The document analyzes and compares the protein structures of AdhA and Adh1 alcohol dehydrogenases to understand their differing catalytic efficiencies in isobutanol production. AdhA is a dimer composed of 339 residue monomers with catalytic and coenzyme-binding domains, while Adh1 is a tetramer of 347 residue monomers. Their active sites contain different coordinating amino acids. AdhA has a lower Km and higher catalytic efficiency than Adh1, suggesting differences in substrate, cofactor, and amino acid interactions affect bioefficiency. Mutagenesis studies show some AdhA residues impact isobutanol production when altered.
TCA Cycle Presentation by Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
This presentation explains a series of chemical reactions in TCA Cycle used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other biochemical reactions.
The document discusses the main types of biological macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their structures, functions and examples of each type of macromolecule. The key macromolecules discussed are amino acids that make up proteins, monosaccharides and polysaccharides that make up carbohydrates, triglycerides and phospholipids that make up lipids, and nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA nucleic acids.
Exam 2 structure function Protiens Biochem f2016 Syed A JamalSayed Jamal
This document contains a 26 question biochemistry exam covering topics like protein structure, binding, kinetics, hemoglobin function, and diseases. The exam tests understanding of key concepts like protein folding, ligand binding, allosteric regulation, oxygen transport, sickle cell anemia, and prion diseases through calculation, graph, and diagram analysis questions. Students must demonstrate their mastery of biochemistry fundamentals and their ability to apply knowledge to clinical scenarios.
This document discusses protein structure and chemistry. It summarizes the structure of myoglobin, hemoglobin, and collagen. For myoglobin and hemoglobin, it describes their globular structure, heme group, alpha helical content, and how the heme group binds oxygen. For hemoglobin, it further explains its quaternary structure consisting of two alpha and beta subunit dimers, and how it can exist in deoxy and oxy forms. For collagen, it outlines its unique amino acid sequence rich in proline and glycine, which allows it to form a triple helix structure. It also reviews methods for determining protein primary structure, including Edman degradation.
Characterization of the lipid binding properties of otoferlin reveals specifi...Dr. Nicole Hams
This study investigated the calcium and lipid binding properties of the C2 domains of otoferlin, which is a proposed calcium sensor for synaptic vesicle fusion in hair cells. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the C2 domains bind calcium with moderate to low affinity, except for C2A. Lipids increased the calcium sensitivity of the domains. The C2C and C2F domains preferentially bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Mutations in C2C weakened this interaction selectively. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated the C2F domain directly interacts with lipid bilayers in a calcium-independent manner. These results suggest the C2F and C2C domains preferential
This document summarizes the structure and function of macromolecules. It discusses the four main classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers like starch and cellulose. Sugars are made of monosaccharides that can join to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Macromolecules are essential to the structure and function of living organisms.
Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules and four heme groups that reversibly bind oxygen. Each heme group contains an iron atom held at the center of a porphyrin ring. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues via oxygen binding to the heme groups. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It is composed of two polypeptide chains that form a hexamer structure. Insulin causes cells to uptake glucose from the blood for energy storage.
This document summarizes research on the synthesis and reactivity of group 4 metal complexes containing symmetric amidinate ligands. Various amidinate ligands were prepared by modifying substituents on the nitrogen atoms to tune steric properties. Titanium and hafnium amidinate dimethylamido and chloride complexes were synthesized and their solid-state and solution structures were studied. These complexes were tested as catalysts for the polymerization of propylene and ethylene after activation with MAO. The activity of the catalyst and properties of the polymers produced depended on the substituents of the amidine ligands. Further experiments provided insights into the mechanism of ethylene polymerization, identifying catalytic species using ESR, C60 radical trapping
TCA Cycle Presentation by Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
This presentation explains a series of chemical reactions in TCA Cycle used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other biochemical reactions.
The document discusses the main types of biological macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their structures, functions and examples of each type of macromolecule. The key macromolecules discussed are amino acids that make up proteins, monosaccharides and polysaccharides that make up carbohydrates, triglycerides and phospholipids that make up lipids, and nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA nucleic acids.
Exam 2 structure function Protiens Biochem f2016 Syed A JamalSayed Jamal
This document contains a 26 question biochemistry exam covering topics like protein structure, binding, kinetics, hemoglobin function, and diseases. The exam tests understanding of key concepts like protein folding, ligand binding, allosteric regulation, oxygen transport, sickle cell anemia, and prion diseases through calculation, graph, and diagram analysis questions. Students must demonstrate their mastery of biochemistry fundamentals and their ability to apply knowledge to clinical scenarios.
This document discusses protein structure and chemistry. It summarizes the structure of myoglobin, hemoglobin, and collagen. For myoglobin and hemoglobin, it describes their globular structure, heme group, alpha helical content, and how the heme group binds oxygen. For hemoglobin, it further explains its quaternary structure consisting of two alpha and beta subunit dimers, and how it can exist in deoxy and oxy forms. For collagen, it outlines its unique amino acid sequence rich in proline and glycine, which allows it to form a triple helix structure. It also reviews methods for determining protein primary structure, including Edman degradation.
