Representation
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Representation refers to how any medium portrays aspects of reality, whether through a single image, sequence of images, or entire program. While the media does not present reality directly, it re-presents things that have already occurred through various constructions. Representations aim to invite audiences to understand them in preferred ways, though allowing for some interpretation depending on the viewer. However, representations also implicitly convey ideologies, meanings, and values, giving media institutions great power and responsibility over how they might influence social attitudes. Stereotypes, as an extreme form of representation, are used to help audiences instantly identify meanings but can also exaggerate traits, usually in a negative manner based on assumptions.
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Representation
Representation refers to how any medium depicts aspects of reality through images, videos, or entire programs. Rather than presenting reality directly, representations re-present things that have already occurred. Representations aim to invite audiences to understand them in preferred ways, though allowing for some interpretation depending on the viewer. Whatever representations are used implicitly convey ideologies, meanings, and values, giving media institutions great power to influence social attitudes through the representations they choose. Stereotypes are exaggerated representations that help audiences instantly understand meanings but are usually negative. Ideologies in media present dominant beliefs and ideas accepted by most in a culture.
Non-verbal Communication
This document discusses non-verbal communication. It notes that non-verbal communication makes up a large percentage of overall communication and includes facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and personal space. Non-verbal communication serves several functions including replacing words, modifying meaning, and expressing feelings. It is divided into paralinguistic signs related to speech and extralinguistic signs not related to speech. The most important elements of non-verbal communication are facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact, body position, personal space, touch, and appearance. Non-verbal communication plays an important role in the classroom between students and teachers.
Evaluation Question 2
The magazine represents social groups in the following ways:
1) It uses stereotypical "girly" colors like pink, orange and white that appeal to its target audience of teenage girls.
2) It features attractive female celebrities on the cover to exploit the theory that this makes girls want to buy the magazine to emulate them.
3) It includes content that appeals to different age groups within its target range of 14-17 by taking inspiration from magazines oriented to older and younger audiences.
Questionnaire results
The document summarizes the results of a questionnaire about a magazine final product. Respondents generally found the front cover interesting due to its professional and vibrant design with bright colors that contrast well. The bold writing and taglines on the cover were seen as grabbing attention and providing enough information to persuade reading further. Most respondents said they would buy the magazine based on its attractive, colorful and modern cover. The target audience was identified as women ages 11-18. Some improvements mentioned were maintaining a consistent house style with matching pink tones throughout.
Is Hong Kong The New Technology Hub of China??
This short document expresses gratitude but does not provide any other context or information to summarize. It contains only the words "Thank You" and no other details.
The Sunday Times - Travel
The document provides an analysis of the layout and conventions used across various articles in the Sunday Times Travel section. Key points analyzed include the use of mastheads, images, text formatting and placement, and lexical choices to attract readers' attention and convey important information in an engaging manner. Different article styles are also examined, such as diary, review and wish list formats. Overall, the document discusses techniques for effectively presenting travel content in magazines.
Creating Disney Article
This document describes the process of creating a Disney-themed magazine article. The author begins by adding a large title and main image to the first page. Additional photos are placed alongside the first page of text. To fill empty space on subsequent pages, the author adds quotes and more photos. Page numbers are included at the bottom of each page to aid navigation. The article concludes with a photo page and details a competition for readers. Areas for further improvement are also noted.
Прямые поставки от портала Укрбизнес
Как это работает:
1. Мы берем информацию о ваших товарах и продвигаем их в интернете.
2. Находим вам клиента, который готов платить.
3. После оплаты вы отгружаете товар и получаете деньги.
4. Проводите оплату только за реальные заказы в форме фиксированной суммы или процента.
Recommended
Representation
Representation refers to how any medium depicts aspects of reality through images, videos, or entire programs. Rather than presenting reality directly, representations re-present things that have already occurred. Representations aim to invite audiences to understand them in preferred ways, though allowing for some interpretation depending on the viewer. Whatever representations are used implicitly convey ideologies, meanings, and values, giving media institutions great power to influence social attitudes through the representations they choose. Stereotypes are exaggerated representations that help audiences instantly understand meanings but are usually negative. Ideologies in media present dominant beliefs and ideas accepted by most in a culture.
