Mrs. Cantor asked Andy what he was doing and Andy replied that he was fixing his radio. She then asked where his sister was and Andy said she was in the kitchen making a sandwich. Mrs. Cantor ran into the kitchen and told Dolores not to eat anything before dinner. Dolores said she was starving as she quickly swallowed a piece of cake. Mrs. Cantor told Dolores to have some cheese but not to eat the cake since there was no cheese left which Dolores had eaten the day before. Mrs. Cantor angrily told Dolores to go to the store to buy more cheese because she was making lasagna for dinner. Dolores agreed to go after finishing her homework. Andy then asked his mom
Mrs. Cantor asked Andy what he was doing and asked where his sister was. Andy reported that he was fixing his radio and that his sister was in the kitchen making a sandwich. Mrs. Cantor then ran into the kitchen and told Dolores not to eat before dinner, though Dolores had already eaten some cake. Mrs. Cantor told Dolores to buy more cheese for dinner since she was making lasagna, and Dolores said she would go after finishing her homework. When Andy asked when their father was coming home, Dolores reminded him that their father was working late.
The document provides information about reported speech. It discusses how tenses, time/place expressions, and pronouns change when converting direct speech to reported speech. It also discusses how questions, statements, and requests are structured in reported speech using verbs like "say", "tell", "ask", and "order". Examples are given to show the differences between direct and reported speech.
This document is a unit on reported speech from an English grammar textbook. It provides explanations and exercises on changing direct commands, requests, orders and statements into reported or indirect speech. This involves using introductory verbs like "said", "told", "asked" followed by subordinate clauses or infinitives to report the original words spoken. The exercises provide examples of direct speech and ask the student to rewrite them in reported form. The document reviews the main rules for reported speech and signals the end of the unit.
Krishna asked Kuldeep what he was going to do tomorrow. Kuldeep replied that he would visit the sea shore. Krishna exclaimed that it was a good idea and asked with whom he would go. Kuldeep replied that he would go with his cousin.
Direct and Indirect Speech English Grammar Topic.adinochina
Here are the sentences in indirect speech:
- He said that he needed help as he had no food for two days.
- The old man requested me to help him cross the road.
- The villager exclaimed that it was a very tall building.
- He exclaimed with sorrow that he had committed a sin.
- The villagers exclaimed that they had lost all their hopes.
- Shaw says that if you don't try to get what you like.
Lisa said she was hungry. Charles said he liked cheeseburgers. Jim said he would go to London. Peter said that Tina had bought a house. Mark said he had been to the dentist. Thomas said that the aeroplane was going to crash.
Roy asked if anything was wrong. The girl asked where the cinema was. Lisa asked if the food had been nice. The mother asked where the milk was. The teacher asked if they had done their homework. Lucy asked who that man was.
This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect narration in English. It provides examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech by modifying pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses. The key rules covered include changing the present tense into the past tense, changing pronouns according to the subject of the reporting clause, and using "would" instead of "will" in indirect speech. Examples are provided for changing different verb tenses, pronouns, time expressions, questions, and statements with modal verbs into the corresponding indirect speech.
This document provides information and rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech. It discusses how pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses need to be changed. Examples are given for each rule, such as changing "I" to "he/she", "here" to "there", and present tense verbs to past tense verbs. The document also provides exercises for the reader to practice changing direct speech to indirect speech according to the rules outlined.
Mrs. Cantor asked Andy what he was doing and asked where his sister was. Andy reported that he was fixing his radio and that his sister was in the kitchen making a sandwich. Mrs. Cantor then ran into the kitchen and told Dolores not to eat before dinner, though Dolores had already eaten some cake. Mrs. Cantor told Dolores to buy more cheese for dinner since she was making lasagna, and Dolores said she would go after finishing her homework. When Andy asked when their father was coming home, Dolores reminded him that their father was working late.
The document provides information about reported speech. It discusses how tenses, time/place expressions, and pronouns change when converting direct speech to reported speech. It also discusses how questions, statements, and requests are structured in reported speech using verbs like "say", "tell", "ask", and "order". Examples are given to show the differences between direct and reported speech.
This document is a unit on reported speech from an English grammar textbook. It provides explanations and exercises on changing direct commands, requests, orders and statements into reported or indirect speech. This involves using introductory verbs like "said", "told", "asked" followed by subordinate clauses or infinitives to report the original words spoken. The exercises provide examples of direct speech and ask the student to rewrite them in reported form. The document reviews the main rules for reported speech and signals the end of the unit.
Krishna asked Kuldeep what he was going to do tomorrow. Kuldeep replied that he would visit the sea shore. Krishna exclaimed that it was a good idea and asked with whom he would go. Kuldeep replied that he would go with his cousin.
Direct and Indirect Speech English Grammar Topic.adinochina
Here are the sentences in indirect speech:
- He said that he needed help as he had no food for two days.
- The old man requested me to help him cross the road.
- The villager exclaimed that it was a very tall building.
- He exclaimed with sorrow that he had committed a sin.
- The villagers exclaimed that they had lost all their hopes.
- Shaw says that if you don't try to get what you like.
