five traits as one antecedent of hedonic motivation to travel. In this study, the data sample was collected through a survey from a sample of 124 Portuguese university students and the hypothesis tests showed some valid conclusions. The results showed that personality traits, more specifically, the openness to experience and conscientiousness have an effect in hedonic motivation to travel.
Credit Cooperatives Development Strategy through Partnership with Financial I...inventionjournals
This study aims to understand and construct partnership model between cooperatives and financial institutions in Papua Province. This research used a qualitative method design which utilizes phenomenological approach. The informants involved in this research are 8 informants who have a background as cooperatives management (caretakers) and employees of financial institutions. This result is the strategy of credit cooperative in Papua to arrange partnership with financial institution is based on mutual principle. Cooperative should improve its management to meet feasibility and bankability criteria, including (a) capital resource, legal aspect, and collateral which should be highly considered by the cooperative management and (b) human resource practice like good administrative affairs, good governance, and trust that must be the priorities to improve cooperative business. These matters can encourage financial institution to arrange partnership with cooperatives in Papua Province which then can make those cooperatives grow and develop.
An investigation into the antecedents of organizational citizenship behaviors...inventionjournals
The purpose of this research was to test and empirically analyze the effect of commitment, culture, and organizational support on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The mediating role of job satisfaction. The design of this research using survey method with the collection of data in cross-section through the questionnaire. Simple random sampling is used on 200 employees, hypothesis testing using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). This study provides evidence that commitment, culture and organizational support is a positive and significant effect on the job satisfaction. The other causality shows that organizational commitment and organizational support is a positive and significant effect on the Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The organizational culture and job satisfaction is positive but not significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Job satisfaction is not a mediating role in explaining the effect of commitment, culture and organizational support on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The practical implications of this research provide increased knowledge and understanding of the employees and the management to make changes in Organizational Citizenship Behavior of the Islamic banking employees to the good direction through organizational commitment and organizational support. The limitations of this study on the sample size using only permanent employees and the Islamic Banks just so limit the ability to generalize the results of the research findings. Originality of research provides basic configuration modeling development towards using SEM and conceptual models that proved the effect of commitment, culture and organizational support to increased Organizational Citizenship Behavior to employees-good direction by entering the job satisfaction
The Analysis of BPJS Surgery Price in Inpatient Room Army Hospital Based on A...inventionjournals
This study aims to identify and analyze how the determination of rates surgical inpatient unit at the hospital under Kesdam VII / Wirabuana Makassar using Activity Based Costing System (ABC), ATP and WTP. This is a descriptive study conducted at Hospital Level II Pelamonia from May to July 2015. The study population was all the financial transactions of the hospital during the year 2014 (for the analysis of 2015) and patients in the inpatient unit of the Army Hospital Kesdam VII/Wirabuana the RS Tk II Pelamonia Makassar. The samples were all financial transactions of the hospital during the year 2014 (for the analysis of 201 ) obtained in general , finance , equipment , administration , all poly hospitals , and hospitalization , as well as 60 patients in inpatient hospital Army Kesdam VII / Wirabuana. ABC analysis using Microsoft Excel and the ATP and WTP analysis using SPSS. ABC analysis found that the actions of Rp.353.352 Surgery Small, Medium Surgerys for Rp.718.157, Surgery Big amounted Rp.3.825.003 and Advanced Surgerys for Rp.12.419.154. Analysis found that the rate is based on ATP Small surgery rates can be paid by all classes ranging from Class VIP, Class I, Class II and Class III. Surgery Medium rate can also be paid by all classes ranging from Class VIP, Class I, Class II and Class III. The surgery rate of the patient can only be paid VIP class. Advanced Surgerys and rate can not be paid by all classes ranging from Class VIP, Class I, Class II and Class III. Analysis found that the rate is based on WTP Small Operating rates can only be paid by the VIP class. Surgery Medium rate can not be paid by all classes ranging from Class VIP, Class I, Class II and Class III. Rate of the surgery can not be paid by all classes ranging from Class VIP, Class I, Class II and Class III. Advanced Surgerys and rate can not be paid by all classes ranging from Class VIP, Class I, Class II and Class III. Price Rational Analysis on the Surgery Room rates based ABC, ATP and WTP patient is where the Small surgerys amounted to 400,000, amounting Rp.1.250.000 Surgery Medium, Large Surgery of Rp.4.000.000 and Advanced Surgerys for Rp.12.500.000, -
