Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of investment in the tourism sector of Qhorveh City, Iran. The study found:
1) Investment in tourism was positively correlated with new employment opportunities, supporting the first hypothesis.
2) Investment in tourism was positively correlated with attracting government budgets, supporting the second hypothesis.
3) Investment in tourism was positively correlated with promoting culture, supporting the third hypothesis.
The study used questionnaires with 80 participants and found statistical support for all three hypotheses about relationships between tourism investment and employment, budgets, and culture.
Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River St...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of tourism on economic wellbeing of host communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study modelled the effect of service, product, hotels, transportation and infrastructural facilities on economic well being of host communities in Cross River State. It is a descriptive survey on a sample of 400 respondents from the host communities. Data obtained for the study were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the result of the regression model it was observed that product, service and infrastructure have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. This means that if product, service and infrastructure are developed and improved, it will bring about more increase in the economic well being of the host communities. On the other hand, hotels and transportation have a negative impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Thus, increase in hotels and transportation cost will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities. The overall significance of the model also supports the alternate hypothesis that the model has goodness of fit and is statistically significant. In other words, tourism consumption has significant impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Based on the analysis and findings of the study the following recommendations are made Since tourism consumption has become imperative for economies to thrive successfully, it is imperative that government should develop and as well as regulate operators in the tourism destination to step up the quality of product, service and infrastructure provided in the tourist destination. This is because they have been found to have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. The government should also come up with policy instruments containing measures that will effectively' monitor and evaluate the operations of tourism destinations. This is necessary as this research manifest the fact that hotels and transportation cost negatively affects the host communities. In other words it will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities if not regulated. Anionwu, Carol "Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25295.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/25295/effect-of-tourism-on-economic-wellbeing-of-host-communities-in-cross-river-state-nigeria/anionwu-carol
“Review of Literature”- A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang Province, has diverse tourism resources. The local authority has
been orienting the tourism industry as an important economic sector. However, tourism-oriented products have
not been determined yet. The tourism resource exploitation is not commensurate with the potentials and
advantages of the district. This study focuses on assessing tourism resources and tourism development
potentials, thereby proposing solutions to exploit the tourism potentials of Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang
Province.
This document discusses tourism in Albania, with a focus on the south of the country. It provides background on tourism globally and in Albania. The main purpose is to analyze how the government can contribute to sustainable tourism development and opportunities to improve tourism, especially in southern Albania. The hypothesis is that tourism in southern Albania has opportunities for growth and promotion. Key questions addressed are whether tourism in Albania is at the right level, if the south coast has suitable infrastructure, potential projects to increase the area's importance, and benefits of continued improvement.
Trocal - travel like a local
IE Business School, Madrid - Masters in Corporate Communications (2015-2016), Entrepreneurship with Prof. Emilio Cortes
Nov 2015- Term 1 - Team A
Ana Corina Raffalli, Andrea Munoz, Aruna Iyer, Sati Boyjyan, Georgine Hajjar, Isabel Cang, Sanaa Zuberi
Contribution of the hospitality and tourism sector to theAlexander Decker
This document discusses the contribution of the hospitality and tourism sector to local community development in the Hohoe Municipality of Ghana. It finds that the municipality received GH¢122,877.90 in tourism revenue in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 162.2%, but revenue fell to GH¢18,122.5 in 2011 due to lack of marketing and institutional issues. The document recommends capacity building for local communities, improved tourism marketing and promotion, greater private sector participation, and diverse tourism products to strengthen the sector's contributions to development.
Cross border potentials to develop women entrepreneurshipali lacej
The document discusses developing women's entrepreneurship in tourism across borders. It recommends establishing a resource center for women in tourism and entrepreneurship to advocate for women, provide training programs and business support, and develop networks for women in business. Tourism is described as an important global industry that brings economic and social benefits but can also negatively impact the environment if not managed properly. Key components of the tourism industry and best practices are outlined.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of investment in the tourism sector of Qhorveh City, Iran. The study found:
1) Investment in tourism was positively correlated with new employment opportunities, supporting the first hypothesis.
2) Investment in tourism was positively correlated with attracting government budgets, supporting the second hypothesis.
3) Investment in tourism was positively correlated with promoting culture, supporting the third hypothesis.
The study used questionnaires with 80 participants and found statistical support for all three hypotheses about relationships between tourism investment and employment, budgets, and culture.
Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River St...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of tourism on economic wellbeing of host communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study modelled the effect of service, product, hotels, transportation and infrastructural facilities on economic well being of host communities in Cross River State. It is a descriptive survey on a sample of 400 respondents from the host communities. Data obtained for the study were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the result of the regression model it was observed that product, service and infrastructure have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. This means that if product, service and infrastructure are developed and improved, it will bring about more increase in the economic well being of the host communities. On the other hand, hotels and transportation have a negative impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Thus, increase in hotels and transportation cost will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities. The overall significance of the model also supports the alternate hypothesis that the model has goodness of fit and is statistically significant. In other words, tourism consumption has significant impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Based on the analysis and findings of the study the following recommendations are made Since tourism consumption has become imperative for economies to thrive successfully, it is imperative that government should develop and as well as regulate operators in the tourism destination to step up the quality of product, service and infrastructure provided in the tourist destination. This is because they have been found to have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. The government should also come up with policy instruments containing measures that will effectively' monitor and evaluate the operations of tourism destinations. This is necessary as this research manifest the fact that hotels and transportation cost negatively affects the host communities. In other words it will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities if not regulated. Anionwu, Carol "Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25295.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/25295/effect-of-tourism-on-economic-wellbeing-of-host-communities-in-cross-river-state-nigeria/anionwu-carol
“Review of Literature”- A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang Province, has diverse tourism resources. The local authority has
been orienting the tourism industry as an important economic sector. However, tourism-oriented products have
not been determined yet. The tourism resource exploitation is not commensurate with the potentials and
advantages of the district. This study focuses on assessing tourism resources and tourism development
potentials, thereby proposing solutions to exploit the tourism potentials of Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang
Province.
This document discusses tourism in Albania, with a focus on the south of the country. It provides background on tourism globally and in Albania. The main purpose is to analyze how the government can contribute to sustainable tourism development and opportunities to improve tourism, especially in southern Albania. The hypothesis is that tourism in southern Albania has opportunities for growth and promotion. Key questions addressed are whether tourism in Albania is at the right level, if the south coast has suitable infrastructure, potential projects to increase the area's importance, and benefits of continued improvement.
Trocal - travel like a local
IE Business School, Madrid - Masters in Corporate Communications (2015-2016), Entrepreneurship with Prof. Emilio Cortes
Nov 2015- Term 1 - Team A
Ana Corina Raffalli, Andrea Munoz, Aruna Iyer, Sati Boyjyan, Georgine Hajjar, Isabel Cang, Sanaa Zuberi
Contribution of the hospitality and tourism sector to theAlexander Decker
This document discusses the contribution of the hospitality and tourism sector to local community development in the Hohoe Municipality of Ghana. It finds that the municipality received GH¢122,877.90 in tourism revenue in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 162.2%, but revenue fell to GH¢18,122.5 in 2011 due to lack of marketing and institutional issues. The document recommends capacity building for local communities, improved tourism marketing and promotion, greater private sector participation, and diverse tourism products to strengthen the sector's contributions to development.
Cross border potentials to develop women entrepreneurshipali lacej
The document discusses developing women's entrepreneurship in tourism across borders. It recommends establishing a resource center for women in tourism and entrepreneurship to advocate for women, provide training programs and business support, and develop networks for women in business. Tourism is described as an important global industry that brings economic and social benefits but can also negatively impact the environment if not managed properly. Key components of the tourism industry and best practices are outlined.
Practices of event management today are used in many areas of social activity. In
connection with the relevance of this topic, the article is devoted to the study of
modern trends in event tourism and event management. From the standpoint of the
statistical approach, the current state of the tourist sphere of the Republic of
Kazakhstan is analyzed; the problems constraining the development of tourism in the
country are disclosed. To assess the possibilities of planning events to attract tourists
to the country, a marketing study was conducted among residents of cities of national
importance and regions, the sample of which was 100 people. In conclusion, the main
factors of regional effectiveness of events attractive to tourists are considered, which
can be taken into account when developing regional plans for social and economic
development; the role of the event management in the development of event tourism is
shown.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
1. The document examines cultural creative tourism strategies in China and Thailand by comparing their national strategic plans for sports and tourism ministries.
2. It analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for cultural creative tourism development in both countries based on available resources and policies.
3. The document also provides a case study on Suphan Buri province in Thailand, outlining four strategies for sustainable cultural creative tourism development based on an analysis of local strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Ivanovic & Saayman, 2013. South Africa calling cultural tourists. AJPHERDMilena Ivanovic, PhD
This document discusses cultural tourism in South Africa. It provides an overview of cultural tourism trends globally and in South Africa. While cultural tourism makes up a large portion of tourism worldwide, it remains underdeveloped in South Africa. The document analyzes cultural tourist motivation and consumption behaviors. It then estimates the size and characteristics of the cultural tourism market in South Africa from Europe and the US based on an analysis of tourism data and reports.
Ivanovic & Saayman, 2013. South Africa calling cultural tourists. AJPHERDMilena Ivanovic, PhD
1. The document discusses cultural tourism in South Africa, which remains underdeveloped despite the country's cultural resources and emphasis on culture in marketing.
2. It analyzes tourism data and reports to estimate the size and characteristics of South Africa's international cultural tourism markets from Europe and the US.
3. Key findings indicate that cultural tourists, who are highly educated and spend more, represent a significant portion of visitors from these regions. However, lack of data in South Africa makes it difficult to inform strategic cultural tourism development.
how tourism contributes to the development of developing countries Miraziz Bazarov
This document discusses how tourism can contribute to economic development in developing countries. It notes that tourism can provide both economic benefits like jobs and income, as well as challenges related to infrastructure and corruption. While tourism brings in foreign exchange, it also creates issues of dependency on the industry and "leakage" of money spent outside the local economy. Overall, tourism has significant potential to boost economies, but developing countries need to address factors like corruption, crime, and sustainability to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of heavy reliance on the tourism sector.
