This study aimed to identify pregnant women's perceptions of barriers to male involvement in antenatal care in Sekondi, Ghana. The study found that socio-demographic factors like partners' age, marital status, and living arrangement influenced perceptions. Socio-cultural factors like attitudes towards gender roles and masculinity also impacted perceptions. Health facility factors such as long wait times and distance to facilities were perceived as barriers. The study provides insight into women's views of barriers that could be addressed to increase male participation in antenatal care in Ghana.
Awareness and Acessibility of ANC among the obstetric patients in CMCH (2018)Md. Zahirul Islam
This document summarizes a study on awareness and accessibility of antenatal care (ANC) among obstetric patients in Bangladesh. The study aimed to identify factors affecting awareness and accessibility of ANC, assess if awareness depends on clients or providers, and determine the quality and quantity of ANC services. Key findings include: 1) Education level was correlated with ANC knowledge, with illiterate women having the least knowledge; 2) Doctors were the leading source of ANC information compared to media; 3) Lack of knowledge was a primary barrier to ANC access, while unavailable services were a minor concern. The study concluded that expanding education, media coverage, and ANC services could improve reproductive health outcomes in Bangladesh.
This document outlines the methodology for a study assessing the application of healthy physical activity by pregnant women in the Santa Health District of Cameroon. The study will use a cross-sectional design involving 339 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in the district. Data will be collected using a standardized physical activity questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. The study aims to evaluate knowledge of physical activity recommendations during pregnancy, perceptions of activity, current physical activity levels, and any barriers to activity among pregnant women in the district. Findings will provide insight into physical activity behaviors during pregnancy in this population.
An investigation of the proportion of unintended pregnancies and associated f...Gwinyai Masukume
This study investigated the proportion of unintended pregnancies among mothers attending Glenview polyclinic in Zimbabwe. The study found that 31.6% of pregnancies were unintended. The first and second pregnancies had the highest proportion of unintended pregnancies. Factors significantly associated with unintended pregnancy included being unmarried, considering abortion, maternal age under 20 or over 30, and contraceptive failure. The study recommends that family planning organizations encourage alternative contraceptive methods after the second pregnancy and that the Ministry of Health prevent sales of contraceptives from unregistered sources.
Interventions for preventing elder abuse: What's the evidence?Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining the effectiveness of interventions for preventing elder abuse.
Philip Baker, Australia Regional Director APACPH, School of Public Health and Social Work Queensland University of Technology led the session and presented findings from their review:
Baker PRA, Francis DP, Hairi NN, Othman S, Choo WY. (2016). Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016, CD010321
http://www.healthevidence.org/view-article.aspx?a=interventions-preventing-abuse-elderly-29428
Many older adults experience some form of abuse (psychological, physical, and sexual) that often goes unreported. Elder abuse is associated with morbidity and premature mortality. This review examines the effectiveness of interventions for preventing elder abuse in the home, institutions and community settings. Findings of the review suggest there is uncertainty in the effectiveness of educational interventions to improve knowledge of caregivers about elder abuse and uncertainty on its effect of reducing abuse. This webinar will examine the effectiveness and components of interventions that prevent elder abuse.
Research proposal for obesity prevalence in housewives MahwishAurangzeb
This study aims to determine the prevalence of obesity and factors contributing to obesity among housewives in Miami-Dade County. A cross-sectional study design will survey over 50,000 housewives using questionnaires to collect data on demographics, BMI, diet, physical activity, sleep habits, socioeconomic status and other lifestyle factors. Statistical analysis will identify relationships between obesity and contributing factors. The study aims to inform interventions to promote healthy lifestyles among this population and reduce illness related to obesity. Some limitations include focusing only on housewives over 30 years old in one city, and potential measurement errors from self-reported data.
Community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups:...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 60 minute webinar examining the effectiveness of community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/tUZ-u7QbMCY.
Alison O'Mara-Eves, Senior Researcher, University College London, EPPI-Centre and Ginny Brunton, Senior Health Researcher, University College London, EPPI-Centre presented findings from their review:
O'Mara-Eves A., Brunton G., Oliver S., Kavanagh J., Jamal F., & Thomas J. (2015). The effectiveness of community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups: A meta-analysis . BMC Public Health, 15, 129.
Community engagement is becoming an increasingly popular component included in the development and implementation of public health interventions. Involved community members take on roles that range from merely being informed, to being consulted, to collaborating or leading on the design, delivery and evaluation of public health strategies. This review examines the use of public health interventions with a community engagement component, particularly for its use in reducing health inequities among disadvantaged populations. Findings of the review suggest community engagement in public health interventions has an effect on several health outcomes, including health behaviours and self-efficacy. This webinar will examine the effectiveness and components of public health interventions that include community engagement and the impact on health outcomes.
This document summarizes the results of a community health needs assessment conducted by Wise Health System. It identifies the top health priorities in the community as obesity, access to primary care, lack of mental health services, uninsured rates, heart disease, physical inactivity, diabetes, poor nutrition, and overuse of emergency rooms. Committees will be formed to address these priorities and develop action plans and metrics to track improvement. The community is invited to get involved by joining a committee and helping to implement strategies to create a healthier community.
The document outlines the details of a community health project for St. Louis Community located in Bangkok, Thailand. It provides background information on the target community including demographics, health issues such as hypertension, and risk factors. The document also presents a logical framework for a proposed community health project aimed at reducing hypertension in the community.
Awareness and Acessibility of ANC among the obstetric patients in CMCH (2018)Md. Zahirul Islam
This document summarizes a study on awareness and accessibility of antenatal care (ANC) among obstetric patients in Bangladesh. The study aimed to identify factors affecting awareness and accessibility of ANC, assess if awareness depends on clients or providers, and determine the quality and quantity of ANC services. Key findings include: 1) Education level was correlated with ANC knowledge, with illiterate women having the least knowledge; 2) Doctors were the leading source of ANC information compared to media; 3) Lack of knowledge was a primary barrier to ANC access, while unavailable services were a minor concern. The study concluded that expanding education, media coverage, and ANC services could improve reproductive health outcomes in Bangladesh.