Non-verbal Communication
This document discusses non-verbal communication. It notes that non-verbal communication makes up a large percentage of overall communication and includes facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and personal space. Non-verbal communication serves several functions including replacing words, modifying meaning, and expressing feelings. It is divided into paralinguistic signs related to speech and extralinguistic signs not related to speech. The most important elements of non-verbal communication are facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact, body position, personal space, touch, and appearance. Non-verbal communication plays an important role in the classroom between students and teachers.
Evaluation Question 2
The magazine represents social groups in the following ways:
1) It uses stereotypical "girly" colors like pink, orange and white that appeal to its target audience of teenage girls.
2) It features attractive female celebrities on the cover to exploit the theory that this makes girls want to buy the magazine to emulate them.
3) It includes content that appeals to different age groups within its target range of 14-17 by taking inspiration from magazines oriented to older and younger audiences.
Questionnaire results
The document summarizes the results of a questionnaire about a magazine final product. Respondents generally found the front cover interesting due to its professional and vibrant design with bright colors that contrast well. The bold writing and taglines on the cover were seen as grabbing attention and providing enough information to persuade reading further. Most respondents said they would buy the magazine based on its attractive, colorful and modern cover. The target audience was identified as women ages 11-18. Some improvements mentioned were maintaining a consistent house style with matching pink tones throughout.
Is Hong Kong The New Technology Hub of China??
This short document expresses gratitude but does not provide any other context or information to summarize. It contains only the words "Thank You" and no other details.
The Sunday Times - Travel
The document provides an analysis of the layout and conventions used across various articles in the Sunday Times Travel section. Key points analyzed include the use of mastheads, images, text formatting and placement, and lexical choices to attract readers' attention and convey important information in an engaging manner. Different article styles are also examined, such as diary, review and wish list formats. Overall, the document discusses techniques for effectively presenting travel content in magazines.
Creating Disney Article
This document describes the process of creating a Disney-themed magazine article. The author begins by adding a large title and main image to the first page. Additional photos are placed alongside the first page of text. To fill empty space on subsequent pages, the author adds quotes and more photos. Page numbers are included at the bottom of each page to aid navigation. The article concludes with a photo page and details a competition for readers. Areas for further improvement are also noted.
Прямые поставки от портала Укрбизнес
Как это работает:
1. Мы берем информацию о ваших товарах и продвигаем их в интернете.
2. Находим вам клиента, который готов платить.
3. После оплаты вы отгружаете товар и получаете деньги.
4. Проводите оплату только за реальные заказы в форме фиксированной суммы или процента.
Cover Analysis
The magazine cover uses design techniques to attract buyers:
- The title is the largest text to stand out from other text.
- Miley Cyrus is featured on the cover to attract people given her fame.
- Cover lines provide a preview of magazine contents to generate interest.
- Limited colors like lilac suggest the magazine appeals more to women.
Прямі поставки від порталу Укрбізнес
Як це працює:
1. Ми беремо інформацію про ваші товари і просуваємо їх в інтернеті.
2. Знаходимо вам клієнта, який готовий платити.
3. Після оплати ви відвантажуєте товар і отримуєте гроші.
4. Здійснюєте оплату тільки за реальні замовлення у вигляді фіксованої суми або комісії.
Creating Cuba Guide
The document provides guidance on creating an article about Cuba. It describes changes made to the article's layout and design to better match the magazine's color scheme. Photos were added with italicized descriptions. Two cities were combined onto a double page spread due to limited writing. The information page was moved to the right side with an added photo, and the left page became a photo page. The page number and bullet colors were altered to coordinate with the magazine. Small photos were inserted into the text to make it more visually engaging.
Dérive – a travel magazine
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Транай (передстартова презентація)
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Creating Interview
The document describes the creation of an article based on an interview. It includes an introduction to the interviewee separate from the actual interview text in columns. Photos are added to make the article more interesting, and quotes are styled differently to stand out from the text. Page numbers and attribution for photos and the author are also included to aid navigation and context.