Tourism as a multiplier effect in economy: the case of Albaniainventionjournals
Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries worldwide. This sector has significant direct and indirect impact in the economy. The determination of the multiplier effect of tourism is very important part of economy. The multiplier effect measures the expenditures done on other part of economy, rather than tourism. Tourism not only creates job but also encourages growth on other sectors of industry.
This document analyzes the significance of tourism on Sri Lanka's economy from 1970 to 2008 using an econometric analysis. It aims to estimate the relationship between economic performance, tourism revenue, and key macroeconomic and political stability variables. The study finds that tourism plays a crucial role in Sri Lanka's economy by generating income, foreign exchange, and employment opportunities. However, the country's civil war and political instability periodically disrupted tourism. The study recommends emphasizing tourism's role in sustainable economic development within a stable political environment.
A review on factors effecting on tourism policy implementation a tool on the ...Alexander Decker
This document reviews factors that affect the implementation of tourism policy in Iran. It finds that five main factors influence policy implementation in Iran's tourism industry: 1) public policy, 2) macro and micro environmental factors, 3) institutional arrangements, 4) inter-organizational relations and coordination, and 5) interest groups. To better develop tourism, Iran needs to address weaknesses by creating intelligent, well-planned policies and carefully executing them, promote income in underdeveloped areas, and focus on sustainable development across the industry. The document provides context on tourism's economic importance globally and in Iran, and reviews literature on factors that influence public policy implementation.
The document summarizes several international and regional organizations related to tourism:
- The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) promotes sustainable and accessible tourism worldwide and serves as a global forum for tourism policy.
- Other international organizations discussed include the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), International Air Transport Association (IATA), and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
- Regional organizations mentioned are the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) which promotes tourism cooperation in South Asia, the South-East Asian Tourism Organization (SEATO), and Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) which facilitates tourism in the Asia Pacific region.
The Reality of Tourist Sites Management in Jordan and Its Obstaclesinventionjournals
This study aimed to identify the tourist sites across the Kingdom of Jordan as they gain high valued revenues to the country if they are invested in the right way depending on planned strategies. The study also unveiled the most important obstacles in the face of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in the process of managing different tourist sites. The study sample consists of managers of directorates of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in all over the Kingdom and some other managers working in the center of the ministry. The study sample used a comprehensive to all tourist sites from (32) decision-makers who are directly responsible of managing and developing the tourist sites. The study used the qualitative approach to come up with results, and it used two tools in data collecting which are a questionnaire with open questions and face to face or call interviews. The study comes with the following findings: 1. The nature of performance, management and planning in the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities is baseless, in other words, it will be passed away by ending manager's mission, after that, you notice that such nature is subjugated to the worker's whims. 2. Promoting tourist sites in Jordan is not only the responsibility of the Ministry of Tourism, but also linked to a campaign of Jordan tourism, consequently, that leads to duplication of performance and dispersion of efforts. 3. Absence of justice in allocating the external scholarships and tourism development projects in the tourist sites or tourist territories which in turn created a gap in the distribution of provisions gained from tourism development services 4. Obstacles faced by development of various tourist sites in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are related to the costs that tourist sites need such as infrastructure, empowering tourist locations and providing various services, due to the fact that there are a lot of tourist sites that are far from each other in different regions of the Kingdom
Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
Entrepreneurial approach to tourism development in omanIAEME Publication
This document discusses entrepreneurship and tourism development in Oman. It notes that Oman has focused on developing its tourism sector to diversify its economy beyond oil. Small and medium enterprises are driving job creation and growth in the tourism sector. The government's vision is for tourism to reflect Oman's culture and environment while providing economic and employment opportunities. Tourism brings in foreign exchange, generates government revenue, and creates numerous jobs directly and indirectly.
This document discusses tourism as a path for wealth creation in Nigeria, using Awka metropolis as a case study. It begins by outlining how tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors globally. It then discusses Nigeria's vast tourism potential, particularly in Awka, which is endowed with cultural and modern attractions. The document advocates for the development and exploitation of Awka's tourism resources to create wealth through job creation, increased incomes, and foreign exchange earnings. It provides details on Awka's cultural festivals and crafts industry as key tourism attractions that could be harnessed for this purpose.
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CONGRESS BUREAU AS A FACTOR OF TERRITORY BRAND...Natalia Smagina (Morozova)
Each society is faced with the decision of how to provide the well-being and high quality of life of its citizens best.
Increasingly, cities, states, and nations are turning to tourism as an important element in their economic portfolio as they recognize the potentially significant economic rewards at stake. Much of tourism development entails community development. If handled appropriately, tourism can become an important engine for achieving broader social goals. Whereas societies may aspire to achieve these goals, communities are struggling to manage tourism development effectively. Modern innovative management trends in tourism cluster modernization and diversification processes of the business have been launched: tourism business has grown significantly, the new functional structure has changed, and national tourism services sector broadened and consolidation is the main priority. In this case, Russian MICE-tourism development has recently gained greater urgency. Congress bureau as one of the important
element of business tourism and MICE industry development has become a strategic factor of territory brand creation, according to the regional economy diversifications.