This document outlines the methodology for a study assessing the application of healthy physical activity by pregnant women in the Santa Health District of Cameroon. The study will use a cross-sectional design involving 339 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in the district. Data will be collected using a standardized physical activity questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. The study aims to evaluate knowledge of physical activity recommendations during pregnancy, perceptions of activity, current physical activity levels, and any barriers to activity among pregnant women in the district. Findings will provide insight into physical activity behaviors during pregnancy in this population.
An investigation of the proportion of unintended pregnancies and associated f...Gwinyai Masukume
This study investigated the proportion of unintended pregnancies among mothers attending Glenview polyclinic in Zimbabwe. The study found that 31.6% of pregnancies were unintended. The first and second pregnancies had the highest proportion of unintended pregnancies. Factors significantly associated with unintended pregnancy included being unmarried, considering abortion, maternal age under 20 or over 30, and contraceptive failure. The study recommends that family planning organizations encourage alternative contraceptive methods after the second pregnancy and that the Ministry of Health prevent sales of contraceptives from unregistered sources.
Interventions for preventing elder abuse: What's the evidence?Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining the effectiveness of interventions for preventing elder abuse.
Philip Baker, Australia Regional Director APACPH, School of Public Health and Social Work Queensland University of Technology led the session and presented findings from their review:
Baker PRA, Francis DP, Hairi NN, Othman S, Choo WY. (2016). Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016, CD010321
http://www.healthevidence.org/view-article.aspx?a=interventions-preventing-abuse-elderly-29428
Many older adults experience some form of abuse (psychological, physical, and sexual) that often goes unreported. Elder abuse is associated with morbidity and premature mortality. This review examines the effectiveness of interventions for preventing elder abuse in the home, institutions and community settings. Findings of the review suggest there is uncertainty in the effectiveness of educational interventions to improve knowledge of caregivers about elder abuse and uncertainty on its effect of reducing abuse. This webinar will examine the effectiveness and components of interventions that prevent elder abuse.
Research proposal for obesity prevalence in housewives MahwishAurangzeb
This study aims to determine the prevalence of obesity and factors contributing to obesity among housewives in Miami-Dade County. A cross-sectional study design will survey over 50,000 housewives using questionnaires to collect data on demographics, BMI, diet, physical activity, sleep habits, socioeconomic status and other lifestyle factors. Statistical analysis will identify relationships between obesity and contributing factors. The study aims to inform interventions to promote healthy lifestyles among this population and reduce illness related to obesity. Some limitations include focusing only on housewives over 30 years old in one city, and potential measurement errors from self-reported data.
Community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups:...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 60 minute webinar examining the effectiveness of community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/tUZ-u7QbMCY.
Alison O'Mara-Eves, Senior Researcher, University College London, EPPI-Centre and Ginny Brunton, Senior Health Researcher, University College London, EPPI-Centre presented findings from their review:
O'Mara-Eves A., Brunton G., Oliver S., Kavanagh J., Jamal F., & Thomas J. (2015). The effectiveness of community engagement in public health interventions for disadvantaged groups: A meta-analysis . BMC Public Health, 15, 129.
Community engagement is becoming an increasingly popular component included in the development and implementation of public health interventions. Involved community members take on roles that range from merely being informed, to being consulted, to collaborating or leading on the design, delivery and evaluation of public health strategies. This review examines the use of public health interventions with a community engagement component, particularly for its use in reducing health inequities among disadvantaged populations. Findings of the review suggest community engagement in public health interventions has an effect on several health outcomes, including health behaviours and self-efficacy. This webinar will examine the effectiveness and components of public health interventions that include community engagement and the impact on health outcomes.
This document summarizes the results of a community health needs assessment conducted by Wise Health System. It identifies the top health priorities in the community as obesity, access to primary care, lack of mental health services, uninsured rates, heart disease, physical inactivity, diabetes, poor nutrition, and overuse of emergency rooms. Committees will be formed to address these priorities and develop action plans and metrics to track improvement. The community is invited to get involved by joining a committee and helping to implement strategies to create a healthier community.
The document outlines the details of a community health project for St. Louis Community located in Bangkok, Thailand. It provides background information on the target community including demographics, health issues such as hypertension, and risk factors. The document also presents a logical framework for a proposed community health project aimed at reducing hypertension in the community.
Colorectal screening evidence & colonoscopy screening guidelines Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining colorectal cancer screening: benefits and harms, effective screening methods, and screening guidelines.Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqOV-KHCBq8
Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis, MSW, Senior Research Coordinator at the McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Centre and Dr. Maria Bacchus, Associate Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary, and member of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care led the session. Donna presented the findings of the Synthesis Centre’s latest review and Dr. Bacchus presented findings from the Task Force’s latest guidelines:
Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Usman, A., Warren, R., Kenny, M., Rice, M., Bayer, A., Ciliska, D., Sherifali, D., Raina, P. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ottawa: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; 2015. Available: http://canadiantaskforce.ca/files/crc-screeningfinal2.pdf
Bacchus, C. M., Dunfield, L., Gorber, S. C., Holmes, N. M., Birtwhistle, R., Dickinson, J. A., Lewin, G., Singh, H., Klarenbach, S., Mai, V., Tonelli, M. (2016). Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, cmaj-151125.