Characterization of the lipid binding properties of otoferlin reveals specifi...Dr. Nicole Hams
This study investigated the calcium and lipid binding properties of the C2 domains of otoferlin, which is a proposed calcium sensor for synaptic vesicle fusion in hair cells. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the C2 domains bind calcium with moderate to low affinity, except for C2A. Lipids increased the calcium sensitivity of the domains. The C2C and C2F domains preferentially bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Mutations in C2C weakened this interaction selectively. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated the C2F domain directly interacts with lipid bilayers in a calcium-independent manner. These results suggest the C2F and C2C domains preferential
This document summarizes the structure and function of macromolecules. It discusses the four main classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers like starch and cellulose. Sugars are made of monosaccharides that can join to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Macromolecules are essential to the structure and function of living organisms.
Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules and four heme groups that reversibly bind oxygen. Each heme group contains an iron atom held at the center of a porphyrin ring. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues via oxygen binding to the heme groups. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It is composed of two polypeptide chains that form a hexamer structure. Insulin causes cells to uptake glucose from the blood for energy storage.
This document summarizes research on the synthesis and reactivity of group 4 metal complexes containing symmetric amidinate ligands. Various amidinate ligands were prepared by modifying substituents on the nitrogen atoms to tune steric properties. Titanium and hafnium amidinate dimethylamido and chloride complexes were synthesized and their solid-state and solution structures were studied. These complexes were tested as catalysts for the polymerization of propylene and ethylene after activation with MAO. The activity of the catalyst and properties of the polymers produced depended on the substituents of the amidine ligands. Further experiments provided insights into the mechanism of ethylene polymerization, identifying catalytic species using ESR, C60 radical trapping
Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen and contains a heme group and protoporphyrin IX. The heme group coordinates with the protein through bonds and forms pockets on the protein surface where other molecules can bind. Visualizations of myoglobin show its secondary structure as a ribbon including side chains of hydrophobic residues, and a space-filling model depicting all amino acid side chains and how steric effects impact ligand binding to the heme group.
The document discusses the four levels of structural organization of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. It describes the primary structure as the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. Secondary structures form due to hydrogen bonding and include alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the three dimensional folding of a protein chain. Quaternary structure occurs when multiple protein chains combine to form a functional protein. The document focuses on different types of secondary structures like alpha helices, beta sheets, loops, and turns.
Biochemistry exam 3 enzyme sugars nov2016 S JamalSayed Jamal
This document contains a biochemistry exam with multiple questions covering various topics:
1) Enzyme kinetics questions involving rate constants and mechanisms.
2) Questions about inhibition mechanisms and specific enzyme examples like beta-lactamase.
3) Structure and function questions about carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and glycoproteins.
4) Clinical questions about glycoprotein disorders and properties of human milk oligosaccharides.
This document discusses the allosteric property of hemoglobin. It explains that hemoglobin exhibits homotropic and heterotropic effects that allow for efficient oxygen transport. The binding of oxygen to one subunit of hemoglobin facilitates the binding of oxygen to the remaining subunits, demonstrating positive cooperativity. Additionally, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases in response to increases in hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide, allowing for effective oxygen unloading in tissues.
Quantitative estimation of carbohydrates Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients in the human diet, along with protein and fat. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates play an important role in the human body. They act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation. The digestive tract begins to break down carbohydrates into glucose, which is used for energy, upon consumption. Any extra glucose in the bloodstream is stored in the liver and muscle tissue until further energy is needed. Carbohydrates is an umbrella term that encompasses sugar, fruits, vegetables, fibers, and legumes. While there are numerous divisions of carbohydrates, the human diet benefits mostly from a certain subset.
The peptide bond joins amino acids in polypeptides and proteins. It has partial double bond character which makes it nearly planar. This rigidity reduces flexibility during protein folding. The peptide bond is usually in the trans configuration to reduce steric hindrance, though proline can be cis or trans due to its cyclic side chain.
Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four polypeptide chains and a heme group containing iron. Hemoglobin is synthesized in maturing red blood cells in the bone marrow. It facilitates oxygen delivery, removes waste carbon dioxide, and helps maintain blood pH. Variations in hemoglobin types occur during development and in some disease states.
1. This document contains a 31 question biochemistry final exam covering topics like DNA sequencing, tRNA, fatty acids, lipid anchors, and cell signaling pathways.
2. Questions test knowledge of specific biochemical concepts like how deamination of cytosine produces uracil, the purpose of chemically modified siRNAs, and challenges of RNAi therapy delivery.
3. Signaling topics include G protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, JAK-STAT pathway, and termination of signaling cascades by receptor desensitization and phosphatases.
INTRODUCTION
DISCOVREY OF MYOGLOBIN STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE OF MYOGLOBIN
APOMYOGLOBIN
MECHANISM-
BINDING OF OXYGEN TO MYGLOBIN
DISASSOCIATION OF OXYGEN FOROM MYOGLOBIN
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MYOGLOBIN
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF MYOGLOBIN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They contain amino and carboxyl groups and a side chain, and are joined together via peptide linkages. Amino acids exist in two forms - D and L - but the L-form is used in proteins. They are soluble in water but insoluble in fat, and at physiologic pH the carboxyl group is negatively charged while the amino group is positively charged.
1. The document discusses heme proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells, while myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells.
2. Both hemoglobin and myoglobin contain a heme group which binds oxygen. In hemoglobin, the binding of oxygen to one heme group facilitates binding to the other heme groups, known as cooperativity.
3. Environmental factors like pH and carbon dioxide concentration affect oxygen binding and release from hemoglobin, known as the Bohr effect. A lower pH or higher carbon dioxide leads to oxygen being more readily released from hemoglobin.