The Role Of Endorser Credibility And Advertising Shampoo Pantenecreativity In...inventionjournals
This dissertation analyzes the role of endorser and creativity Pantene shampoo advertisement in Attitude, Intention and consumer purchasing decisions (a case study in Mulawarman) Based on the data that has been processed and tested using smart PLS showed that: 1. there is positive but not significant influence between creativity endorser of the brand attitude, 2. there is a positive and significantrelationship between the endorser credibility with advertising attitude, 3. there is positive and significant correlation between creativity of advertising on brand attitudes, 4. there is positive and significant correlation between creativity of advertising on ad attitude, 5. there is positive and significant correlation between brand attitudes toward purchase intent, 6. there is positive and significant correlation between ad attitude toward purchase intent, 7. there is positive and significant correlation between purchase intention on purchasing decisions.
An Analysis of the Phenomena That Have Led Some Philosophers to Introduce the...inventionjournals
The standpoint that all observable phenomena in the universe are fitting inestimable material for science if they are studied by the scientific method is basically positivistic. All things and facts which can be immediately learned by observation, together with their relationship and uniformities which is discoverable by reason without exceeding the limit of empirical observation, are designated as positivism. In positivism the belief in the sensory observation of empirical phenomena, that is empiricism – therefore plays a predominant part. Methodologically therefore positivism is in controversial opposition to the metaphysical abstraction of traditional of traditional philosophy. The term metaphysical is applied to everything that aims to go beyond the sphere of empiricism and seek the hidden essence of phenomena or the ultimate cause of things
Total quality in teaching and school effectiveness as tools of Administration...inventionjournals
School effectiveness is a different approach to achieve quality in the organization and administration of education. The quality of teaching in classrooms is inextricably linked to the effectiveness of the school unit, as teaching directly affects one of the most important interest groups in education: students. The quality of learning is influenced both by school environment and the activities in which student are involved. The purpose of this research is to investigate the opinion of students on teaching and on the school culture. This opinion can be used in order to create the appropriate school climate with a view to achieving quality in the organization and in the administration of the school unit. This research is original and innovative as it correlates the views of students with the implementation of total quality management (TQM) in the school unit.
Special conceptual problems and challenges which emerge when the regional sys...inventionjournals
This article specifically studies certain particular conceptual problems and challenges that emerge when the regional system is regarded as the focal point in a study of Africa in international politics then making the study special in various ways.
Philosophy as the study of results of special sciencesinventionjournals
There is not unanimity amongst philosophers as what philosophy actually studies. Various schools of thought exist. As a consequence one school of thought represented by Herbert Spencer states that philosophy is not an individual science but that it studies the sumtotal of the truths of the individual sciences, giving a kind of universal truth arrived at by means of and through a systematic synthesis of various sciences. This then forms the subject – matter of this journal article.
Assessment of Plantation Sector Contribution to the Economic Growth in North ...inventionjournals
Plantation sector as the most important sector of the Indonesian economy which holds a lot of potentials for the future economic and income development of the nation. This research aimed at finding the contribution of plantation sector toward economic growth in North Sumatra using Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) analysis. A SAM can be used as a basis for an economy-wide model with several appealing features. It represents a very general accounting model, which subsumes all possible ‘real-life’ national accounting systems. Based on the SAM analysis it was found that plantation sector gives a significant influence on economic growth in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The biggest contribution comes from palm oil and its manufacturing such as CPO, vegetable oil and other similar product. Moreover, Plantation sector also give a significant influence to the household income. This can be showed from HIM of palm oil which reached IDR 1,4348 billion, followed by CPO, vegetable oil and similar product that reached IDR 1,3668 billion. In addition, Rubber oil reached IDR 1, 3628 billion that also categorized high.