Among men and women, colorectal cancer is the second and third most common cause of cancer related death, respectively. Colorectal cancer screening guidelines, developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, are based on a systematic review synthesizing evidence on the benefits and harms of screening, and the characteristics of effective screening tests. The guidelines, developed from the review, outline screening recommendations for adults aged 50 and older who are asymptomatic and not at high risk for colorectal cancer. This webinar provided a high level overview of the systematic review that informed these recommendations, followed by an overview of the recent Canadian screening guidelines.
Comparative Effectiveness of a Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Adherence to Annual Colorectal Cancer Screening in Community Health Centers (RCT)
Présentation de David W. Baker au colloque "Recherche interventionnelle contre le cancer : Réunir chercheurs, décideurs et acteurs de terrain » - 17 et 18 novembre 2014, BnF, Paris
Weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality and morbidity...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence™ hosted a 60 minute webinar examining the effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Follow this link to access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/olF1bvaofXE
Dr. Alison Avenell, Clinical Chair in Health Services Research, and Sam (Chenhan) Ma, from the Health Services Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen presented an overview of findings from their latest systematic review and meta-analysis:
Ma C, Avenell A, Bolland M, Hudson J, Stewart F, Robertson C, et al. (2017). Effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 359, j4849.
Adults with obesity have an increased risk of premature mortality, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, and many other diseases. This review assesses whether weight loss intervention for adults with obesity affect all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and body weight. Fifty-four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 30,206 participants were identified in the review. High quality evidence showed that weight loss interventions decrease all cause mortality, with six fewer deaths per 1000 participants. Moderate quality evidence showed an effect on cardiovascular mortality, and very low quality evidence showed an effect on cancer mortality. Weight reducing diets, usually low in fat and saturated fat, with or without exercise advice or programmes, may reduce premature all cause mortality in adults with obesity.
This document summarizes a study assessing awareness of patient rights among patients admitted to Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in Ethiopia. The study found that 73.9% of patients had poor awareness of their rights. Several factors were associated with awareness level, including area of residence, level of education, length of hospital stay, frequency of admission, and source of information. The document recommends that health professionals educate patients on their rights and that hospitals post information about rights to improve awareness.
Study on utilization of antenatal care and outcome of pregnancy in a medical ...Su Dipta
- Antenatal care is important for both mother and baby's health during pregnancy. It involves medical supervision, screening tests, education, and management or referral of any health conditions.
- The document discusses the aims, components, and importance of antenatal care. It also presents data on antenatal care utilization and pregnancy outcomes in West Bengal, India. Key findings include over 50% of women receiving at least 3 antenatal visits and getting recommended tests.
- Ensuring quality antenatal care through multiple visits, screenings and education can help prevent complications and lower maternal and infant mortality rates.
The document summarizes the objectives and activities of the FAR SEAS project, which aims to promote strategies to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder across EU member states. Key activities include:
- Identifying best practices in Europe for preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies
- Developing guidelines to reduce alcohol consumption among women of child-bearing age
- Creating a training package for professionals on brief interventions
- Conducting a pilot study in Poland to test implementation of prevention strategies at the regional level
- Hosting workshops and a dissemination event to facilitate knowledge sharing on alcohol policy topics between member states.
Study on utilization of antenatal care and outcome of pregnancy in a medical ...Sudipta Naskar
A study on Ante-natal care utilization by the mothers in Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital done by the 3rd Professional (Part I) M.B.B.S. students of Calcutta National Medical College under the guidance of the teachers of Community Medicine.
The education intervention programme on care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy at BPKIHS was effective in improving knowledge and practices. A pre-test and post-test study of 80 participants found statistically significant increases in knowledge about HIV transmission, treatment, and home-based care after an 8-week programme using pamphlets, booklets, and discussion sessions. Participants' ability to assess physical symptoms and manage opportunistic infections correctly increased. The programme was well evaluated, with participants finding the materials and content useful for daily life. Suggestions focused on adding dietary guidance and occupation planning to future programmes.
Fidelity assessment in cluster randomized trials of public health interventio...valéry ridde
Presentation by Nanor Minoyan and Myriam Cielo (Université de Montréal).
Global Health Workshop: Methods For Implementation Science in Global Health.
http://www.equitesante.org/implementation-science-methods-in-global-health/
Behaviour change techniques targeting diet and physical activity in type 2 di...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 60 minute webinar examining the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and features of dietary and physical activity interventions associated with reducing HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/Fb6_t7_TGxw
Kevin Cradock, PhD student, National University of Ireland, Galway led the session and presented findings from his recent systematic review:
Cradock K, OLaighin G, Finucane F, Gainforth H, Quinlan L, & Ginis K. (2017). Behaviour change techniques targeting both diet and physical activity in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 18.
Changing diet and physical activity behaviour is one of the cornerstones of type 2 diabetes treatment, but changing behaviour is challenging. The objective of this study was to identify behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and intervention features of dietary and physical activity interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes that are associated with changes in HbA1c. Thirteen RCTs were identified. Diet and physical activity interventions achieved clinically significant reductions in HbA1c at three and six months, but not at 12 and 24 months. Specific BCTs and intervention features identified may inform more effective structured lifestyle intervention treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes.
The standards-based curriculum outlines graduation requirements, which are taken from state department of education guidelines that specify the subjects and skills that should be taught at each grade level. Standards-based curriculum helps teachers to link the taught curriculum to the required standards.
Impact Evaluation of Approaches to Strengthen Health Facility Operation and M...MEASURE Evaluation
This document provides the baseline results of an evaluation of approaches to strengthen health facility operation and management committees (HFOMCs) in Nepal. The evaluation aims to examine the impacts of integrating gender equality and social inclusion training and community engagement approaches into HFOMC capacity building.
Key findings from the baseline include: HFOMCs are generally perceived as inactive with unclear roles and responsibilities. Awareness of HFOMCs is low, especially among disadvantaged groups. Travel times to health facilities vary between districts and social groups. While most women rate health service quality positively, 31-40% report concerns like lack of medicines. The baseline establishes a benchmark for comparing impacts of the HFOMC strengthening interventions.