Question 2
The document discusses the production and promotion of short films. It notes that historically, short films relied on film festivals to reach audiences but that now social media allows them to reach wider audiences. Synergy between film productions and brands can help promote both but is costly. While large films can partner with brands, small films have smaller budgets. The document argues that online promotion through websites, social media, and reviews is most effective for short films' target audiences.
Top UK Cities
This document provides details about creating an article on top UK cities, including that the author followed a similar design to a previous Cuba article and therefore knew what approach to take. It notes that the title takes up the largest text on the page and matches the cover page color scheme. Photos take up full pages and have descriptions below in italics, while page numbers match the magazine's color scheme. Each page is split in half with text on one side and a photo representing or related to the text on the other side.
Manipulating images
To create a movie poster showing the main character Imogen fading away, the document author manipulated the image in Photoshop. They first adjusted the color balance to make the colors more vivid since the original photo was dull. Then they adjusted the curves to brighten the image and add a glow around Imogen. Finally, they changed the exposure offset to fade out Imogen, reflecting the ending of the film. The background was changed to black and white to link to flashbacks in the film and make Imogen stand out.
Eim360 Dématérialisation et Archivage électronique
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Genre theory
1. Genre theory proposes that genres are conventions of content and form shared by texts belonging to them, though genres are dynamic and constantly changing rather than fixed.
2. Genres position both producers and audiences in certain ways, with genres providing expectations for audiences around plot, characters, and pleasures like emotional responses and sharing the experience with others.
3. However, genre classification is problematic, as individual texts may belong to multiple genres, genres are not clearly defined and change over time and between cultures, and their functions and borders are debated.
A2 filming to do
Filming and ancillary tasks must be completed by the end of January. Music videos and short films must include lip-synching and diegetic sound/dialogue respectively. Editing and projects for Courteney and Cory need to be finished by the end of February. Student blogs should have at least 60 posts since September and all coursework will be exhibited to classes at the end of February for feedback. Students must film an evaluation of their final product by the end of April to achieve higher marks.
Narrative and character theories2
The document summarizes several narrative and character theories:
1) Tzvetan Todorov identifies 5 stages in typical narratives: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, repair, and restoration.
2) Vladimir Propp identified common character types that appear in stories, including the hero, helper, villain, false hero, donor, dispatcher, princess, and princess' father.
3) Levi Strauss believed concepts are understood through their opposites, or "binary oppositions," like hero/villain and good/evil.
New wc rep
The representation of the British working class has changed over time and depends on the media institution and audience needs. In the past, working class representation was marginalized but films of the "Angry Young Man" era like Saturday Night, Sunday Morning reflected working class life more accurately. Today, representations like in films Tyrannosaur and The Angels' Share show more extreme frustrations within Britain's class system. Soaps now depict more dysfunctional working class lives and focus on crime stories and younger characters to attract audiences. Left-wing critic Owen Jones argues that some media representations demonize the working class and could influence audiences' perceptions of them over time, though the actual effects are debated.
Sequential narrative
Our students need to develop skills in analyzing and constructing sequential narratives in visual form. One way to do this is by having students construct their own visual narratives using images from films. Initially, this involved printing out images from films and arranging them with blu-tack. However, using Comic Life software allows students to digitally arrange and annotate images within templates. This helps students learn to deconstruct trailers and other visual texts by analyzing things like editing, camera work, and narrative structure.
Monsters (2010)
Gareth Edwards' 2010 film Monsters used new technology and low-budget filmmaking techniques to create impressive visuals on a small budget. It utilized lightweight digital cameras to film in actual locations instead of studios. Viral marketing through YouTube was also used to promote the film in a new way. Monsters was eventually picked up for distribution by Magnolia Pictures and shown at film festivals, leading it to find an audience through word-of-mouth.
Ciandwcrep
This document discusses the representation of the working class in British cinema and television from the 1950s to present day. It notes that historically, the working class were marginalized on screen but this changed with "kitchen sink" films of the 1960s that depicted working class life in a gritty, realistic manner. However, it also discusses how more popular films and television shows have portrayed the working class through stereotypical tropes and icons for mass market appeal. More recently, some critics argue that some reality television programs exploit and demonize the working class for entertainment purposes, though audience research also shows people interpret media in varied, complex ways.