Audit Response to Money Laundering by Financial Institutions: An Economic Per...inventionjournals
This article focuses on the interplay between a corporation (its executives and managers) and auditors in the presence of an opportunity to launder funds. Auditor responsibilities to detect illegal acts are significantly different than their responsibilities to detect fraud. In addition the changing audit and business environment conspire to complicate the role of the auditor. The paper begins with a discussion of crime by organizations. This is followed by a review of auditor responsibilities to detect irregularities and illegal acts. Economic theory is then used to analyze auditor payoffs and incentives related to client money laundering activities. The paper concludes with recommendations for both practice and future research.
Audit Response to Money Laundering by Financial Institutions: An Economic Per...
Similar to An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior of Dhaka City Dwellers: An Application of Logistic Regression Model
The festival is a celebration of a specific theme to which the public is invited for a given season. This event could be done every year or less than one year (Grappi and Montanari, 2011). In this article we will present the different variables to measure the attractiveness of festivals. The result of this investigation will be: summarizing the variables of the festival variable measure from different authors in one paper.
Exploring culture theory GLOBE, Hofstede, and TrompenaarsLisa Parrott
Looking at the pros and cons of three major culture theories today - GLOBE, Hofstede and Trompenaars. This paper also looks at the impact culture has on military transition.
Understanding Tourists’ Motivations: The Case of Al Baha Montainous Region i...IEREK Press
Motivations are criticalfactors in understanding tourists’ behaviors in relation to destination choice; they relateto needs, goals, and preferences. Extensive research on this topic has been documented in the literature. However, there are few empirical studies on ecotourist cities in mountainous regionsthat are facing an increasing number of challenges due to the cost of infrastructure development. Attention to tourists’ motivational factors in ecotourist cities is criticalfor specifyingtheir needsand preferenceswhen drawing up future urban policies to develop ecotourist areas. In this study, the variables that influence tourists’ motivations, and their likelihood of revisiting those areas, were analyzed. The principal results show the significant role of accommodation locations and marketing in attracting visitors to ecotourist areas. These findings suggest that private and public sectors should invest in tourists’ residential development with a high level of accessibility and views. Moreover, tourist advertisements should be given more attention, especially on social media platforms.
Examining the Demographic and Socio Economic Differentials in Commuting A Rev...ijtsrd
The phenomenon of commuting is largely selective in nature and there is more or less paucity of commuting by a certain segment of population with particular demographic, economic or social traits i.e. age, sex, education, marriage, occupation, income, caste race and religion, etc. . As a general assumption, the males, adults, and the married people are likely more to commute and those with low level of education, medium level of income and with skilled professions, though, the demographic and socio economic differentials in commuting may vary in developed and developing societies depending on their distinct socio economic structure. Commuting selectivity process poses the impacts on both sending and receiving areas. The commuting of workforce with particular qualifications to a region increases the number of that trait in particular area and decreases the number of that segments in dispatching area. Likewise, commuters with high skill of technology and education also diffuse them in their place of work, which later become the base for the development of that particular region. Nazish Naz "Examining the Demographic and Socio-Economic Differentials in Commuting: A Review of Literature" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/33540/examining-the-demographic-and-socioeconomic-differentials-in-commuting-a-review-of-literature/nazish-naz
Emerging adulthood in Greece: Developmental features for this period in the f...AJHSSR Journal
Emerging adulthood is a phenomenon of the economic development of our times.