Knowledge is defined as facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. To gain knowledge, one must seek information from reliable sources, think critically about the information to understand it, and apply their learning to expand their knowledge over time through experience. Knowledge helps humans solve problems, make decisions, and understand the world around them.
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: What's the evidence?Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.
Muhannad Malas and Robert Schwartz led the session and presented findings from their recent review:
Malas M, van der Tempel J, Schwartz R, Minichiello A, Lightfoot C, Noormohamed A, et al. (2016). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A systematic review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(10), 1926-1936.
http://healthevidence.org/view-article.aspx?a=electronic-cigarettes-smoking-cessation-systematic-review-29830
Cigarette smoking is among the top causes of preventable death and disease. Electronic cigarettes have been increasing in popularity among smokers who report using them for quitting or reducing smoking. This review examines the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes as cessation aids. Sixty two articles, including RCTs, experimental, longitudinal and cross sectional studies are included in this review. Findings suggest there is inconclusive evidence due to low quality of research. This webinar provides a comprehensive overview of current literature examining the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.
Background: Maturing is a widespread peculiarity. Advanced age is not in itself a sickness however is an ordinary piece of human existence length. A guardian, like wise called a career, home wellbeing assistant or individual consideration assistant, is the individual answerable for furnishing their clients with day-to-day private consideration and help with exercises. Methods: Exploration approach: unmistakable methodology research plan: graphic study research plan. The setting of the review: provincial areas of Bagalkot region. Information assortment strategy: organized polls test. The example was chosen by an arbitrary inspecting procedure. The analyst arbitrarily chose Shirur town as a provincial setting and was chosen for enrolment of subjects. Results: The information score of guardians was 41.06%, with mean and SD of 12.32±3.925. These discoveries uncover those guardians had normal information for advanced-age medical conditions. The mentality score of guardians was 73.73%, with a mean and SD of 110.6±11.008. These discoveries uncovers that parental figures have concur capable demeanour in regards to the advanced age medical conditions. Conclusion: At last, a critical co-connection between the information and demeanour at 0.001 the discoveries uncovers that there is a moderate positive relationship between the information and disposition of the advanced age medical issues.
Key-words: Assess, Care Giver, Health Problems, Knowledge, Old Age
The integrated biological and behavioral surveillance (IBBS) survey in Sri Lanka found:
1) HIV prevalence was low among female sex workers (0.81%), men who have sex with men (0.88%), beach boys (0%), and people who inject drugs (0%). Syphilis rates were higher.
2) Condom use was generally high among female sex workers but knowledge, HIV testing, and access to prevention programs were low among all high-risk groups surveyed.
3) The survey identified gaps and opportunities for improving HIV prevention including engaging private sector in condom distribution, addressing stigma and discrimination, and enhancing education on safe injection practices for people who inject drugs.
Dissemination of community scoore card to districtsCissy Namuzimbi
The community score card approach was used to assess the quality of HIV/AIDS services in 3 districts of Uganda. Key findings included poor ratings for male circumcision and adolescent HIV care due to cultural beliefs and lack of privacy. ART access received fair-good ratings but with stockouts and stigma as issues. Family planning services faced challenges of negative beliefs and domestic violence. Staffing gaps exceeded 50% at some health centers. Recommendations focused on increasing staffing, addressing stockouts, improving community sensitization and awareness of patient rights.
The document discusses returning sexually transmitted infection (STI) test results from a population-based study of youth in Quebec. While technology allows for anonymously returning results online, doing so introduced significant human and financial costs. These included ensuring accurate self-sampling, individual lab analysis, timely results, and ongoing technical support. Although ethics boards recommended returning results for treatable infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, it increased costs and affected research validity through self-selection bias. The study aims to understand youth sexual health and behaviors, characterize STI prevalence, and inform public health efforts, but returning all results may not be the best use of research funds to achieve these goals.
This document provides information on postpartum psychiatric complications. It begins with an introduction to postpartum psychiatric disorders including classification into postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis. It then discusses risk factors, signs and symptoms, and management. Key points include that postpartum depression affects approximately 13% of women, risk factors include a history of depression and complications during pregnancy, and treatment involves counseling, antidepressants, and monitoring for suicidal ideation.
Postpartum hemorrhage - with pictures.pptxAnzuBista1
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding following childbirth. It can be primary (within 24 hours) or secondary (24 hours to 6 weeks). The main causes are uterine atony (70%), trauma (20%), and retained tissue (10%). Signs include visible bleeding, pallor, tachycardia, and a boggy uterus. Treatment involves uterine massage, bimanual compression, fluid resuscitation, medications like oxytocin and misoprostol, and monitoring of vital signs. Prevention strategies include risk identification, active management of the third stage of labor, and treatment of any lacerations. PPH is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide.
Colorectal screening evidence & colonoscopy screening guidelines Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 90 minute webinar examining colorectal cancer screening: benefits and harms, effective screening methods, and screening guidelines.Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqOV-KHCBq8
Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis, MSW, Senior Research Coordinator at the McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Centre and Dr. Maria Bacchus, Associate Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Calgary, and member of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care led the session. Donna presented the findings of the Synthesis Centre’s latest review and Dr. Bacchus presented findings from the Task Force’s latest guidelines:
Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Usman, A., Warren, R., Kenny, M., Rice, M., Bayer, A., Ciliska, D., Sherifali, D., Raina, P. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ottawa: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; 2015. Available: http://canadiantaskforce.ca/files/crc-screeningfinal2.pdf
Bacchus, C. M., Dunfield, L., Gorber, S. C., Holmes, N. M., Birtwhistle, R., Dickinson, J. A., Lewin, G., Singh, H., Klarenbach, S., Mai, V., Tonelli, M. (2016). Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, cmaj-151125.