Lisa said she was hungry. Charles said he liked cheeseburgers. Jim said he would go to London. Peter said that Tina had bought a house. Mark said he had been to the dentist. Thomas said that the aeroplane was going to crash.
Roy asked if anything was wrong. The girl asked where the cinema was. Lisa asked if the food had been nice. The mother asked where the milk was. The teacher asked if they had done their homework. Lucy asked who that man was.
This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect narration in English. It provides examples of how to change direct speech into indirect speech by modifying pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses. The key rules covered include changing the present tense into the past tense, changing pronouns according to the subject of the reporting clause, and using "would" instead of "will" in indirect speech. Examples are provided for changing different verb tenses, pronouns, time expressions, questions, and statements with modal verbs into the corresponding indirect speech.
This document provides information and rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech. It discusses how pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verb tenses need to be changed. Examples are given for each rule, such as changing "I" to "he/she", "here" to "there", and present tense verbs to past tense verbs. The document also provides exercises for the reader to practice changing direct speech to indirect speech according to the rules outlined.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech in English. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word-for-word. Indirect speech requires changing pronouns, adverbs of time and verbs to reflect the current tense. Commands and questions also change structure in indirect speech.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It provides examples of how to change statements, commands, and questions from direct to indirect speech by modifying verbs, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and tenses. It also gives exercises for the reader to practice changing examples from direct to indirect speech.
Understanding and using English grammar (summarized by Hanan Nassar) Hanan Nassar
The document provides an overview of English grammar tenses and structures including:
- Verb forms such as regular and irregular past tense forms.
- Uses of simple present, present progressive, present perfect, and present perfect progressive tenses.
- Uses of simple past, past progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive tenses.
- Uses of simple future and future progressive tenses.
- Uses and forms of modal verbs such as may, might, can, could, will, shall, should, would, must.
- Common prepositions used with time expressions such as in, at, on.
This document provides an overview of reported speech in English. It begins by explaining that reported speech is used to refer to something that someone said previously. It then provides examples of how direct speech is changed to reported speech, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns. The document also includes a table showing how different verb tenses in direct speech are changed in reported speech, such as "I am happy" becoming "He said he was happy." It discusses other changes that can occur, like place and time references. It also addresses changing questions and imperative statements to reported speech. Finally, it provides exercises for learners to practice changing direct speech to reported speech.
1. The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks and reports exactly what someone said, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and the verb tenses typically change.
2. Examples are provided of how the verb tenses change from direct to reported speech, such as present simple becoming past simple. Modal verbs like will and can also change to would and could.
3. A table outlines other changes like today becoming that day, tomorrow becoming the next day, and here becoming there.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks and maintains the same verb tenses, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually changes pronouns and verb tenses. The document also provides examples of converting direct speech to indirect speech by changing pronouns like "I" to "he" and changing verb tenses like "go" to "went".
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech reports what someone said without changing their words, while indirect speech reports the meaning of what someone said without necessarily using their exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, verb tenses shift back in time and pronouns, adjectives, place and time expressions are adjusted. Questions become statements and maintain other indirect speech changes. Reporting verbs are used such as "say", "ask" and "tell" along with various structures depending on whether a statement, question, order, request or suggestion is being reported.
The document provides examples of direct and indirect speech. It includes sentences in direct speech and their equivalent conversions to indirect speech. There are multiple examples provided with the direct speech followed by the indirect speech version. The document aims to demonstrate how to properly change direct quotations into indirect reported statements, questions and commands through various examples.
- Quoted speech is exactly what the person said, while reported speech is not necessarily the exact words.
- When changing direct quotes to reported speech, verb tenses, pronouns, and references to time and place may need to be altered.
- Examples show direct quotes being changed to reported speech by modifying verbs from present to past tense, changing pronouns, and adjusting time or place references.
This document provides information on direct and indirect speech in 5 steps. It explains the key differences between direct and indirect speech, including that direct speech uses quotation marks and reports the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and reports the general idea without exact words. The document then outlines 5 steps for changing direct speech to indirect speech: 1) removing quotation marks, 2) changing verb tenses, 3) changing pronouns, 4) replacing commas with connectives like "that", and 5) replacing words like "now" with words like "then". Examples are provided for each step. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of direct versus indirect speech and provides rules for changing reported verbs and pronou
The document provides a summary of grammar rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech in English. It covers changes to pronouns, tenses, time/place words, question forms, imperatives, and exclamations. Examples are provided for each grammar rule to illustrate the proper way to rewrite direct speech as indirect speech in English. Key areas covered include changing pronouns like "I" to "he/she", adjusting tenses, modifying words like "today" to "that day", using "if/whether" for yes/no questions and wh- words for wh- questions, and rewriting imperatives and exclamations as statements.
The document discusses indirect or reported speech and how it differs from direct speech. When reporting what someone said, the tenses typically change to past tense because we are referring to something said in the past. Examples are given of direct quotes and how they would change in indirect speech by changing the verb tenses. Common modal verbs like can, may, might are also discussed and how they would change form in indirect speech. Finally, practice examples are provided to change direct quotes to indirect speech.