Several studies have attempted to explore this aspect-situation, as first captured by scholar J.Arnett. In
this study, which is referred to Greece, important aspects of emerging adulthood (as developmental
characteristics) are examined simultaneously, with specific demographic characteristics. To achieve
this, a questionnaire was created and addressed to a random sample of people aged 18-29. The main
scope of this research is the presentation of the current status of emerging adults in Greece, during an
economic crisis period, concerning the emerging adulthood characteristics. The sample included 315
individuals, employed and unemployed individuals. The variables of the questionnaire were examined
in order to discover relationships between them. The results revealed that there are many
differentiations, concerning gender, employment, education level, economic support etc
Adolescents’ Sense of Community and Involvement in Playground Activities: Pan...Agboola Paul
This current study fills the gap by examining the adolescents’ sense of community through a quantitative survey via appraisal of the quality of community playground, emotional connection, and effects of their participation in playground activities on ameliorating the delinquents’ behavior and social vices
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An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior of Dhaka City Dwellers: An Application of Logistic Regression Model
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 3 || March. 2016 || PP—27-33
www.ijbmi.org 27 | Page
An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on
Traveling Behavior of Dhaka City Dwellers: An Application of
Logistic Regression Model
1
Farzana Afroz, 2
Md. Kamrul Hassan
1
Department of Statistics, Biostatistics & Informatics, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract: A logistic regression model has attempted for determining the potential determinants of traveling
habit of Dhaka city dwellers. The regression parameters were estimated by Newton-Raphson iteration
procedure. Occupation, Income, Age, Marital status, Sex, Family size and Education were found to have
significant impact on traveling behavior.
Some key words: Logistic regression model, Newton-Raphson iteration procedure, Travelling behavior,
Dichotomous variable.
I. Introduction
Traveling becomes an admired propensity around the world. Today people travel during their leisure time
outside their usual environment with intentions to return within a few days, weeks or months for vacation,
business or other purposes. This traveling opens huge business opportunity which is known as tourism.
Traveling behavior depends on so many factors like socio-economic characteristics, individual characteristics
and so on. Having enourmous travel opportunities such as ‘paid holiday’ often helps to stimulate an individual to
visit a destination. Travel management firms need to understand day-to-day, week-to-week and even season-to-
season variability in activities – travel behavior over a span of time (Jones and Clarke, 1988; Huff and Hanson,
1986; Pas, 1987; Kitamura and van der Hoorn, 1987) in order to access the travel market. Therefore traveling
havit of people becomes an importent area of study.
Travel and Tourism industry is one of the world‘s largest and fastest growing industries and it is considered vital
to the world economy. The attention towards tourism in modern economies has increased because of its impact
and influence on their growth (Brida, Lanzillotta, Lionetti and Risso, 2010). According to Veal (2003) tourism
can be seen as a form of leisure that takes to places away from home. Vacation travel is one of the forms of this
leisure out of home. But, out of home not necessarily refers to the open place to enjoy nature, but some sort of
social and personal activities outside one‘s home. However, travel for non-leisure purposes is also often
included in tourism, for example business and conference travel – but even these travelers generally make use of
leisure facilities at their destination, often mixing business and pleasure. In this paper, purposes of traveling are
ignored, moreover demographic characteristics of traveler are considered.
This study basically attempted to identify whether demographic characteristics like occupation, income, age,
marital status, sex, family size and education of people living in Dhaka city have any influence on their traveling
habit by using logistic regression model.
II. Objectives
The main objective of the paper is to examine the relationships between some selected demographic variables of
people living in Dhaka city and their traveling habit regarding leisure. Besides, the study has attempted to show
an application of logistic regression model in order to achieve the core objective. Finally, the paper contained
some comments regarding people‘s traveling habit on their corresponding demographic characteristics.
III. Methodology
Quantitative approach is being used to conduct the research. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a
data set with 400 respondents has been collected from a research project financed by Bureau of Business
Research, University of Dhaka. The dependent variable ‗Traveling habit‘ was dichotomous in nature. And other
seven demographic variables were measured by open ended questions and multiple choice questions. SPSS
software has been used for conducting Bivariate analysis and Logistic Regression.