Role of co-ordination chemistry in myoglobin chemistry MyoglobinMaryumAkhter
in this presentation, one can see the structure, properties, function, binding capacity with Carbon dioxide and oxygen, co-ordination chemistry in myoglobin, difference and similarities with haemoglobin.
This document summarizes key information about heme chemistry and hemoglobin. It discusses the structure and function of hemoglobin, including its role in oxygen transport and delivery to tissues. Hemoglobin is a protein composed of globin and heme groups that allows for the reversible binding and transport of oxygen in the blood. Factors like pH, carbon dioxide levels, and cooperativity between heme groups influence the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin.
[Brief]Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myglobin (Bio-Inorganic chem...Anim60
This ppt is made from the bio-inorganic point of view for those who are having difficulty in finding the correct type and quality of information. This ppt has all the important points which one needs to know about this topic.
describes the structure of hb, its variants in detail. Oxygen dissociation curve is explained with graph. Hemoglobinopathy is explained with diagram. myoglobin is also explained.
This document discusses the development of theranostic agents that combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions into a single nanoparticle. It outlines progress in constructing five types of nanoparticle-based theranostic agents: iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and silica nanoparticles. For each nanoplatform, it reviews strategies for integrating imaging and drug/gene delivery capabilities by modifying the nanoparticle surface chemistry. The resulting theranostic nanoparticles allow for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of therapeutic response all from a single agent.
This document contains testimonials from several satisfied customers of Creative Colors of Brandywine Valley, praising the company's leather dyeing and restoration services. The customers note that the company was able to perfectly match leather dyes, make worn leather look new again, and hide discoloration, beyond their expectations. One customer said the restored leather chair looked like new.
This document discusses distinguishing yourself as a tourist or traveler by thinking of privacy, flexible routes, and affordable options such as yacht rentals. It promotes a 7-day cruise in Greece for €9,999 total accommodating up to 8 people, or as low as €179 per person per day, with amenities including overnight stays in preferred ports. It also lists the daily rental rates for 4 yachts ranging in size from 64 feet to 90 feet costing between €1,150 to €2,300 per day.
Este documento proporciona una lista de códigos y claves utilizados por la policía para comunicarse por radio, CB y otras frecuencias. Incluye códigos numéricos del 1 al 100 y letras del código Q para indicar mensajes, ubicaciones, solicitudes de ayuda y otros asuntos relacionados con las comunicaciones policiales.
Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen and contains a heme group and protoporphyrin IX. The heme group coordinates with the protein through bonds and forms pockets on the protein surface where other molecules can bind. Visualizations of myoglobin show its secondary structure as a ribbon including side chains of hydrophobic residues, and a space-filling model depicting all amino acid side chains and how steric effects impact ligand binding to the heme group.
The document discusses the four levels of structural organization of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. It describes the primary structure as the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. Secondary structures form due to hydrogen bonding and include alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the three dimensional folding of a protein chain. Quaternary structure occurs when multiple protein chains combine to form a functional protein. The document focuses on different types of secondary structures like alpha helices, beta sheets, loops, and turns.
Biochemistry exam 3 enzyme sugars nov2016 S JamalSayed Jamal
This document contains a biochemistry exam with multiple questions covering various topics:
1) Enzyme kinetics questions involving rate constants and mechanisms.
2) Questions about inhibition mechanisms and specific enzyme examples like beta-lactamase.
3) Structure and function questions about carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and glycoproteins.
4) Clinical questions about glycoprotein disorders and properties of human milk oligosaccharides.
This document discusses the allosteric property of hemoglobin. It explains that hemoglobin exhibits homotropic and heterotropic effects that allow for efficient oxygen transport. The binding of oxygen to one subunit of hemoglobin facilitates the binding of oxygen to the remaining subunits, demonstrating positive cooperativity. Additionally, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases in response to increases in hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide, allowing for effective oxygen unloading in tissues.
Quantitative estimation of carbohydrates Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients in the human diet, along with protein and fat. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates play an important role in the human body. They act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation. The digestive tract begins to break down carbohydrates into glucose, which is used for energy, upon consumption. Any extra glucose in the bloodstream is stored in the liver and muscle tissue until further energy is needed. Carbohydrates is an umbrella term that encompasses sugar, fruits, vegetables, fibers, and legumes. While there are numerous divisions of carbohydrates, the human diet benefits mostly from a certain subset.
The peptide bond joins amino acids in polypeptides and proteins. It has partial double bond character which makes it nearly planar. This rigidity reduces flexibility during protein folding. The peptide bond is usually in the trans configuration to reduce steric hindrance, though proline can be cis or trans due to its cyclic side chain.
Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four polypeptide chains and a heme group containing iron. Hemoglobin is synthesized in maturing red blood cells in the bone marrow. It facilitates oxygen delivery, removes waste carbon dioxide, and helps maintain blood pH. Variations in hemoglobin types occur during development and in some disease states.
1. This document contains a 31 question biochemistry final exam covering topics like DNA sequencing, tRNA, fatty acids, lipid anchors, and cell signaling pathways.
2. Questions test knowledge of specific biochemical concepts like how deamination of cytosine produces uracil, the purpose of chemically modified siRNAs, and challenges of RNAi therapy delivery.
3. Signaling topics include G protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, JAK-STAT pathway, and termination of signaling cascades by receptor desensitization and phosphatases.