Among men and women, colorectal cancer is the second and third most common cause of cancer related death, respectively. Colorectal cancer screening guidelines, developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, are based on a systematic review synthesizing evidence on the benefits and harms of screening, and the characteristics of effective screening tests. The guidelines, developed from the review, outline screening recommendations for adults aged 50 and older who are asymptomatic and not at high risk for colorectal cancer. This webinar provided a high level overview of the systematic review that informed these recommendations, followed by an overview of the recent Canadian screening guidelines.
Comparative Effectiveness of a Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Adherence to Annual Colorectal Cancer Screening in Community Health Centers (RCT)
Présentation de David W. Baker au colloque "Recherche interventionnelle contre le cancer : Réunir chercheurs, décideurs et acteurs de terrain » - 17 et 18 novembre 2014, BnF, Paris
Weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality and morbidity...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence™ hosted a 60 minute webinar examining the effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Follow this link to access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/olF1bvaofXE
Dr. Alison Avenell, Clinical Chair in Health Services Research, and Sam (Chenhan) Ma, from the Health Services Research Unit at the University of Aberdeen presented an overview of findings from their latest systematic review and meta-analysis:
Ma C, Avenell A, Bolland M, Hudson J, Stewart F, Robertson C, et al. (2017). Effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 359, j4849.
Adults with obesity have an increased risk of premature mortality, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, and many other diseases. This review assesses whether weight loss intervention for adults with obesity affect all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and body weight. Fifty-four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 30,206 participants were identified in the review. High quality evidence showed that weight loss interventions decrease all cause mortality, with six fewer deaths per 1000 participants. Moderate quality evidence showed an effect on cardiovascular mortality, and very low quality evidence showed an effect on cancer mortality. Weight reducing diets, usually low in fat and saturated fat, with or without exercise advice or programmes, may reduce premature all cause mortality in adults with obesity.
This document summarizes a study assessing awareness of patient rights among patients admitted to Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in Ethiopia. The study found that 73.9% of patients had poor awareness of their rights. Several factors were associated with awareness level, including area of residence, level of education, length of hospital stay, frequency of admission, and source of information. The document recommends that health professionals educate patients on their rights and that hospitals post information about rights to improve awareness.
Study on utilization of antenatal care and outcome of pregnancy in a medical ...Su Dipta
- Antenatal care is important for both mother and baby's health during pregnancy. It involves medical supervision, screening tests, education, and management or referral of any health conditions.
- The document discusses the aims, components, and importance of antenatal care. It also presents data on antenatal care utilization and pregnancy outcomes in West Bengal, India. Key findings include over 50% of women receiving at least 3 antenatal visits and getting recommended tests.
- Ensuring quality antenatal care through multiple visits, screenings and education can help prevent complications and lower maternal and infant mortality rates.
The document summarizes the objectives and activities of the FAR SEAS project, which aims to promote strategies to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder across EU member states. Key activities include:
- Identifying best practices in Europe for preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies
- Developing guidelines to reduce alcohol consumption among women of child-bearing age
- Creating a training package for professionals on brief interventions
- Conducting a pilot study in Poland to test implementation of prevention strategies at the regional level
- Hosting workshops and a dissemination event to facilitate knowledge sharing on alcohol policy topics between member states.
Study on utilization of antenatal care and outcome of pregnancy in a medical ...Sudipta Naskar
A study on Ante-natal care utilization by the mothers in Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital done by the 3rd Professional (Part I) M.B.B.S. students of Calcutta National Medical College under the guidance of the teachers of Community Medicine.
The education intervention programme on care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy at BPKIHS was effective in improving knowledge and practices. A pre-test and post-test study of 80 participants found statistically significant increases in knowledge about HIV transmission, treatment, and home-based care after an 8-week programme using pamphlets, booklets, and discussion sessions. Participants' ability to assess physical symptoms and manage opportunistic infections correctly increased. The programme was well evaluated, with participants finding the materials and content useful for daily life. Suggestions focused on adding dietary guidance and occupation planning to future programmes.
Fidelity assessment in cluster randomized trials of public health interventio...valéry ridde
Presentation by Nanor Minoyan and Myriam Cielo (Université de Montréal).
Global Health Workshop: Methods For Implementation Science in Global Health.
http://www.equitesante.org/implementation-science-methods-in-global-health/
Behaviour change techniques targeting diet and physical activity in type 2 di...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 60 minute webinar examining the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and features of dietary and physical activity interventions associated with reducing HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/Fb6_t7_TGxw
Kevin Cradock, PhD student, National University of Ireland, Galway led the session and presented findings from his recent systematic review:
Cradock K, OLaighin G, Finucane F, Gainforth H, Quinlan L, & Ginis K. (2017). Behaviour change techniques targeting both diet and physical activity in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 18.
Changing diet and physical activity behaviour is one of the cornerstones of type 2 diabetes treatment, but changing behaviour is challenging. The objective of this study was to identify behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and intervention features of dietary and physical activity interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes that are associated with changes in HbA1c. Thirteen RCTs were identified. Diet and physical activity interventions achieved clinically significant reductions in HbA1c at three and six months, but not at 12 and 24 months. Specific BCTs and intervention features identified may inform more effective structured lifestyle intervention treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes.
The standards-based curriculum outlines graduation requirements, which are taken from state department of education guidelines that specify the subjects and skills that should be taught at each grade level. Standards-based curriculum helps teachers to link the taught curriculum to the required standards.
Impact Evaluation of Approaches to Strengthen Health Facility Operation and M...MEASURE Evaluation
This document provides the baseline results of an evaluation of approaches to strengthen health facility operation and management committees (HFOMCs) in Nepal. The evaluation aims to examine the impacts of integrating gender equality and social inclusion training and community engagement approaches into HFOMC capacity building.