2. An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior
www.ijbmi.org 28 | Page
IV. Relevant Literature Review
Traveling habit depends on various variables of human life and their surrounding environment. This study
attempted to assess some important literatures regarding individuals‘ travel habit and several of their
demographic characteristics.
Traveling out of home for leisure or vacation is increasing (Jones Lang LaSalle, 2001). Fisk, 1959; Kelly and
Godbey (1992); Weagley and Huh, (2004) observed that economic, social, political, and ecological factors
shape the travel habit. The family, socialization process, education, cultures, etc. shapes the travel behavior of
people especially in Bangladesh (Huda and Akhtar, 2006).
Research evidence has generally recognized these claims, socio-demographic variables have been considered
quite usable as relevant determinants of tourist behavior, since they are easy to assess (Goodall and Ashworth,
1988; Lawson, 1995). Some demographic variables like age (Ghanbarian et. el., 2011), gender, employment,
lifestyles, job status (Roberts, 2010), material status (Todd, 2005), family size (Honga et. al., 2008), social class
(Warde et al., 1999), values by individual & country level (Verbakel, 2012), are determining factors of traveling
habit of people.
Kelly (1996) claims that, financial resources are required to participate in leisure activities like traveling.
Thompson and Tinsley (1979) examined the income elasticity for recreation expenditures and found per capita
tourism expenditures to be positively related to income for all income classes. The resourceful class of the
society has wider choices in this regard than their poor counterparts (Huda and Akhtar, 2006). According to Tae
(2007), leisure activities that require a great deal of money are not popular among individuals of lower income.
Assenting to what Rosma and Hoffman (1980) indicate the notion that the lower class was less interested to
travel than the upper class because of cost.
White (1975) concludes that education is the most significant predictor of traveling habit. Kelly (1996) also
claims that education influences leisure participation more than other factors, since individuals of higher
education are more likely than individuals of lower education to pursue quality of life, colleagues or fellows ask
to take part in tourism activities frequently. Lucas (1990) also argues that education influences outdoor
wilderness visitation. Therefore, there is a positive relationship between education and participation in travel
and tourism.
Nature of occupation has noteworthy contribution on traveling habit. Some jobs compel people to travel and
some are not. Seemingly, busy persons would like to get more free time to relax and for resting (Huda and
Akhtar, 2006). Students are a socio-demographic group in which rates of leisure interest, taste and skill
formation are exceptionally high (Roberts, 2010).
Another issue is age of people and traveling habit. Gordon et al (1976) and Kelly (1980) indicates that the
elderly are less likely to participate in tourism because they tend to avoid active leisure in the last phase of their
life spans. Wearing (1999) also agrees that ageism may make the elderly less prone to participate in outdoor
recreation due to lack of socialization and recreation skills. Nevertheless, Wearing (1999) and Floyd et al.
(2006) argue that the leisure activities reduce ageism and advance older people‘s physical and mental health.
Legohérel (1998) found the opposite findings with regard to the high spending travellers by stating ―the groups
of three or more individuals that included children spent significantly less than childless couples‖. Moufakkir et
al. (2004) examined visitors‘ spending in a gaming destination finding that ―heavy spenders‖ were often
travelling from outside of the state, and were younger, more affluent, and more likely to stay in hotels or motels.
Traveling has different meanings for women and for men (Kelly and Godbey, 1992) and they generalized the
central role of gender in both predicting and explaining leisure behavior. Shaw (1985) observed that the
distribution of traveling habit is significantly affected by gender whereas most of the cases women‘s travel was
neglected (Henderson et al., 1988; Henderson and Bialeschki, 1991; Jackson and Searle, 1985; Shaw, 1994;
Roberts, 2010).