Year 12 to do
This document outlines tasks for a student to complete by the end of the term for a school magazine project. The student is instructed to create a blog, design magazine pages using Photoshop, and post research using various multimedia tools. Additional tasks include writing articles on magazine publishing topics, designing reader profiles and flatplans, and developing a target audience questionnaire. The goal is for the student to have over 60 blog posts by the end of the academic year documenting their progress on the magazine project.
Year 13 – to do
The document outlines the tasks that need to be completed for a Year 13 production project. It instructs students to:
1) Evaluate three similar products, produce a pitch emphasizing a unique selling point and discussing the target audience.
2) Create a questionnaire to understand target needs and present findings in graphs with commentary.
3) Produce initial storyboards and breakdown scenes, along with casting, locations work, and addressing music rights and permissions.
4) Create flat-plans for ancillary tasks and regularly update blogs and produce podcasts to document progress. Address any plan changes in blogs.
Filmcasestudies 130410094206-phpapp01
Here are the key terms with definitions:
Production - The process of making or creating a film. It includes development, pre-production, principal photography, post-production and distribution.
Subsidiary - A company that is owned or controlled by a parent company.
Distribution - The process of making a film available for viewing by an audience. It includes theatrical exhibition, home video, television broadcast, and digital delivery.
Marketing - Promoting and selling a film to an audience. It includes advertising, publicity, trailers, posters, etc.
Exhibition - Showing a film to an audience, such as in movie theaters.
Vertical Integration - When a company owns different parts of the production and distribution
Representation in the media
Representations in media do not present reality directly, but instead represent events and things that have already occurred. Whatever representations are used implicitly contain ideologies and values that can influence social attitudes. Certain media institutions have the power to start "moral panics" through their representations. Stereotypes are an extreme form of representation that focus on and exaggerate certain aspects to allow audiences to instantly identify meanings, but they oversimplify characters and make assumptions, often negatively representing disadvantaged groups.
Representation in the Media
Representations in media do not present reality directly, but re-present events and ideas in certain ways that invite audiences to understand and agree with preferred interpretations. Whatever representations are used implicitly contain ideologies and values that give media institutions power to influence social attitudes towards groups. Stereotypes are an extreme form of representation that focus on and exaggerate certain aspects to allow audiences to instantly identify meanings, but they are usually negative oversimplifications that make assumptions, especially about minority or disadvantaged groups.
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Cover Analysis
The magazine cover uses design techniques to attract buyers:
- The title is the largest text to stand out from other text.
- Miley Cyrus is featured on the cover to attract people given her fame.
- Cover lines provide a preview of magazine contents to generate interest.
- Limited colors like lilac suggest the magazine appeals more to women.
Прямі поставки від порталу Укрбізнес
Як це працює:
1. Ми беремо інформацію про ваші товари і просуваємо їх в інтернеті.
2. Знаходимо вам клієнта, який готовий платити.
3. Після оплати ви відвантажуєте товар і отримуєте гроші.
4. Здійснюєте оплату тільки за реальні замовлення у вигляді фіксованої суми або комісії.
Creating Cuba Guide
The document provides guidance on creating an article about Cuba. It describes changes made to the article's layout and design to better match the magazine's color scheme. Photos were added with italicized descriptions. Two cities were combined onto a double page spread due to limited writing. The information page was moved to the right side with an added photo, and the left page became a photo page. The page number and bullet colors were altered to coordinate with the magazine. Small photos were inserted into the text to make it more visually engaging.
Dérive – a travel magazine
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Транай (передстартова презентація)
Транай - система он-лайн моніторингу присутності політиків та політичних партій в інформаційному просторі України.
Creating Interview
The document describes the creation of an article based on an interview. It includes an introduction to the interviewee separate from the actual interview text in columns. Photos are added to make the article more interesting, and quotes are styled differently to stand out from the text. Page numbers and attribution for photos and the author are also included to aid navigation and context.
Question 2
The document discusses the production and promotion of short films. It notes that historically, short films relied on film festivals to reach audiences but that now social media allows them to reach wider audiences. Synergy between film productions and brands can help promote both but is costly. While large films can partner with brands, small films have smaller budgets. The document argues that online promotion through websites, social media, and reviews is most effective for short films' target audiences.