CIC and GroupM China released 2013 White Paper on Travellers - The Rise of So...Kantar Media CIC
CIC and GroupM China released “2013 White Paper on Travellers - The Rise of Social Travel ” today. This white paper collects and analyzes the information related to social media, maps out five types of travellers active on social media - business travellers, self-drive travellers, package tourists, luxury shopping travellers and backpackers, and has identified their unique attitudes to travel and different consumption behaviours, aiming to help brand marketers develop more effective and targeted marketing strategies.
Travel and tourism is one of the famous and popular industries among the people. Read this document report to know about current structure of travel and tourism sector and all their external and internal factors.
The document analyzes the competitiveness of Morocco's tourism industry compared to its main competitors Tunisia, Egypt, and Turkey. It uses a shift-share analysis of tourist arrivals data to these countries to understand Morocco's relative competitive position. The results show that Morocco has not performed as well attracting tourists compared to the other countries. This is attributed partly to focusing on markets with less growth potential. The document also examines different pillars of competitiveness like prices, government priorities for tourism, and human/cultural resources, finding that Morocco is less competitive than its peers on certain factors like prices and government spending on tourism.
The Importance Of Human Rights In Tourism DevelopmentJenny Smith
This document discusses the importance of human rights in tourism development. It outlines some key human rights such as freedom, dignity, and protection from discrimination, slavery, and displacement. It then discusses some human rights issues in tourism, such as human trafficking in sex tourism. Children and women from developing countries are often forced into sex work. International agreements like the UDHR aim to protect individuals' rights regardless of attributes. Throughout, the document emphasizes that upholding human rights is important for sustainable tourism development.
Effect of transportation costs on tourism development in Iraniosrjce
This study examines the effect of transportation costs on tourism development in Iran. The author conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires to tourism managers, experts, and professionals in Guilan province. Statistical analysis found a significant negative relationship between transportation costs and tourism development, such that higher transportation costs are associated with lower tourism development. The author concludes that reducing transportation costs through improving infrastructure like roads, transportation facilities, and services could help attract more tourists and promote tourism development in Iran.
This document summarizes a study examining marketing activities that could attract Chinese tourists to Tatarstan, Russia. The study finds that while Tatarstan has attractive tourism assets like Kazan, it lacks brand awareness and flights from China. Through interviews, the study reveals that destinations successfully use both online and offline marketing. Key online strategies include social media like Weibo and WeChat as well as websites optimized for Chinese search engines. Offline, destinations participate in trade shows, host trips for travel agents, and build relationships. The study recommends Tatarstan raise awareness through these combined online and offline activities to attract more Chinese tourists.
Improving the Information System of Tourist Destinations in the Context of th...ijtsrd
This article discusses how Uzbekistan may improve its smart tourism and tourism information infrastructure of tourist destinations. Because of the technological services supplied to passengers before, during, and after their journey, smart tourism is a terrific way to save not only money, but also nerves and valuable time. The authors remarks, conclusions, and recommendations are included in the paper, as well as an analysis of the pertinent data. Nosirova U. M. "Improving the Information System of Tourist Destinations in the Context of the Digitalization of the Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47690.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47690/improving-the-information-system-of-tourist-destinations-in-the-context-of-the-digitalization-of-the-economy/nosirova-u-m
Practices of event management today are used in many areas of social activity. In
connection with the relevance of this topic, the article is devoted to the study of
modern trends in event tourism and event management. From the standpoint of the
statistical approach, the current state of the tourist sphere of the Republic of
Kazakhstan is analyzed; the problems constraining the development of tourism in the
country are disclosed. To assess the possibilities of planning events to attract tourists
to the country, a marketing study was conducted among residents of cities of national
importance and regions, the sample of which was 100 people. In conclusion, the main
factors of regional effectiveness of events attractive to tourists are considered, which
can be taken into account when developing regional plans for social and economic
development; the role of the event management in the development of event tourism is
shown.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
1. The document examines cultural creative tourism strategies in China and Thailand by comparing their national strategic plans for sports and tourism ministries.
2. It analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for cultural creative tourism development in both countries based on available resources and policies.
3. The document also provides a case study on Suphan Buri province in Thailand, outlining four strategies for sustainable cultural creative tourism development based on an analysis of local strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Ivanovic & Saayman, 2013. South Africa calling cultural tourists. AJPHERDMilena Ivanovic, PhD
This document discusses cultural tourism in South Africa. It provides an overview of cultural tourism trends globally and in South Africa. While cultural tourism makes up a large portion of tourism worldwide, it remains underdeveloped in South Africa. The document analyzes cultural tourist motivation and consumption behaviors. It then estimates the size and characteristics of the cultural tourism market in South Africa from Europe and the US based on an analysis of tourism data and reports.