INTRODUCTION
DISCOVREY OF MYOGLOBIN STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE OF MYOGLOBIN
APOMYOGLOBIN
MECHANISM-
BINDING OF OXYGEN TO MYGLOBIN
DISASSOCIATION OF OXYGEN FOROM MYOGLOBIN
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MYOGLOBIN
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF MYOGLOBIN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They contain amino and carboxyl groups and a side chain, and are joined together via peptide linkages. Amino acids exist in two forms - D and L - but the L-form is used in proteins. They are soluble in water but insoluble in fat, and at physiologic pH the carboxyl group is negatively charged while the amino group is positively charged.
1. The document discusses heme proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells, while myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells.
2. Both hemoglobin and myoglobin contain a heme group which binds oxygen. In hemoglobin, the binding of oxygen to one heme group facilitates binding to the other heme groups, known as cooperativity.
3. Environmental factors like pH and carbon dioxide concentration affect oxygen binding and release from hemoglobin, known as the Bohr effect. A lower pH or higher carbon dioxide leads to oxygen being more readily released from hemoglobin.
Role of co-ordination chemistry in myoglobin chemistry MyoglobinMaryumAkhter
in this presentation, one can see the structure, properties, function, binding capacity with Carbon dioxide and oxygen, co-ordination chemistry in myoglobin, difference and similarities with haemoglobin.
This document summarizes key information about heme chemistry and hemoglobin. It discusses the structure and function of hemoglobin, including its role in oxygen transport and delivery to tissues. Hemoglobin is a protein composed of globin and heme groups that allows for the reversible binding and transport of oxygen in the blood. Factors like pH, carbon dioxide levels, and cooperativity between heme groups influence the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin.
[Brief]Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myglobin (Bio-Inorganic chem...Anim60
This ppt is made from the bio-inorganic point of view for those who are having difficulty in finding the correct type and quality of information. This ppt has all the important points which one needs to know about this topic.
describes the structure of hb, its variants in detail. Oxygen dissociation curve is explained with graph. Hemoglobinopathy is explained with diagram. myoglobin is also explained.
This document discusses the development of theranostic agents that combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions into a single nanoparticle. It outlines progress in constructing five types of nanoparticle-based theranostic agents: iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and silica nanoparticles. For each nanoplatform, it reviews strategies for integrating imaging and drug/gene delivery capabilities by modifying the nanoparticle surface chemistry. The resulting theranostic nanoparticles allow for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of therapeutic response all from a single agent.
This document contains testimonials from several satisfied customers of Creative Colors of Brandywine Valley, praising the company's leather dyeing and restoration services. The customers note that the company was able to perfectly match leather dyes, make worn leather look new again, and hide discoloration, beyond their expectations. One customer said the restored leather chair looked like new.
This document discusses distinguishing yourself as a tourist or traveler by thinking of privacy, flexible routes, and affordable options such as yacht rentals. It promotes a 7-day cruise in Greece for €9,999 total accommodating up to 8 people, or as low as €179 per person per day, with amenities including overnight stays in preferred ports. It also lists the daily rental rates for 4 yachts ranging in size from 64 feet to 90 feet costing between €1,150 to €2,300 per day.
Este documento proporciona una lista de códigos y claves utilizados por la policía para comunicarse por radio, CB y otras frecuencias. Incluye códigos numéricos del 1 al 100 y letras del código Q para indicar mensajes, ubicaciones, solicitudes de ayuda y otros asuntos relacionados con las comunicaciones policiales.
This document lists words repeated three times that start with different letters, including cod, lot, snap, bone, nose, home, globe, live, give, and tadpole. It seems to be practicing early reading by having short words with repeated letters at the beginning of lines.
اطلاق وادارة علامة فيرجن موبايل في المملكة - ArabNet Riyadh 2015ArabNet ME
1. Use social media to recruit and announce your brand, and be transparent and honest in your communications.
2. Hire from the local community to build your community, and reach out to incentivize them to help generate content.
3. Create entertainment value through your brand rather than being too serious, and constantly test and optimize different advertising strategies and creative elements to increase performance.
Facial recognition technology can be used to improve VIP management systems. It allows receptionists to quickly identify important customers by matching their faces to a database of member profiles, without needing ID cards. This reduces issues like using incorrect IDs or having no customer record. It also helps businesses better understand customer behavior and spending patterns to provide personalized service and promote loyalty. The proposed system works by capturing facial images and extracting distinguishing features to compare against an enrollment database for identification and access control purposes across various applications. A case study shows how a golf club implemented such a system to improve service quality and customer satisfaction.
This document contains a list of words that are each repeated three times. The words include: year, met, web, spin, tea, heat, leaf, each, who, which, and seashell.
This document contains a list of words repeated three times each that include common nouns, verbs, adjectives and other parts of speech. The words span various categories but are each listed in triplicate without additional context.
كيف تصبح نجما اجتماعيا د . ابراهيم الفقي Hebah Toukhi
The document contains a repetitive list of the same URL "www.ibtesama.com/vb Exclusive" listed over 100 times without any other context or information provided.
The document contains repeating words and phrases including "at", "yes", "slug", "arm", "hard", "scarf", "card", "are", and "all" as well as the phrase "farmyard" which is repeated with a slight variation on the third iteration. It does not provide much context around these words and seems to be a list of repeating lexical items.