Top UK Cities
This document provides details about creating an article on top UK cities, including that the author followed a similar design to a previous Cuba article and therefore knew what approach to take. It notes that the title takes up the largest text on the page and matches the cover page color scheme. Photos take up full pages and have descriptions below in italics, while page numbers match the magazine's color scheme. Each page is split in half with text on one side and a photo representing or related to the text on the other side.
Manipulating images
To create a movie poster showing the main character Imogen fading away, the document author manipulated the image in Photoshop. They first adjusted the color balance to make the colors more vivid since the original photo was dull. Then they adjusted the curves to brighten the image and add a glow around Imogen. Finally, they changed the exposure offset to fade out Imogen, reflecting the ending of the film. The background was changed to black and white to link to flashbacks in the film and make Imogen stand out.
Eim360 Dématérialisation et Archivage électronique
Présentation en ligne du déjeuner-débat EIM360 organisé par Sollan sur le thème : "Dématérialisation et Archivage électronique : un duo incontournable ?". Avec les éditeurs Cecurity.com, Everteam, Generix Group et Kofax.
Genre theory
1. Genre theory proposes that genres are conventions of content and form shared by texts belonging to them, though genres are dynamic and constantly changing rather than fixed.
2. Genres position both producers and audiences in certain ways, with genres providing expectations for audiences around plot, characters, and pleasures like emotional responses and sharing the experience with others.
3. However, genre classification is problematic, as individual texts may belong to multiple genres, genres are not clearly defined and change over time and between cultures, and their functions and borders are debated.
A2 filming to do
Filming and ancillary tasks must be completed by the end of January. Music videos and short films must include lip-synching and diegetic sound/dialogue respectively. Editing and projects for Courteney and Cory need to be finished by the end of February. Student blogs should have at least 60 posts since September and all coursework will be exhibited to classes at the end of February for feedback. Students must film an evaluation of their final product by the end of April to achieve higher marks.
Narrative and character theories2
The document summarizes several narrative and character theories:
1) Tzvetan Todorov identifies 5 stages in typical narratives: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, repair, and restoration.
2) Vladimir Propp identified common character types that appear in stories, including the hero, helper, villain, false hero, donor, dispatcher, princess, and princess' father.
3) Levi Strauss believed concepts are understood through their opposites, or "binary oppositions," like hero/villain and good/evil.
New wc rep
The representation of the British working class has changed over time and depends on the media institution and audience needs. In the past, working class representation was marginalized but films of the "Angry Young Man" era like Saturday Night, Sunday Morning reflected working class life more accurately. Today, representations like in films Tyrannosaur and The Angels' Share show more extreme frustrations within Britain's class system. Soaps now depict more dysfunctional working class lives and focus on crime stories and younger characters to attract audiences. Left-wing critic Owen Jones argues that some media representations demonize the working class and could influence audiences' perceptions of them over time, though the actual effects are debated.
Sequential narrative
Our students need to develop skills in analyzing and constructing sequential narratives in visual form. One way to do this is by having students construct their own visual narratives using images from films. Initially, this involved printing out images from films and arranging them with blu-tack. However, using Comic Life software allows students to digitally arrange and annotate images within templates. This helps students learn to deconstruct trailers and other visual texts by analyzing things like editing, camera work, and narrative structure.
Monsters (2010)
Gareth Edwards' 2010 film Monsters used new technology and low-budget filmmaking techniques to create impressive visuals on a small budget. It utilized lightweight digital cameras to film in actual locations instead of studios. Viral marketing through YouTube was also used to promote the film in a new way. Monsters was eventually picked up for distribution by Magnolia Pictures and shown at film festivals, leading it to find an audience through word-of-mouth.
Ciandwcrep
This document discusses the representation of the working class in British cinema and television from the 1950s to present day. It notes that historically, the working class were marginalized on screen but this changed with "kitchen sink" films of the 1960s that depicted working class life in a gritty, realistic manner. However, it also discusses how more popular films and television shows have portrayed the working class through stereotypical tropes and icons for mass market appeal. More recently, some critics argue that some reality television programs exploit and demonize the working class for entertainment purposes, though audience research also shows people interpret media in varied, complex ways.