Dardis et al. (1994) found that income, the number of adults, and education had significantly positive impacts on
traveling habit. Weagley and Huh (2004) concluded that household income; age, education, race of the
household head; and residential locations were relatively important factors affecting household expenditures on
tour. Hammonds-Smith et al. (1992) found that, the higher the educational level, the more income older people
spent on travel and tourism.
3. An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior
www.ijbmi.org 29 | Page
Education and income have been studied as predictors of leisure involvement (Gramann and Allison, 1999).
According to Kelly (1996), education and income variables are significantly related to leisure involvement
because they often directly contribute to participation opportunities and barriers. Dardis et al. (1981) found that
recreation expenditures were positively related to income and education while negatively related to the age of
the household head. And most of the cases consumer budgets of tour products depend on income, culture,
habits, lifestyle etc. (Weagley and Huh, 2004).
In spite of having so many demographic factors to influence travel behavior, this study just pick several of them.
This paper tried to examine the relationship between travelling behavior and some demographic variables like
income; education; occupation; age; sex; family size; marital status.
V. Logistic Regression Model and Newton-Raphson Iteration Procedure:
Here, the data used is cross-sectional in nature and the dependent variable is dichotomous. The explanatory
variables have been categorized into different groups. Therefore, logistic regression was applied to determine
which factors best explain and predict travelling behavior of people. The logistic regression under cross-section
setup is written as follows:
where, is the response of the ith
individual, is the associated covariates vector, with
.
The parameter estimates of are obtained by maximum likelihood estimation approach
using Newton-Raphson iteration procedure. In the mth
iteration, the m.l.e of will be
where U(β) is the score function, which is defined as
.
Again, I ( ) is the information matrix, which is defined as
VI. Outcomes of Bivariate analysis
At first, the study has conducted a bivariate analysis to examine the association between the selected covariates
with the travelling behavior. Chi-square test is performed for testing significance of the association. Results of
this analysis are given in Table 1. It is clear from Table 1 that travelling tendency is the highest for the people
who are doing autonomous job and it is the lowest for the housewife and others. People, who are earning more
than 50,000 taka, use to travel more than the other groups. Again people at the early stage (20-30 years) of their
lives like long trips. Furthermore, unmarried person are more likely to travel than married person. Side by side,
the table shows that male person feel more interest to have trip than their female counterpart. Again, families of
large size (5-8 people) use to travel the least than the others. Lastly, it has been observed that the post-graduates
are the most interested group for travelling.
4. An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior
www.ijbmi.org 30 | Page
Table 1: Examining the Association between Traveling Habit and Selected Variables
Explanatory variables Category Traveling habit Total
Yes No
**
Occupation Private 56(69.1%) 25(30.9%) 81
Government and Semi-government 46(65.7%) 24(34.3%) 70
Autonomous 22(73.3%) 8(26.7%) 30
Business and Self-employed 49(67.1%) 24(32.9%) 73
Student 54(71.1%) 22(28.9%) 76
Housewife and Others 15(41.7%) 21(58.3%) 36
Income 10,000-30,000 77(61.1%) 49(38.9%) 126
30,000-50,000 84(66.7%) 42(33.3%) 126
Above 50,000 80(70.8%) 33(29.2%) 113
**
Age 20-30 124(72.9%) 46(27.1%) 170
30-50 100(61.7%) 62(38.3%) 162
Above 50 18(52.9%) 16(47.1%) 34
***
Marital Status Unmarried 122(74.8%) 41(25.2%) 163
Married 120(59.1%) 83(40.9%) 203
*
Sex Male 187(68.5%) 86(31.5%) 273
Female 55(59.1%) 38(40.9%) 93
**
Family size 2-4 118(72.0%) 46(28.0%) 164
5-8 104(59.4%) 71(40.6%) 175
More than 8 15(78.9%) 4(21.1%) 19
***
Education H.S.C or less 66(55.0%) 54(45.0%) 120
Graduate 88(72.1%) 34(27.9%) 122
Post graduate 88(72.7%) 33(27.3%) 121
*
P<0.10; **
p<0.05; ***
p<0.01
From the chi-square test result we have found that the variables Occupation, Age, Marital status, Sex, Family
size and Education have significant effect in travelling. Thus, all the variables without Income have significant
effect in travelling behavior.