Key findings from the baseline include: HFOMCs are generally perceived as inactive with unclear roles and responsibilities. Awareness of HFOMCs is low, especially among disadvantaged groups. Travel times to health facilities vary between districts and social groups. While most women rate health service quality positively, 31-40% report concerns like lack of medicines. The baseline establishes a benchmark for comparing impacts of the HFOMC strengthening interventions.
Knowledge is defined as facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. To gain knowledge, one must seek information from reliable sources, think critically about the information to understand it, and apply their learning to expand their knowledge over time through experience. Knowledge helps humans solve problems, make decisions, and understand the world around them.
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. Journal Club Presentation
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health
Sciences
Dharan, Nepal
Presented by:
Anju Bista
Department of Maternal Health Nursing
M.Sc. Nursing- 2021
2
3. Perception of pregnant women on barriers to
male involvement in antenatal
care in Sekondi, Ghana
Journal
• Heliyon CellPress
• Volume/Issue: 6/7 e04434
• DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heli
yon.2020.e04434
• Received: 27 January 2019
• Accepted: 10 July 2020
• Published Online: 21July
2020
Authors
1. Yvonne Annon
2. Thomas Hormenu
3. Bright Opoku
Ahinkorah
4. Abdul-Aziz Seidu
5. Edward Kwabena
Ameyaw
6. Francis Sambah
3
6. Introduction (1/3)
Globally, 303,000 women died in 2015 due to
pregnancy related complications, Out of this, 99%
occurred in low and middle-income countries.
The World Health Organization 2016 ANC model
recommendations also highlight the need for
interventions that can promote male involvement
during pregnancy, intra-partum and the entire
postpartum period to ensure improvement in
maternal health of women and children .
6
7. Introduction (2/3)
Evidence from an interventional study in African
countries suggest that the three exposure indexes
consistently and significantly associated with
women's use of Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs)
are husband's involvement in decision-making,
couple's discussion and planning within the
household, and having received counseling on
birth preparedness during ANC.
7
8. Introduction (3/3)
The prospects of getting men to be active with
ANC is a function of women's perception about
the need for them to be accompanied by their
partners. Women have a key role to play because
it is only when they are fully convinced about
the need to have their partners' company for
ANC that they will think of how best to
communicate with their partners in that regard.
9
9. Objective
• This study aimed to find out the perception of
women on the barriers to male involvement in
antenatal care in sekondi, Ghana.
10
11. Methodology (1/12)
• Study Design: Cross-sectional study
• Study Area: five fishing communities of
Sekondi, Ghana
• Study Population: Pregnant women in
selected fishing communities in sekondi,
Ghana.
• Study Period: 15th may to 22nd may 2017
12
12. Methodology (2/12)
• Sampling technique:
Non probability accidental sampling
technique
• Sample Size: 328
Obtained from Krejcie and Morgan
13
13. Methodology (3/12)
• Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant women who
belongs to fishing communities and made at
least one ANC visit in the course of pregnancy.
• Exclusion Criteria: Adolescent (15-19 years)
pregnancies.
14
14. Methodology (4/12)
• Research Instrument: Pretested , Self
developed Questionnaire was used for
collecting data.
• Made up of five main section.
Section A: Socio-demographic characteristics.
Section B: Level of male involvement in ANC.
Section C: Socio-demographic barriers.
Section D: Socio- cultural barriers.
Section E : Health care environment factors.
15
15. Methodology (5/12)
• On the level of male involvement in ANC,7
questions were measured .
• Composite involvement index score was
driven, with higher index scores indicating
“high involvement” and low scores indicating
“low involvement”.
• Respondents who chose 0-3 “yes” was put in
category “low involvement”.
• Respondents who chose 4-7 “yes” in high
involvement.
16
16. Methodology (6/12)
• Instrument was developed based on
literatures on barriers to male
involvement and inspection by experts in
maternal health.
• To ensure validity of instruments, it was
tested through Construct validity, Face
validity and Content validity.
17
17. Methodology (7/12)
• Kuder - Richardson formula (KR-21) was used
for internal consistency reliability coefficient
of the items on level of male involvement in
ANC, socio cultural and health facility factors
and the values were 0.72,0.71 and 0.75
respectively.
18
18. Methodology (8/12)
• Ethical approval:
This study was approved by the Ethical
Review Board of University of Cape Coast
with the code ID: UCCIRB/A/2016/122
All participants were ensured about the
matter of confidentiality and privacy.
Written and verbal consent was obtained
from all participants and partner’s
permission was also obtained.
19
19. Methodology (9/12)
• Data collection method:
Data collection was done in households at
convenient location far away from hearing
distance of third party.
Items on questionnaire were read to some
respondents while other were provided self
administered questionnaire depending on
literacy and competence in English
language.
20
20. Methodology (10/12)
• Data Processing and Analysis
Each completed questionnaire was checked
for accuracy and consistency of the
responses to the items on the instrument by
Bilayer Overtone Analysis Instrument
(BOA).
Statistical analysis of data was done by using
statistical products and service solutions
(SPSS), version 21
21
21. Methodology (11/12)
• Data Processing and Analysis
Use of both descriptive (frequencies and
percentages) and inferential statistics (binary
logistic regression).
The choice of this statistical technique was
influenced by the fact that, the dependent
variable (male involvement in ANC) was
categorized into two groups ‘low involvement’
and ‘high involvement’.
22
22. Methodology (12/12)
The independent variables were measured
on both categorical and continuous scales.
The results were interpreted using odds
ratio (OR) and p-values at 95% confidence
interval.
23
24. Results
• The final sample size was 300 based on
the response rate (91%).