Ivanovic & Saayman, 2013. South Africa calling cultural tourists. AJPHERDMilena Ivanovic, PhD
1. The document discusses cultural tourism in South Africa, which remains underdeveloped despite the country's cultural resources and emphasis on culture in marketing.
2. It analyzes tourism data and reports to estimate the size and characteristics of South Africa's international cultural tourism markets from Europe and the US.
3. Key findings indicate that cultural tourists, who are highly educated and spend more, represent a significant portion of visitors from these regions. However, lack of data in South Africa makes it difficult to inform strategic cultural tourism development.
how tourism contributes to the development of developing countries Miraziz Bazarov
This document discusses how tourism can contribute to economic development in developing countries. It notes that tourism can provide both economic benefits like jobs and income, as well as challenges related to infrastructure and corruption. While tourism brings in foreign exchange, it also creates issues of dependency on the industry and "leakage" of money spent outside the local economy. Overall, tourism has significant potential to boost economies, but developing countries need to address factors like corruption, crime, and sustainability to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of heavy reliance on the tourism sector.
Tourism as a multiplier effect in economy: the case of Albaniainventionjournals
Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries worldwide. This sector has significant direct and indirect impact in the economy. The determination of the multiplier effect of tourism is very important part of economy. The multiplier effect measures the expenditures done on other part of economy, rather than tourism. Tourism not only creates job but also encourages growth on other sectors of industry.
This document analyzes the significance of tourism on Sri Lanka's economy from 1970 to 2008 using an econometric analysis. It aims to estimate the relationship between economic performance, tourism revenue, and key macroeconomic and political stability variables. The study finds that tourism plays a crucial role in Sri Lanka's economy by generating income, foreign exchange, and employment opportunities. However, the country's civil war and political instability periodically disrupted tourism. The study recommends emphasizing tourism's role in sustainable economic development within a stable political environment.
A review on factors effecting on tourism policy implementation a tool on the ...Alexander Decker
This document reviews factors that affect the implementation of tourism policy in Iran. It finds that five main factors influence policy implementation in Iran's tourism industry: 1) public policy, 2) macro and micro environmental factors, 3) institutional arrangements, 4) inter-organizational relations and coordination, and 5) interest groups. To better develop tourism, Iran needs to address weaknesses by creating intelligent, well-planned policies and carefully executing them, promote income in underdeveloped areas, and focus on sustainable development across the industry. The document provides context on tourism's economic importance globally and in Iran, and reviews literature on factors that influence public policy implementation.
The document summarizes several international and regional organizations related to tourism:
- The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) promotes sustainable and accessible tourism worldwide and serves as a global forum for tourism policy.
- Other international organizations discussed include the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), International Air Transport Association (IATA), and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
- Regional organizations mentioned are the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) which promotes tourism cooperation in South Asia, the South-East Asian Tourism Organization (SEATO), and Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) which facilitates tourism in the Asia Pacific region.
The Reality of Tourist Sites Management in Jordan and Its Obstaclesinventionjournals
This study aimed to identify the tourist sites across the Kingdom of Jordan as they gain high valued revenues to the country if they are invested in the right way depending on planned strategies. The study also unveiled the most important obstacles in the face of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in the process of managing different tourist sites. The study sample consists of managers of directorates of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiques in all over the Kingdom and some other managers working in the center of the ministry. The study sample used a comprehensive to all tourist sites from (32) decision-makers who are directly responsible of managing and developing the tourist sites. The study used the qualitative approach to come up with results, and it used two tools in data collecting which are a questionnaire with open questions and face to face or call interviews. The study comes with the following findings: 1. The nature of performance, management and planning in the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities is baseless, in other words, it will be passed away by ending manager's mission, after that, you notice that such nature is subjugated to the worker's whims. 2. Promoting tourist sites in Jordan is not only the responsibility of the Ministry of Tourism, but also linked to a campaign of Jordan tourism, consequently, that leads to duplication of performance and dispersion of efforts. 3. Absence of justice in allocating the external scholarships and tourism development projects in the tourist sites or tourist territories which in turn created a gap in the distribution of provisions gained from tourism development services 4. Obstacles faced by development of various tourist sites in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are related to the costs that tourist sites need such as infrastructure, empowering tourist locations and providing various services, due to the fact that there are a lot of tourist sites that are far from each other in different regions of the Kingdom
Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
Entrepreneurial approach to tourism development in omanIAEME Publication
This document discusses entrepreneurship and tourism development in Oman. It notes that Oman has focused on developing its tourism sector to diversify its economy beyond oil. Small and medium enterprises are driving job creation and growth in the tourism sector. The government's vision is for tourism to reflect Oman's culture and environment while providing economic and employment opportunities. Tourism brings in foreign exchange, generates government revenue, and creates numerous jobs directly and indirectly.
This document discusses tourism as a path for wealth creation in Nigeria, using Awka metropolis as a case study. It begins by outlining how tourism has become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors globally. It then discusses Nigeria's vast tourism potential, particularly in Awka, which is endowed with cultural and modern attractions. The document advocates for the development and exploitation of Awka's tourism resources to create wealth through job creation, increased incomes, and foreign exchange earnings. It provides details on Awka's cultural festivals and crafts industry as key tourism attractions that could be harnessed for this purpose.