Year 12 to do
This document outlines tasks for a student to complete by the end of the term for a school magazine project. The student is instructed to create a blog, design magazine pages using Photoshop, and post research using various multimedia tools. Additional tasks include writing articles on magazine publishing topics, designing reader profiles and flatplans, and developing a target audience questionnaire. The goal is for the student to have over 60 blog posts by the end of the academic year documenting their progress on the magazine project.
Year 13 – to do
The document outlines the tasks that need to be completed for a Year 13 production project. It instructs students to:
1) Evaluate three similar products, produce a pitch emphasizing a unique selling point and discussing the target audience.
2) Create a questionnaire to understand target needs and present findings in graphs with commentary.
3) Produce initial storyboards and breakdown scenes, along with casting, locations work, and addressing music rights and permissions.
4) Create flat-plans for ancillary tasks and regularly update blogs and produce podcasts to document progress. Address any plan changes in blogs.
Filmcasestudies 130410094206-phpapp01
Here are the key terms with definitions:
Production - The process of making or creating a film. It includes development, pre-production, principal photography, post-production and distribution.
Subsidiary - A company that is owned or controlled by a parent company.
Distribution - The process of making a film available for viewing by an audience. It includes theatrical exhibition, home video, television broadcast, and digital delivery.
Marketing - Promoting and selling a film to an audience. It includes advertising, publicity, trailers, posters, etc.
Exhibition - Showing a film to an audience, such as in movie theaters.
Vertical Integration - When a company owns different parts of the production and distribution
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Representations in media do not present reality directly, but instead represent events and things that have already occurred. Whatever representations are used implicitly contain ideologies and values that can influence social attitudes. Certain media institutions have the power to start "moral panics" through their representations. Stereotypes are an extreme form of representation that focus on and exaggerate certain aspects to allow audiences to instantly identify meanings, but they oversimplify characters and make assumptions, often negatively representing disadvantaged groups.
Representation in the Media
Representations in media do not present reality directly, but re-present events and ideas in certain ways that invite audiences to understand and agree with preferred interpretations. Whatever representations are used implicitly contain ideologies and values that give media institutions power to influence social attitudes towards groups. Stereotypes are an extreme form of representation that focus on and exaggerate certain aspects to allow audiences to instantly identify meanings, but they are usually negative oversimplifications that make assumptions, especially about minority or disadvantaged groups.
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- Media institutions have power and responsibility over representations that can influence social attitudes.
- Stereotypes simplify representations and focus on exaggerating aspects to enable quick audience understanding but often have negative assumptions.
- Ideologies embedded in media texts reflect dominant beliefs and expectations in a culture.
- Genres may have associated representations and stereotypes that aid understanding of narratives.
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Representation theory examines how media represent people, places, events and concepts through images, words and sounds. It considers how representations are constructed and how they seem natural to audiences. Representations are selective and involve processes of production, distribution and reception that shape meaning. Audiences interpret representations based on their own experiences and backgrounds.
Effects of Representations
Media representations can have both positive and negative effects on individuals, groups, and society. They can influence attitudes and behaviors through copycat behavior, education and information, socialization, objectification, and stereotypes. Representations can reinforce dominant ideologies but also potentially challenge them. The media is an effective vehicle for spreading dominant worldviews to wide audiences.
G325 lesson 2
Representation is the process by which media present the real world. It involves depicting or symbolizing people, ideas, places, etc. Representation is constructed through a process of mediation where the intentions of creators interact with audience interpretations based on context. There are three approaches to understanding representation - as a reflection, deliberate construction, or negotiated meaning from the interaction of producers, text, and audiences. Proper analysis of representation considers how it is constructed through language choices and why as well as the meanings and effects on audiences.
G325 theorist revision
The document discusses collective identity and how media representations influence people's sense of identity and belonging to social groups. It covers several key concepts, such as representation, collective identity, hegemony, and theories about how audiences interact with media. Theories mentioned include uses and gratifications, encoding/decoding, and ideas from theorists like Giddens, Gauntlett, and Ericson on the role of media in constructing personal and collective identities.