25
25. Table 1.Socio-demographic
characteristics of the respondents
Variables Frequency Percentage
Age
20-29
30-39
40-49
106
127
67
35.3
42.3
22.3
Marital status
Married
Cohabiting
Separated/divorced
165
93
42
55.0
31.0
14.0
Educational level
Primary
Junior secondary
Senior secondary
Tertiary
No formal education
34
148
59
19
40
11.3
49.3
19.7
6.3
13.3 26
26. Table 1.Socio-demographic
characteristics of the respondents
Variables Frequency Percentage
Occupation
Unemployed
Self-employed
Civil/public servant
46
229
25
15.3
76.3
8.3
Religion
Christianity
Other
284
16
94.7
5.3
Number of children
1child
2-4children
5 or more children
79
178
43
26.3
59.3
14.3
Living with partner
No
Yes
107
193
35.7
64.3
28. Table2.Socio-demographic barriers
to male involvement in ANC
variables Wald B OR P-Value 95% CI
Age of Partner
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
Ref
1.58
0.65
3.08
-0.53
-0.39
-0.76
0.59
0.68
0.47
0.21
0.41
0.03**
0.26 -1.35
0.26 – 1.76
0.35 – 0.86
Marital status of partner
Married
Cohabiting
Separated/divorced
Ref
1.19
4.85
-0.40
- 1.05
0.67
0.35
0.28
0.03**
0.33 – 1.38
0.14 – 0.89
Education of partner
No formal education
Primary
JHS
SHS
Tertiary
Ref
0.57
0.02
0.04
1.38
0.43
0.07
0.13
- 0.94
1.54
1.08
1.14
0.39
0.45
0.90
0.85
0.24
0.50 – 4.74
0.34 – 3.41
0.30 – 4.28
0.08 – 1.87
29
29. Table2.Socio-demographic barriers
to male involvement in ANC
variables Wald B OR P-Value 95% CI
Partner occupation
Unemployed
Self employed
Civil/public servant
Ref
1.45
0.17
- 0.98
- 0.36
0.38
0.70
0.23
0.68
0.08 - 1.85
0.13 – 3.79
Religion of partner
Christianity
other
Ref
0.13 - 0.10 0.91 0.72 0.54 – 1.53
No of children
1children
2-4 children
More than5
Ref
0.06
0.43
0.09
- 0.36
1.09
0.70
0.81
0.51
0.53 – 2.26
0.24 – 2.05
Living with partner
No
yes
Ref
6.00 0.78 2.17 0.01** 1.17 – 4.04
30
30. Socio-demographic barriers to male
involvement in ANC
Aged 50–59 years were less likely to report
high male involvement in ANC compared to
those whose partners were aged 20–29 years
(OR = 0.47, 95% CI = [0.35–0.86], p = 0.03).
Respondents whose partners were separated/
divorced were less likely to report high male
involvement in ANC compared to those whose
partners were married (OR = 0.35, 95% CI =
[0.14–0.89, p = 0.03).
31
31. Socio-demographic barriers to male
involvement in ANC
In relation to living arrangement,
respondents whose partners were living
together with them were about two times
more likely to report high male involvement
in ANC compared to those who did not live
with their partners (OR = 2.17, 95% CI =
[1.17–4.04], p= 0.01).
32
32. Table 3.Socio-cultural barriers to
male involvement in ANC
Variables Wald B OR P- Value 95 % CI
Ridicule from friends does not allow husbands to accompany their partners
for ANC
Disagree
Agree
Ref
0.65 0.31 1.36 0.42 0.64 – 2.88
It is unacceptable for a man to carry out household chores for his wife when she is
pregnant
Disagree
Agree
Ref
4.79 - 1.02 0.36 0.03** 0.15 – 0.90
33
33. Table 3.Socio-cultural barriers to
male involvement in ANC
Variables Wald B OR P-value 95% CI
In our culture, men are prohibited from escorting their wives for ANC
Disagree
Agree
Ref
3.23 1.44 4.23 0.07 0.88 – 20.3
Even if a woman is pregnant, she still has to perform her normal duties in the home
Disagree
Agree
Ref
0.13 - 0.10 0.91 0.72 0.54 – 1.53
Husbands will be seen as being controlled by their partners if they escort their wives
to ANC
Disagree
Agree
Ref
5.56 - 0.80 0.45 0.02** 0.23 – 0.88
34
34. Socio-cultural barriers to male
involvement in ANC
Respondents who agreed that it is
unacceptable for a man to carry out
household chores for his wife when she is
pregnant were less likely to report high male
involvement in ANC compared to those who
disagreed (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = [0.15–
0.90], p = 0.03).
35
35. Socio-cultural barriers to male
involvement in ANC
Respondents who agreed that husbands
will be seen as being controlled by their
partners if they escort their wives to ANC
were less likely to report high male
involvement in ANC (OR = 0.45, 95% CI
= [0.23–0.88], p = 0.02).
36
36. Table 4.Health facility barriers to
male involvement in ANC
Variables Wald B OR P- Value 95% CI
Cost of healthcare prevents husbands from accompanying their partners for
ANC
Disagree
Agree
Ref
0.03 - 0.07 0.94 0.87 0.41 – 2.12
Long waiting time at the health facility does not allow men to accompany
their partners for ANC
Disagree
Agree
Ref
7.50 - 0.57 0.57 0.01** 0.38 – 1.68
Ridicule from health workers prevents husbands from accompanying their
partners for ANC
Disagree
Agree
Ref
0.35 - 0.22 0.80 0.56 0.38 – 1.68
37
37. Table 4.Health facility barriers to
male involvement in ANC
Variable Wald B OR P-value 95% CI
Not involving husbands in anything that occurs at the health facility
during ANC makes them reluctant to accompany their partners to the
facility
Disagree
Agree
Ref
0.19 0.19 1.21 0.67 0.52-2.82
Male partners do not have enough time to accompany their partners for
repeated ANC visits
Disagree
Agree
Ref
4.22 - 0.49 0.61 0.03** 0.39 – 0.98
38
38. Table 4.Health facility barriers to
male involvement in ANC
Variable Wald B OR P-value 95% CI
Lack of space to accommodate male partners in ANC clinics
makes it difficult for them to attend ANC with their partners
Disagree
Agree
Ref
0.81 0.42 1.52 0.37 0.61- 3.75
Distance to health facilities makes it difficult for male
partners to attend ANC with their partner
Disagree
Agree
Ref
3.99 0.93 2.13 0.04** 1.19 – 6.36
39. Health facility barriers to male
involvement in ANC
Respondents who agreed that long waiting
time at the health facility is a health facility
factor that influences male involvement in
ANC were less likely to report high male
involvement in ANC compared to those
who disagreed (OR = 0.57, 95% CI =
[0.38–0.85], p = 0.01).