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CONGRESS BUREAU AS A FACTOR OF TERRITORY BRAND...Natalia Smagina (Morozova)
Each society is faced with the decision of how to provide the well-being and high quality of life of its citizens best.
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ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF LUOYANG AND SEVEN CITIES AROUND
1. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 10, No 4, August 2018
135
ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS
BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF
LUOYANG AND SEVEN CITIES AROUND
Enhou Zu,
Henan University of Science & Technology, China
ABSTRACT
Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex
business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to
develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic
globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to
deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of
competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry,
on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to
highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel
agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
KEYWORDS
Tourist, Urban Tourism, Competitiveness, China, Luoyang, Global,
1. INTRODUCTION
With the global economic recovery, the successful transformation of China's economy and the
improvement of people's living standards, the demand for tourism by Chinese residents has
increased substantially, and the consumption of tourism has become normalized, making the
tourism industry one of the emerging industries with the fastest growth. In 2015, the annual
domestic and foreign tourists received by China exceeded 4.1 billion. At the same time, tourism
revenue as a whole exceeded RMB 4 trillion. Compared with 2014, the growth rates respectively
reached 10% and 12%. China's tourism economy has entered a new era [1].
Under the joint support of the following two initiatives, the tourism industry is undoubtedly
one of China's economic hot spots in the future. On the one hand, with the continuous
development of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, China's economic and trade relations with
countries all over the world, especially those along the "One Belt, One Road" [11], will be
gradually deepened. With China's economic integration with these countries, outbound and
inbound tourism will be rapidly developed, which can boost a greater chain reaction in the
tourism industry, making the tourism-related peripheral industries develop healthily; on the other
hand, under the impetus of the "massive entrepreneurship and innovation by all", the tourism
industry has rapidly become one of the most active and lively areas of mass
entrepreneurship and innovation, and more and more enterprises, institutions and consortia
have entered this healthy, environmentally friendly, green industry with great potential for
development. Especially, as the Internet and the sharing economy mode integrate with tourism
deeper, the development pattern of tourism is also being gradually rewritten.
2. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 10, No 4, August 2018
136
In this context, the tourism industry has increasingly become the top priority of the national
economy, and will undoubtedly become one of the most potential economic growth points.
Therefore, focusing on tourism economy,achieving development and innovation of local
tourism and helping the tourism market to flourish, cannot onlyeffectively solve the local
economic problems, but also promote common development and growth of local prefecture-
level cities complementary to the tourism industry in order to form a synergistic effect and
support their economic development. Therefore, "to address these problems, we must first of all
conduct ourselves honorably." The tourism economy should be treated as one of the major
breakthroughs in the development of the local economy. We should develop tourism resources,
locate the pain points, tap the potential of tourism, give full play to the advantages of local
tourism, make up for the shortcomings of local tourism, improve the reception ability of local
tourism and raise the comprehensive service level of the local tourism industry, so as to
continuously improve the local urban tourism competitiveness. Based on this, we will enhance
the overall level of local tourism, making it the backbone of the local economy while turning the
tourism economy into local characteristic economy at the same time, so that it will become a
pillar industry. Therefore, the analysis of the urban tourism competitiveness of Luoyang has very
positive significance.
2. THEORETICAL REVIEW OF URBAN COMPETITIVENESS
Before the industrial revolution, when people thought of tourism, they thought of deviation from
cities, longings for nature, views of the countryside, etc., which is almost deviated from the
concept of city. But with the global socio-economic development, especially the occurrence of
the industrial revolution, the progress of human civilization was greatly promoted. With the
advancement of society, the functions of a city have been improved greatly. As cities'
management, reception, recreation and entertainment and other abilities develop, cities have
become a part of tourism. At the same time, tourism activities have greatly enriched the contents
of cities and promoted city development. In modern tourism, cities have become an important
part of tourism activities that cannot be obtained, and the competitiveness of a city's tourism has
not only become one important indicator of urban competitiveness, but also become one of the
most important factors of urban economic development and progress. As urban tourism
competitiveness is gradually highlighted, research into urban tourism competitiveness at home
and abroad has just been unfolding.