VII. Outcomes of Logistic Regression
In logistic regression model, this study has included only those variables which have been found to be
significant in bivariate analysis. As the variable Income has been found to be insignificant in the bivariate
analysis, the variable has not been included in the logistic regression model. The estimates of logistic regression
model parameters along with their Wald test results are given in Table 2.
Now from the Table 2, we observe that people who are doing private job are more likely to take a long trip
compared with those who are housewives or others. To be specific, the odds of travelling for the people who are
doing private job are 3.136 times in a year the odds for those who are housewives or others. This result is highly
significant (p<0.01). This may happen because of the fact that, housewives cannot manage enough money for
travelling.
Older people are less likely to travel compared to younger people. Here we found that, people who are 30-50
years of old are less likely to travel than the people who are 20-30 years of old. More specifically the odds of
travelling for the people who are 30-50 years of old are 0.598 times the odds for those who are 20-30 years of
old. This is also true for the people who are more than 50 years. More specifically the odds of travelling for the
people who are more than 50 years of old are 0.417 times the odds for those who are 20-30 years of old. Both
the results are found to be statistically significant (p<0.05).
Marriage seems to be an important determinant of travelling. Here it is observed that, married person are less
likely to travel than the unmarried person. The odds of travelling for the married person is 0.486 times the odds
for those who are unmarried. This result is found to be highly significant (p<0.01).
5. An Assessment of Impact of Some Demographic Variables on Traveling Behavior
www.ijbmi.org 31 | Page
Table 2: Logistic Regression Coefficient of Different Explanatory Variables for Traveling Behavior
Variable S.E. Wald P-value Exp( )
Occupation(Ref= Housewife and Others)
***
Private 1.143 0.415 7.589 0.006 3.136
**
Government and Semi-government 0.987 0.422 5.483 0.019 2.683
**
Autonomous 1.348 0.534 6.382 0.012 3.850
**
Business and Self-employed 1.050 0.420 6.254 0.012 2.858
***
Student 1.234 0.422 8.548 0.003 3.436
Age(Ref=20-30)
**
30-50 -0.514 0.237 4.716 0.030 0.598
**
Above 50 -0.874 0.385 5.165 0.023 0.417
Marital status(Ref=Unmarried)
***
Married -0.722 0.230 9.836 0.002 0.486
Sex(Ref=Female)
*
Male 0.407 0.248 2.695 0.101 1.502
Family size(Ref=2-4)
**
5-8 -0.560 0.232 5.824 0.016 0.571
More than 8 0.380 0.589 0.416 0.519 1.462
Education(Ref=Up to H.S.C )
***
Graduate 0.750 0.273 7.562 0.006 2.118
***
Post graduate 0.780 0.274 8.079 0.004 2.182
*
P<0.10; **
p<0.05; ***
p<0.01
Male person are more likely to make a long trip than the female person. More specifically the odds of travelling
for the male person is 1.502 times the odds for females. This result is also found to be significant (p<0.10). The
data of the study shows people from large families are less likely to travel than the people from small families.
It is found from the result that graduates are more likely to travel than the people who have HSC level education
and less. Besides, the study has provided similar result like graduates for the post graduates.
VIII. Concluding Remarks
Understanding traveling behavior of people with different demographic characteristics can provide leverage to
travel marketers to make decision about their travel product and service design. By applying logistic regression
model, this study has presented the empirical evidence of how the dependent variable (travelling habit) is being
influenced by the demographic characteristics like occupation, income, age, marital status, sex, family size and
education of people living in Dhaka city. Eventually, most of the independent variables have shown significant
relationship on dependent variable.
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