This student self-assesses their classroom behavior and work habits. They follow instructions, listen to others, participate in discussions, complete work neatly and on time, try to work independently but ask for help when needed, work hard at all times, are responsible and can be counted on by the teacher, and work well with classmates.
Prinsotel ofrece cinco complejos vacacionales en las Islas Baleares, con hoteles y apartamentos que brindan opciones para satisfacer las necesidades de los huéspedes, como playas, piscinas, restaurantes y actividades para todas las edades, a la vez que se adaptan constantemente para mejorar la experiencia de los visitantes.
O documento resume as principais características da Região Nordeste do Brasil em 3 frases:
1) A Região Nordeste cobre uma área de 1,5 milhão de km2 e possui 56,5 milhões de habitantes distribuídos em 9 estados.
2) A região possui relevo diversificado, clima semiárido, vegetação de caatinga e bacias hidrográficas como o São Francisco e o Parnaíba.
3) A economia da região é baseada na agricultura, indústria de
Customer Churn. Everyone loves talking about how to calculate it, how to reduce it, and how bad it is (us included!). But isn’t it time to sit down and figure out how we can actually influence it, and what actions we can actually take, given certain characteristics?
The Actionable SaaS Metrics series goes beyond measuring and calculating. It takes a deeper look at some characteristics of common subscription metrics, with the goal of identifying key actionable steps to optimize them for your business.
A Study On The Portfolio O Drugs Recommended For Neurologial DisordersSaumya Agarwal (Sam)
The document summarizes a study on recommended drug portfolios for various neurological disorders. Key findings include:
- The study analyzed the preferred drug choices of 41 doctors in Hyderabad for diseases like epilepsy, Alzheimer's, psychosis, migraine, insomnia, depression and Parkinsonism.
- The proposed drug portfolio for each disease is based on the preferred molecules identified from the doctors' responses. For example, the portfolio for epilepsy includes Divalproex, Clobazam, Oxcarbazepine, Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine and Clobazam.
- Reasons for switching prescriptions between molecules/brands included severity of disease, adverse drug reactions, patient response
Este documento descreve o desenvolvimento do modo de produção capitalista através de suas principais fases: capitalismo comercial, industrial e financeiro. Apresenta as características-chave de cada fase, como o surgimento do capitalismo a partir do século XVI através do comércio colonial, a Revolução Industrial e a produção em massa na era industrial, e a consolidação dos monopólios e corporações multinacionais no capitalismo financeiro.
Tennant Company presented at the Needham Conference in January 2017. The presentation provided an overview of Tennant Company, which is a global leader in designing cleaning solutions. It summarized Tennant's vision, competitive position in the $5 billion global cleaning equipment market, broad product portfolio and customer base, growth strategy to reach $1 billion in sales, strategic priorities around digital technologies, and financial performance with goals for continued sales and profit margin growth. The presentation contained forward-looking statements and cautioned that actual results could differ from expectations.
The document provides 7 tips for overcoming stage fright when presenting or speaking publicly. The tips are to show up early, know your material well, carefully consider any props, use humor when appropriate, allow time for questions, record yourself practicing, and watch yourself in the mirror to identify areas for improvement. The overall message is not to sweat the small details and to remember these tips to help manage stage fright.
1. Researchers determined the crystal structure of human caspase-6 bound to the irreversible inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK at acidic pH.
2. The structure adopted a non-canonical conformation not seen previously, with helix extensions blocking the peptide binding site and the inhibitor binding in a unique mode.
3. This suggests the non-canonical conformation observed for caspase-6 at acidic pH is capable of peptide binding, though the physiological relevance is uncertain given the non-physiological conditions.
This document describes a study that used computational modeling to design novel inhibitors of BACE1, the enzyme involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Researchers designed biaryl and fused-ring compounds targeting the S2 pocket of BACE1. They synthesized compounds based on these scaffolds and tested them for inhibitory activity against BACE1 and the related enzyme BACE2. One compound reduced amyloid beta 40 production in cells by 65%, indicating inhibitory activity against BACE1 with potential for treating Alzheimer's disease. The document discusses the rationale for targeting the flexible S2 pocket and for using less polar compounds that form fewer hydrogen bonds to gain selectivity against BACE2.
Lysozyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of bacterial cell walls. It was first discovered in 1922 by Alexander Fleming. The enzyme hydrolyzes beta linkages between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan. Lysozyme has antibacterial properties and is found naturally in human tears, saliva, and egg whites. It has important applications in protein purification and nucleic acid preparation. The enzyme has a compact globular structure and contains four disulfide bonds that provide stability. Its active site contains the residues glutamic acid 35 and aspartic acid 52, which work together to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction.
The document discusses the primary structure of proteins, which is the specific sequence of amino acids. It explains that genetic diseases can result from abnormal amino acid sequences that cause improper folding and loss of function. Determining the normal and mutated protein sequences can help diagnose or study the disease. It then goes on to describe various methods used to determine a protein's primary structure, including identifying amino acid composition through chromatography, N-terminal sequencing using Edman reagent, cleaving large proteins into fragments, and DNA sequencing to translate the nucleotide sequence into the amino acid sequence.
This document provides an overview of protein structure and composition. It discusses the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins. The primary structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Techniques like amino acid analysis and Edman degradation are used to determine the amino acid content and sequence. The secondary structure involves localized folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets. The tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape of a protein, while quaternary structure refers to interactions between multiple polypeptide chains.