Foreign studies on the competitiveness of urban tourism began in the 1980s [9]. Their research on
tourism competitiveness mainly treats city as a tourist destination. Topics such as tourism
environmental management, tourist perception and tourism activities are the major contents of
their studies. They hope that through these studies, the management of urban tourism can be
strengthened. Murphy et al. conducted a competitiveness analysis of Victoria Town of Canada
in 2000 [10]. Through their research, a conclusion was drawn that, the evaluation of tourists
plays an important role in the competitiveness of tourist destinations.1 Enright (2005) took Hong
Kong, Bangkok, Singapore and other major tourist cities in the Asia-Pacific region as samples,
and studied the attributes and influencing factors of tourism attractions. Among them, 15
attributes and 37 influencing factors were selected. Then an F-test and variance analysis were
introduced before the tourism competitiveness of these three cities was analyzed and an
evaluation was made.2 Tanja (2000) suggested that the competitiveness of a tourist destination
is closely related to local environmental management. In his view, in order to enhance the
competitiveness of a tourist destination, it is necessary to develop more scientific environmental
management measures, and use practical management methods.3
On the other hand, domestic studies on the competitiveness of urban tourism started later, in
about the 1990s. Since the reform and opening up, China's tourism industry has been rapidly
3. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 10, No 4, August 2018
137
developed. Scholars have also accelerated the study of urban tourism-related issues and achieved
considerable results. The competitiveness of urban tourism is an important content in evaluating
urban competitiveness and promoting the development of urban tourism industry. So it is a hot
topic in China's tourism research. In the present, research of domestic scholars on the
competitiveness of urban tourism mainly focuses on the following three aspects: the
research on the influencing factors of urban tourism competitiveness, the research on how to
enhance the competitiveness of urban tourism, and the quantitative analysis and evaluation of
urban tourism competitiveness.
Regarding the related influencing factors of urban tourism competitiveness, Chinese scholars
have done a lot of research. According to Gan (2003), favorable external conditions created by a
city for urban tourism are the basis for the improvement of urban tourism competitiveness.
Technology, human resources, access to information, and the level of tourism management of
urban managers are important influencing factors. There is also a factor that is essential to the
competitiveness of tourism, that is, visitor evaluation of the city's tourism. [3] studied the
competitiveness of urban tourism through various factors and found that in most cases, the
tourism competitiveness of a city cannot be separated from the following seven points: tourism
environment, city image, city brand, geographical location, core attractions, tourist market
growth rate and scale, and demand in the domestic and foreign tourism markets4.
Quantitative analysis of urban tourism competitiveness is a top priority for Chinese scholars. The
quantification of tourism competitiveness indicators can give urban tourism managers a definite
purpose to resolve the problems existing in the present. [4] took four famous coastal tourist cities
in Shandong, i.e. Qingdao, Weihai, Yantai, and Rizhao, as the research subjects, and used 36
indicators from the four aspects of competition status, competitive potential, supporting factors
and comprehensive competitiveness of urban tourism respectively, so as to establish a set of
urban tourism competitiveness indicator evaluation system. Then they used the analytic hierarchy
process to analyze and evaluate the tourism competitiveness of the four cities. [2] proposed that
the main factors influencing the competitiveness of urban tourism are the following eight
aspects: core attractions, supporting factors, basic factors, development factors, management
innovation factors, eligibility factors, economic equilibrium, index economy marketization
indicator, urban tourism enterprise growth and economic stability indicator. The eight aspects
are subdivided into 50 indicators to form the indicator evaluation system of urban tourism
competitiveness, with relevant analysis methods introduced, namely, factor analysis, cluster
analysis and so on.5
3.ANALYSIS OF LUOYANG URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BY
FACTOR ANALYSIS
A. INTRODUCTION TO EVALUATION METHODS
Only when a scientific evaluation model is established to evaluate the competitiveness of urban
tourism and analyze the relevant data and research, can the problems be found so that the
right remedies can be taken to improve the competitiveness of urban tourism in a targeted
manner. There are many evaluation methods. The most commonly used methods are principal
components analysis, analytic hierarchy process and factor analysis. Principal components
analysis is based on associated variables. According to their complex relationships, the variables
are simplified for analysis, that is, there are several linear combinations in the indicator system,
but only a few can greatly affect the indicators so these key indicators are analyzed.
Analytic hierarchy process is a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative research. It
divides a problem into several levels and factors. It not only conducts quantitative analysis of
4. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 10, No 4, August 2018
138
these levels and factors but also selects different plans according to the different levels and then
analyzes and studies the different plans. Factor analysis is a simple and clear way to see a
problem after data-mation of the problem. Specifically, it finds out the main variables causing
the problem, studies the interrelations of variables, and classifies closely linked variables by
category. Each category is a factor which carries a lot of the original information [8], so
in the quantitative analysis of the problem, the workload is large, procedures are complex, and
accuracy is poor. Therefore, the problem can be reflected more intuitively if quantitative
analysis is conducted based on the few primary factors, weight is given according to the
relevance of factors, and factor scores are calculated through factor analysis. In the analysis of
urban tourism competitiveness, this method is simple and practical. Therefore, this paper adopts
this method to analyze the urban tourism competitiveness of Luoyang.
B. RELEVANT DATA
As the reference of Luoyang, the author compared and analyzed seven cities near Henan
Province and Luoyang, i.e. Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Pingdingshan, Jiaozuo, Sanmenxia, Nanyang
and Jiyuan [5], so that we cannot only learn about the urban tourism competitiveness of
Luoyang more intuitively but also see the status of Luoyang tourism in surrounding cities. The
author also chose 8 cities including Luoyang for another purpose, that is, to provide data
reference for the establishment of a relevant tourism cooperation mechanism through
comparison.