40
40. Health facility barriers to male
involvement in ANC
Respondents who agreed that male partners
do not have enough time to accompany
their partners for repeated ANC visits were
less likely to indicate high male
involvement in ANC (OR = 0.61, 95% CI =
[0.38–0.98], p = 0.03).
41
41. Health facility barriers to male
involvement in ANC
Respondents who agreed that distance to
health facilities is a health facility factor that
influences male involvement in ANC were less
likely to report high male involvement in ANC
compared to those who disagreed (OR = 2.13,
95% CI = [1.19–6.36], p = 0.04).
42
43. Discussion (1/3)
• This study found that male involvement in
ANC was high in Sekondi which was similar
with the study counducted by Bhatta et al, Doe
and Kwambai et al.
• On the other hand, the finding of the current
study was contrary to the findings of the
studies by Awasthi et al, Secka et al, Nantamu
and Craymah et al who found that male
involvement in ANC was low.
44
44. Discussion (2/3)
• On the socio-demographic barriers to male
involvement in ANC, age of partner, marital
status, religion, and living arrangement
statistically influenced the level of male
involvement in ANC.
• To a greater extent, socio-demographic traits of
an individual greatly influence his/her thinking
patterns, choices and preferences in life.
• A man’s biological and social age, marital status
and religion can immensely affect his decision to
or not to involve himself in ANC.
45
45. Discussion (3/3)
• Regarding health facility factors, long waiting
time at the health facility, not involving
husbands in anything that occurs at the health
facility during ANC, accommodative
problems and distance to health facilities are
barriers to male involvement in ANC.
• It support the findings of Nantamu, Doe,
Nanjala and Wamalwa. All researchers found
similar issues as a contributing factor to low
male involvement in ANC.
47
46. Strengths
• The decision to explore all the possible
barriers to male involvement in ANC
(socio-demographic, socio-cultural and
health facility factors) makes the study very
comprehensive.
• High response rate and the relatively large
sample size.
48
47. Limitations
• Cross-sectional study design that makes it
impossible to provide a causal relationship.
• Study relied upon husband's behavior from
the report the women gave, without including
direct observations.
• There is the possibility of social desirability
bias.
49
48. Conclusion(1/1)
• The findings revealed that there was high
male involvement in ANC in Sekondi. There
were socio-demographic, socio-cultural and
health facility barriers to male involvement in
ANC.
• Understanding various barriers to male
involvement in ANC will guide to come out
with strategies that will address these barriers
instead of trying to deal with those that have
no influence.
50
49. Conclusion(2/2)
• Further studies should be conducted to
employ qualitative or mixed method approach
to unravel the fine distinction surrounding
socio-demographic, socio-cultural and health
facility barriers to males involvement in ANC.
51
51. Title of the Study
Strengths
Title is clear, concise and informative.
Contains 15 words.
Population: mentioned.
Outcome variable: mentioned.
Study design: mentioned.
53
52. Abstract (1/2)
Strengths
At the beginning of the article.
contains 293 words.
Purpose of the research, the principal results
and major conclusions were stated briefly.
Informative, clear, adequate, and concisely
summarized.
keywords are mentioned.
54
59. Methodology (3/5)
Strengths
Both verbal and written informed consent
were taken.
Verbal consent were taken form husband as
well.
Confidentiality and privacy of participants
were mentioned
Researcher avoided information bias
61
60. Methodology (4/5)
Limitations
Study population : rational for selecting
fishing communities pregnant women was
not justifiable.
Five fishing communities were included
but sample number form each communities
were not mentioned.
62
62. Results (1/3)
Strengths
• Results were explained and well-chosen
tabulated and graphical form presentation of
results
• Complete, concise and insightful analysis
64
64. Results (3/3)
• Limitations:
Table number present but total number of
sample in table was not mentioned.(n = 300)
There is no any option for primi mother in
socio demographic section.
66
65. Discussion
Strengths
All major findings interpreted and discussed.
Most of the research findings are compared
with prior research and cited properly.
Possible reasons for inconsistent findings are
also clearly stated.
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66. Discussion
Limitations :
use of we, our study instead of this
study
Citations from studies conducted from
1970 to 2009 were used, i.e. few recent
studies included.
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68. Conclusion
Strengths
• Conclusion is drawn
in accordance with
the study objectives
Limitations
• Recommendation is
also included in
conclusion section.
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69. Presentation of Report (1/2)
Strengths
Well written and organized.
Abstract adequately summarized.
Presented in sequence.
No use of jargons.
No irrelevant details
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70. Recommendations(1/2)
Study would have been better if :
Instead of writing male involvement
,husband’s involvement could have been
written.
Sample were taken form different
communities.
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71. Recommendations(2/2)
Study would have been better if:
Pregnant women who were not living with
their partner and divorced could be kept in
exclusion criteria.
If included primi and multiparous mother as
sample , the result could be applicable in both
pregnancy.
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