- Amino acids are compounds that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. They exist in L- and D-stereoisomers and have common 1-letter and 3-letter codes.
- There are 20 standard amino acids that are classified by the properties of their variable side chains into nonpolar, polar, acidic, and basic groups.
- The ionization states of amino acids' functional groups depend on pH and can be calculated using pKa values and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
- Amino acids join together via peptide bonds between amino and carboxyl groups, forming peptides and proteins of various lengths with restricted rotation around the peptide bond.
The document discusses the main types of biological macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their structures, functions and examples of each type of macromolecule. The key macromolecules discussed are proteins, which are composed of amino acids, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which provide genetic instructions and are made of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases. Energy production in cells is also summarized, with ATP being generated through substrate-level phosphorylation or chemiosmosis using electron transport chains.
The document discusses the main types of biological macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their structures, functions and examples of each type of macromolecule. The key macromolecules discussed are proteins, which are composed of amino acids, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which provide genetic instructions and are made of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases. Energy in the form of ATP is also summarized, which is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation or chemiosmosis and provides energy for cellular work.
Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds in straight or branched chains or rings and bond with many different elements. Polymers are long chains of monomers linked through condensation reactions, and macromolecules are large polymers including polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA that are broken down by hydrolysis reactions. Key biomolecules discussed include lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and function. It covers how the hydrophobic effect causes phospholipids to form bilayers in water. Bilayers allow for the separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions which is important for cell structure and function. Membranes contain proteins and transport molecules that allow for selective movement of substances across the membrane through processes like diffusion, facilitated transport, and active transport. Membrane structure and composition impact many cellular functions.
1) Lipases are water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triacylglycerols and belong to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family. They contain a catalytic triad of Ser-His-Asp/Glu and undergo conformational changes through a flexible lid region.
2) Lipases exist in both closed and open conformations, with the closed state shielding the active site and the open state exposing a hydrophobic surface upon lid movement. This lids movement is important for catalytic activity and binding to interfaces.
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Gonzalez et al., JACS 2011, 133, 5500-5507Vincent M
This document summarizes research on using phosphoramidite gold(I) catalysts to catalyze the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of 3,4-substituted pyrrolidines through cycloadditions of allenenes. Key findings include:
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Similar to Research paper comparing alcohol dehydrogenase (20)
1. Shadkam 1
Parvaneh Shadkam-Farrokhi Submission date: 12/2/16
Structure and Function Analysis of Alcohol Dehydrogenases
Introduction:
As the world population continues to increase, the demand for environmentally-friendly energy sources also
continue to increase. It has become imperative that we utilize renewable sources such as biofuels. As such, we aim to
engineer effective bacteria to produce higher order alcohols that can be used as substitutes for gasoline. Previously,
we tested the efficiency of isobutanol production in three-metabolically-engineered, bio-fuel producing Escherichia
coli (E. coli) strains via colorimetric enzyme-based assay. The three strains of E. coli produced isobutyraldehyde
through the overexpression of the genes encoding acetolactate synthase (alsS), acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase
(ilvC), dihydroxy-acid dehydrogenase (ilvD), and 2-ketoacid decarboxylase (kivd), with their respective alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH) (Atsumi). Strain 1 contained yqhD from E.coli, while strains 2 and 3 had ADH2 from
Saccaromyces cerevisiae and adhA from Lactcoccus lactis, respectively (Gober). Our studies indicated that AdhA
(Strain 3) exhibited the most efficient alcohol conversion/biofuel production while ADH2 (Strain 2) exhibited the
least catalytic efficiency. Our results coincide with previous studies done by Atsumi et al whom also found ADH2 to
be the least efficient enzyme for isobutanol production and AdhA and YqhD to be the most effective. We now aim to
analyze and compare the crystal protein structures of AdhA and ADH1 to determine structure-function relationships.
Liu et al. and Plapp et al. have determined the crystal structures of AdhA and ADH1, respectively. According to Liu
et al., AdhA contains many conserved amino acid residues where mutagenesis cannot improve the efficiency of
isobutanol conversion while the mutagenesis of select amino acids such as Y50F, I212T, and L264V increases
isobutanol production. Likewise, Plapp et al. have demonstrated the conformational changes ADH1 undergoes when
bound by a coenzyme or substrate. We will be utilizing these findings and Cn3D software to identify specific sites
where differences between AdhA and ADH1 can lead to varying degrees of isobutanol production efficiency. Once
these sites have been identified, we can possibly alter them in a manner to facilitate increased catalytic efficiency,
increased production of biofuels such as isobutanol.
Results:
2. Shadkam 2
Figure 1: Protein Structure of ADHA (PDB: 4EEX) – Dimer, Monomer, molecules, domains
Figure 1: The Monomeric, molecular, and domain protein structures of Alcohol Dehydrogenase - adhA - from
Lactcoccus lactis. A. Using size exclusion chromatography, AdhA displays a peak consistent with dimer formation,
either with two monomers or a single dimer formed via beta strand pairing of the Rossmann domain as showcased
here. The dimer consists of several β-sheet strands, loops, and α-helices. Most bacterial ADHs are tetrameric yet this
ADH1 presents a rare case of a dimeric ADH. B. The dimer is showcased here as its individual monomers with
monomer A represented in pink and monomer B represented in blue. Each monomer is consisted of 339 residues. C.