The data for the eight cities are from the China City Statistical Yearbook 20J5 and the Henan
Statistical Yearbook 20J5, as well as the 20J6 Report on the Work of the Government of different
cities. Some data also come from the official website of the People's Government of Henan
Province and the official websites of the local governments, as well as local tourism websites.
Not only the accuracy of the data but also the authority of the data should be ensured [6, 7].
C. EVALUATION MODEL CONSTRUCTION:DETERMINATION OF EVALUATION
INDICATORS.
For the analysis of urban tourism competitiveness, we must first determine the evaluation
indicators in order to make analysis and evaluation according to the indicator variables.
Therefore, the accuracy of the rating indicators is the most important to the establishment of an
evaluation model system, for it relates to whether the evaluation system can scientifically and
completely reflect the situation of urban tourism competitiveness.
The most intuitive presentation of urban tourism competitiveness is the existing competitiveness,
and it is also the basis for subsequent development. Therefore, a city's existing competitiveness
should be the first primary factor; and secondly, the improvement of competitiveness depends on
the development conditions so the competitiveness of urban development conditions should be
the second primary factor; the third primary factor is the development potential of a city, which
is also an important factor to measure the competitiveness of tourism. Under the primary
factors, there are some variables to measure the primary factors, which also influence the
development of the primary factors. This study chose 20 variables under the three primary
factors for analysis, of which 4 are under the first primary factor,
7 are under the second primary factor, and 9 are under the third primary factor. As there are too
many variables, the author will not introduce them one by one. The specific details are listed in
Table 1.
5. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 10, No 4, August 2018
139
TABLE 1 Primary Factors and Variables of Evaluation System
D. OPERATION OF EVALUATION SYSTEM
The SPSS 11.0 analysis software is a commonly used tool for statistical analysis. In this study,
the SPSS 11.0 analysis software was used to analyze the relevant factor variables. It is necessary
to test the statistics before the analysis-related operations are performed. Only after these 20
variables are tested can the accuracy of the variables' reflection of competitiveness be explained.
After testing, the relevant KMO (i.e. test statistic) value is 79.631%, indicating that these
variables reflect competitiveness accurately, while the variance contribution rate of the three
primary factor is 79.683%, which indicates that it is quite accurate (see Table 2).
Table 2 Primary Factor Eigenvalue and Cumulative
Variance Contribution Rate
Primary
Factor
Eigenvalue
Variance
Contribution Rate
Cumulative
Variance
Contribution
Rate
F1 7.937 54.385 54.385
F2 2.251 16.624 71.009
6. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 10, No 4, August 2018
140
For the factor loadings of the variables, the maximum variance rotation method was used. After 6
iterations, the relevant data were obtained. See Table 3 for details.
Table 3 Factor Loading Matrix after RotaTion
According to the factor analysis formula, the score and rank of each city's tourism
competitiveness were obtained. The formula is as follows:L=54.385f1+16.624f2+8.674f3
where, f1, f2 and f3 are the scores of the city on the three factors, and L is the tourism
competitiveness of the city. The score of each factor, the comprehensive score and the ranking
of each of the 8 cities are listed in Table 4.
F3 1.682 8.674 79.683
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Table 4 Factor Scores, Comprehensive Factor Scores and Rankings of Eight Cities
E. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS OF LUOYANG AND
SURROUNDING CITIES
As can be seen from Table 5, compared with the surrounding cities, Luoyang is less competitive
than Zhengzhou, the provincial capital, but more competitive than the surrounding cities such as
Jiaozuo, Kaifeng, Sanmenxia, Nanyang, Pingdingshan and Jiyuan, which is in line with
Luoyang's current tourism development. From the three primary factors of a city's existing
competitiveness (F1), competitiveness of urban development conditions (F2), and
competitiveness of urban development potential (F3), the existing competitiveness of Luoyang is
lower than that of Zhengzhou and higher than that of other provinces, which is in line with its
comprehensive ranking; the competitiveness of urban development conditions of Luoyang is
higher than that of Zhengzhou, but lower than that of Jiaozuo, Sanmenxia, Xuchang and Jiyuan,
which is in line with the actual situation. The competitiveness of development conditions
includes air pollution index, GDP per capital, green space per capita, afforestation coverage rate
and other indicators, which is the disadvantage of Zhengzhou and Luoyang with a large
population base and at the forefront of development; as for the competitiveness of urban
development potential, the ranking of Luoyang is relatively low, only a little higher than Kaifeng,
another ancient capital. It also reflects the looming problem of Luoyang, that is, the insufficient
potential of urban tourism development. Although there are many tourism resources, the
development of tourism is seriously restricted and more attention is needed.
3. CONCLUSION
Although the existing competitiveness of Luoyang (valued to be 1.562243) is strong, only second
to Zhengzhou(valued to be 3.178746), some weaknesses are still exposed in the long run, leading
to the lack of tourism development momentum. Especially in terms of development potential,
adjustment should be made by reference to the indicators. In particular, in infrastructure
construction, great efforts should be made and more care should be given to people's livelihood.
As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources
should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel
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services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so
that it can better serve tourists.
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