Audience
This document discusses key concepts relating to audience in media studies. It begins by defining different types of audiences, such as target, mass, niche, and secondary audiences. It then discusses how audience demographics like age, gender, social class can be analyzed. Several audience theories are outlined, including uses and gratifications theory, which discusses how audiences use media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, and social interaction. Effects theory and its models (hypodermic needle, two-step flow, cultivation) are covered, as well as reception theory and Hall's encoding/decoding model of how audiences can interpret texts in preferred, negotiated, or oppositional ways. Genre theory and its relationship to audience expectations and pleasures is also discussed.
Audience
This document discusses key concepts relating to audience in media studies. It defines audience as the people who consume a media product or text. Media texts have intended target audiences that can be mass/mainstream or niche. Audiences can also be passive or active in how they engage with media. The relationship between producers, texts, and audiences affects how meaning is constructed and understood. Demographic details about audiences like age, gender, social class are important to consider. Theories discussed include uses and gratifications theory, which argues media satisfies audience needs and desires, and Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model of how audiences can interpret meanings differently than intended.
ND Media - Pt 2 Representation And Stereotyping And Narrative Wk 11
The document discusses several key concepts related to media representation. It notes that all media has some form of narrative or story and that genres have recognizable codes and conventions. It also mentions that media representations are constructions rather than transparent windows into reality and can influence public opinion through normalization. The document specifically calls out stereotyping as an oversimplified representation used to categorize social groups, and discusses how ideology, or a selected view of reality, serves to maintain existing power structures which media then legitimizes through repetition of preconceived ideas.
Re-thinking media and sexuality education
This document provides an overview of a workshop on re-thinking media and sexuality education. It discusses key concepts from media and cultural studies that can be applied to understanding issues around young people, online media, and sexuality. These include Stuart Hall's theories of encoding/decoding, the active audience, and the circuit of culture model. The document also discusses contemporary ideas like Couldry's taxonomy of media practices and the blurring of producer and consumer roles in today's convergent media landscape. The goal of the workshop is to help participants apply these theoretical frameworks to address issues in their professional contexts.
Representation
The document discusses key concepts in media representation including mediation, representation theory, stereotypes, and dominant ideology. It provides three key points about mediation: selection of what is shown, organization of elements in non-realistic ways, and focus on specific aspects to guide audience attention. Representation is seen as reflective of reality, intentionally projecting a meaning, or constructively shaped by multiple influences including the subject, producer, and audience. Stereotypes are simplified mental pictures that speed up understanding but ignore complexity, and media stereotypes are formed based on appearance, behavior, and comparison to perceived norms.
Audience theory
The document discusses audience theory, which includes studying how audiences are constructed, how they view and interpret media texts, their motivations for consuming media, and the effects media has on audiences. It examines factors like demographics that media producers consider when targeting audiences. Theories discussed include uses and gratification theory, Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model of communication, and David Morley's study of how audiences can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of media texts based on their own experiences.
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Representation
- 2. WHAT IS REPRESENTATION? • Representation refers to the construction of any medium of aspects of ‘reality.’ • It can be a single image, a sequence of images or a whole programme. • The media does not present reality they ‘re-present it’ – they are representing things that have already occurred.
- 3. HOW DOES REPRESENTATION WORK? • Representations invite audiences to understand them and agree with them in certain preferred ways. • Different interpretations are possible to some extent, depending on the audience.
- 4. POWER OF REPRESENTATION • Whatever representations are used, there are ideologies, meanings and values that are implicit in that presentation. • This gives great power and responsibility to media institutions as the representations can influence social attitudes in many different ways.
- 5. STEREOTYPES • Stereotypes are used to help an audience instantly identify and understand the meaning of a text or media. • They are an extreme form of representation and can sometimes be focused on and therefore exaggerated. • Stereotypes are usually negatives representations and most have many assumptions.
- 6. IDEOLOGY • Ideology is a set of beliefs and ideas that are presented in a media text. Dominant ideologies are those which are accepted and understood by the majority of people as part of our culture and expectations. • O’Sullivan – States that underpinning most of the media, various powerful vested interests operate to ensure that particular representations are manifested. • Noam Chomsky – argues that the media serve the interests of the state and corporate power.