The monomer bands are broken down into their respective domains such that Monomer A has the pink (1) and blue
(2) domains and Monomer B has the brown (3) and green (4) domains. D. Here we see the dimerization between the
two monomers. E. The catalytic domain (residues 1-147 and 288-339) has been highlighted in yellow while the
coenzyme-binding domain folds into a α/β Rossmann fold (residues 148-287) as highlighted in pink. F. The
coenzyme-binding domain and the catalytic domain are connected by an interdomain ‘hinge’ fomed by a helix (148-
159) and a loop (285-291) – in yellow - which are both separated by a cleft housing the active site and zinc.
A B
C
C
D
E F
AB
AB
4
3
2
1
3. Shadkam 3
Figure 2: ADHA Active site amino acid residues in the overall protein and in the active site.
Figure 2: ADHA Active site amino acid residues in the overall protein and in the active site. A. The ADHA
protein divided into its respective domains and with the amino acid residues involved in the active site displayed in
yellow. As one can see, the amino acid residues are delineated in a manner such that each monomer’s domain
possesses about two of the amino acids required for active site catalysis. B. Leucine-264 and Tyrosine50 form one
wall of the active site’s substrate pocket while Leucine-287, Valine288, Tryptophan-86, and Asparagine-110 form
the opposing wall. C. The entrance to the active site is formed by the side chains of Leucine-264, Tyrosine50,
Tryptophan-86, and Leucine-287 whom interact with the functional groups, bulky groups, and elements of the
incoming substrate. The sidechain of Leu-264 causes steric strain with the bulky terminal methyl goup of
isobutyraldehyde/butanol. Shortening of the Leucine chain (to a valine) leads to significant opening of the entrance
which leads to greater substrate access to the ADH catalystic zinc center. Tyr-50’s side chain is close to Leu-264
which also causes further steric strain. Deleting Tyr-50 leads to a larger substrate-binding pocket for larger substrates.
Furthermore, due to the proximity of Tryptophan-86 and Asparagine-110, an Asn-110 mutation could alter the
conformation of Trp-86 by flipping the indole ring and opening up the substrate channel. Leu-287 and Val-288
connect the two domains together and hence could be used to pull the two domains together and close the active site
to further cofactor binding. D. Liu et al. created a variant of ADHA and mutated Tyr-50, Leu-264, and Ile-212 which
improved isobutyraldehyde activity 30-fold. As mentioned, shortening or deleting Tyr-50 and Leu-264 made the
active site entrance larger. However, when the variant was made without Ile-212, catalytic efficiency was significantly
lower. Thus, Ile-212 is needed for increased catalytic activity despite its distance from the active site.
A B
C
D
4. Shadkam 4
Figure 3: ADHA cofactors and their hydrogen-bonding interactions
Figure 3: ADHA cofactors and their hydrogen-bonding interactions. A. ADHA cofactors could possibly interact
with the active site via hydrogen bonds with main chain residues such as Val-262, Ser-286, Val-288, Leu-264, His
40, Leu-175, and Gly-174. B. It could also interact with the side chains of His-44, Thr41, His-40, Asp-195, and Arg-
333. It is important to note that Asp-195 is conserved throughout all NADH-dependent ADHs for its ability to
recognize the two NADH ribosyl hydroxyl groups.
Figure 4: ADHA conserved Rossmann GxGxxG motif
Figure 4: ADHA showcases conserved Rossmann GxGxxG motif. A and B portray the α-helix GxGxxG motif
which in this ADHA molecule occurs between residues 171-176 with GAGGLG.
A B
A B
5. Shadkam 5
Figure 5: ADHA, its two Zinc ions, and coordination with amino acid residues
Figure 5: ADHA, its two Zinc ions, and coordination with amino acid residues. A. The ADHA monomer contains
two zinc ions – one structural and one catalytic. B. The structural zinc is coordinated by Cys-91, Cys-94, Cys-97, and
Cys-105. C. The catalytic zinc is coordinated by Cys-39, His-60, Cys-147, and finally by a water molecule on the co-
factor-free enzyme subunit. These variable coordination amino acid residues could play variable roles in the opening
and closing of the active site.
A
B C
6. Shadkam 6
Figure 6: Protein Structure of ADH1 (PDB: 5ENV) – Homotetramer, Monomer, molecules, domains
Figure 6: Protein Structure of ADH1 (PDB: 5ENV) – Homotetramer, Monomer, molecules, domains. A. ADH1
is showcased here. It is a homotetramer consisting of back to back dimers where one dimer has an asymmetric closed
conformation while the other has an open conformation. B. The individual monomers are showcased here with
monomer A represented in pink and monomer B represented in blue. Each monomer is consisted of 347 residues. C.
The monomer bands are broken down into their respective domains such that Monomer A has the pink (1) and blue
(2) domains and Monomer B has the brown (3) and green (4) domains. D. Here we see the joining of the two subunits.
E. The coenzyme-binding domain folds into a α/β Rossmann fold (residues 155-293) is highlighted in yellow. F. The
catalytic domains (residues 1-154, 294- 347) have been highlighted in yellow.
A B
1
2
3
4
A B
C D
E F
7. Shadkam 7
Figure 7: Binding of the coenzyme to the ADH1 coenzyme binding domain. A
Figure 7: Binding of the coenzyme to the ADH1 coenzyme binding domain. A. Phe-221, Ser-246, Asp-201, and
Lys-206 are near the adenosine moiety of NADH, and the NH backbones of Gly-181 and Leu-182 interact with the
pyrophosphate oxygens. The coenzyme does not interact with residues from the catalytic domain. B. Coenzyme
binding causes a conformational change bringing together residues 107, 296-7, 143, 148, 308, and 309. These
regions form loops that display the largest change in conformation when changing from open to close.
Figure 8: Amino acid residues that interact with NAD
include His 44, His-48, Thr-45, E-67, V-295, S-293, V-268,
S-246, F-221. K-206, Asp-201.
Figure 9: ADHA, its Zinc ions, and coordination with
amino acid residues. Catalytic zinc of subunit B has
coordination with Cys-43, His-66, Cys-153, and Glu-67.
Catalytic zinc of subunit A (not shown) is coordinated with
Cys-43, Cys-153, and His-66.
A B
8. Shadkam 8
Results Summary:
Our previous studies indicated that AdhA (Strain 3) exhibited the most efficient alcohol conversion/biofuel
production while ADH2 (Strain 2) exhibited the least catalytic efficiency. Our results coincide with previous studies
done by Atsumi et al whom also found ADH2 to be the least efficient enzyme for isobutanol production and AdhA
and YqhD to be the most effective. We analyzed and compared the protein structures of AdhA and Adh1 using Cn3D
software to identify specific sites where similarities and differences between AdhA and Adh1 occur. We found that
AdhA was composed of a single dimer formed via beta strand pairing of the Rossmann domain. The dimer consists
of several β-sheet strands, loops, and α-helices. Most bacterial ADHs are tetrameric yet this ADH1 presents a rare
case of a dimeric ADH. Each monomer is consisted of 339 residues. Each AdhA monomer possesses 2 dimers with a
catalytic domain (residues 1-147 and 288-339) and a coenzyme-binding domain that folds into a Rossmann fold
(residues 148-287). These domains are connected by an interdomain ‘hinge’ formed by a helix (148-159) and a loop
(285-291) which are both separated by a cleft housing the active site and zinc. Adh1 is a homotetramer consisting of
back to back dimers where one dimer had an asymmetric closed conformation while the other had an open
conformation. Each monomer is consisted of 347 residues. Each Adh1 molecule has two domains with one being
the coenzyme-binding domain which folds into a α/β Rossmann fold (residues 155-293), and a catalytic domain
(residues 1-154, 294- 347). Therefore, although AdhA and Adh1’s molecules both possess two domains, Adh1 has a
few more residues than AdhA.
AdhA’s active site is consisted of Leucine-264 and Tyrosine-50 forming one wall of the active site’s
substrate pocket while Leucine-287, Valine288, Tryptophan-86, and Asparagine-110 forming the opposing wall.
The entrance to the active site is formed by the side chains of Leucine-264, Tyrosine-50, Tryptophan-86, and
Leucine-287. Meanwhile, Adh1’s active site is consisted of Phe-221, Ser-246, Asp-201, and Lys-206, Gly-181, and
Leu-182. His-44, His-48, Thr-45, Glu-67, Val-295, Ser-293, and Val-268 also interact with NAD+ when it enters
the active site. Similarly, ADHA cofactors could interact with the active site via hydrogen bonds with main chain
residues such as Val-262, Ser-286, Val-288, Leu-264, His-40, Leu-175, and Gly-174. AdhA’s structural zinc is
coordinated by Cys-91, Cys-94, Cys-97, and Cys-105 while the catalytic zinc is coordinated by Cys-39, His-60,
Cys-147, and finally by a water molecule on the co-factor-free enzyme subunit. In Adh1, the catalytic zinc of
subunit B has coordination with Cys-43, His-66, Cys-153, and Glu-67 and the catalytic zinc of subunit A is
coordinated with Cys-43, Cys-153, and His-66. Therefore, AdhA and Adh1’s zinc ions are coordinated by differently
located amino acid residues.
These similarities and differences in structure relate to their function and their catalytic efficiency in making
isobutanol.
Discussion:
Upon analyzing and comparing the protein structures of AdhA and Adh1, there were more differences
between the two strains than similarities. AdhA is a single dimer composed of two monomer whom are consisted of
a catalytic domain (residues 1-147 and 288-339) and a coenzyme-binding domain (residues 148-287). On the other
hand, Adh1 is a homotetramer with back to back dimers that are also consisted of a catalytic domain (residues 1-
154, 294- 347) and a coenzyme-binding domain (residues 155-293). Furthermore, each AdhA monomer is composed
of 339 residues while each Adh1 subunit is composed of 347 residues. Nevertheless, the boundary residues for each
alcohol dehydrogenase is in relatively the same spot. Furthermore, AdhA has a much lower Km and higher catalytic
efficiency than Adh1 (Atsumi, 2010). This suggests that perhaps the folding pattern and amino acid interactions
between substrates, other amino acids, and cofactors is responsible for the variable bio-efficiency rate. This is
supported by Liu et al. and Plapp et al. whom have determined the crystal structures of AdhA and ADH1,
respectively. According to Liu et al., AdhA contains many conserved amino acid residues where mutagenesis cannot
improve the efficiency of isobutanol conversion while the mutagenesis of select amino acids such as Y50F, I212T,
and L264V increases isobutanol production. Likewise, Plapp et al. have demonstrated the conformational changes
ADH1 undergoes when bound by a coenzyme or substrate.