There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are typically changes to tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verbs depending on whether the original statement was affirmative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
5 english grammar_in_use_-_grammar_reference By Engr Inayatullah BalochEngr Inayat ullah
5 english grammar_in_use_-_grammar_reference By Engr Inayatullah Baloch from kashomre sindh pakistani studing in BS computer Engineering from BUITEMS
Quality & Excellence in Education
Balochistan University of Information Technology,
Engineering and Management Sciences Quetta balochistan
The document discusses the rules for changing direct speech into reported speech, also known as indirect speech. It covers tense changes where the tense is shifted back one step, pronoun changes, place and time changes, and the use of reporting verbs like said, told, asked. It provides examples of direct speech and the corresponding reported speech. The basic rules are that quotation marks and attribution verbs are removed, the word "that" can be added, pronouns are changed, tenses are shifted back, and places and times are adjusted.
Changing direct statements to reported statementsmprabe
The document discusses how to change direct statements to reported statements and vice versa by making changes to verb tenses, pronouns, words indicating time and place, and formatting of questions, commands, exclamations, and wishes. Direct statements use exact words and quotes, while reported statements report the information without quotes by transforming the verb forms and pronouns. The guidelines provide examples of direct versus reported statements and the types of changes needed to transform between the two statement formats.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that indirect speech involves changing pronouns, tenses, places, times and situations compared to what was said in direct speech. Questions and actions like orders are also transformed, such as changing yes/no questions to use if/whether and using an infinitive after order. Tenses are generally changed except for modals and statements about present or future events. WH-questions are transformed by putting the subject before the verb and changing pronouns.
This document discusses how to transform direct speech into reported or indirect speech in English. It provides examples of changing different types of statements, questions, requests and commands from direct to indirect speech. Key aspects covered include using introductory verbs, changing pronouns and verbs to the appropriate tense, and modifying words like demonstratives according to the context. Reported speech follows standard sentence structure rather than maintaining the original word order or punctuation of direct speech.
The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech, noting that reported speech involves changing verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs, and reordering questions when changing direct quotes into an indirect version. Direct speech uses quotation marks to indicate someone's exact words, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and makes other grammatical changes to convey the general idea of what was said rather than a verbatim quote. Reported speech is also called indirect speech.
The document discusses reported speech, which is when someone reports what another person said without using their exact words. It explains that in reported speech, verb tenses and pronouns may change from the original statement. For example, "I want to be a footballer" would become "He said he wanted to be a footballer." The document provides examples of how to report statements, questions, orders, requests and advice in reported speech.
The document discusses reported or indirect speech, which is used to report what other people have said, thought, or believed. It explains that pronouns, verb tenses, time words, and question words may need to change when converting direct quotes into reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate these changes between direct and reported speech.
The document provides an overview of reported or indirect speech. It defines reported speech and outlines the main rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech, including tense changes, pronoun changes, and changes to time and place expressions. It also discusses reporting verbs, indirect questions, commands, requests, suggestions and offers in indirect speech, as well as exclamations. The document concludes with examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech and mixed types involving both statements and questions.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech in English. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and does not have to be word-for-word. Indirect speech requires changing pronouns, adverbs of time and verbs to reflect the current tense. Commands and questions also change structure in indirect speech.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It provides examples of how to change statements, commands, and questions from direct to indirect speech by modifying verbs, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and tenses. It also gives exercises for the reader to practice changing examples from direct to indirect speech.
Understanding and using English grammar (summarized by Hanan Nassar) Hanan Nassar
The document provides an overview of English grammar tenses and structures including:
- Verb forms such as regular and irregular past tense forms.
- Uses of simple present, present progressive, present perfect, and present perfect progressive tenses.
- Uses of simple past, past progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive tenses.
- Uses of simple future and future progressive tenses.
- Uses and forms of modal verbs such as may, might, can, could, will, shall, should, would, must.
- Common prepositions used with time expressions such as in, at, on.
This document provides an overview of reported speech in English. It begins by explaining that reported speech is used to refer to something that someone said previously. It then provides examples of how direct speech is changed to reported speech, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns. The document also includes a table showing how different verb tenses in direct speech are changed in reported speech, such as "I am happy" becoming "He said he was happy." It discusses other changes that can occur, like place and time references. It also addresses changing questions and imperative statements to reported speech. Finally, it provides exercises for learners to practice changing direct speech to reported speech.
1. The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks and reports exactly what someone said, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and the verb tenses typically change.
2. Examples are provided of how the verb tenses change from direct to reported speech, such as present simple becoming past simple. Modal verbs like will and can also change to would and could.
3. A table outlines other changes like today becoming that day, tomorrow becoming the next day, and here becoming there.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks and maintains the same verb tenses, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually changes pronouns and verb tenses. The document also provides examples of converting direct speech to indirect speech by changing pronouns like "I" to "he" and changing verb tenses like "go" to "went".
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech reports what someone said without changing their words, while indirect speech reports the meaning of what someone said without necessarily using their exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, verb tenses shift back in time and pronouns, adjectives, place and time expressions are adjusted. Questions become statements and maintain other indirect speech changes. Reporting verbs are used such as "say", "ask" and "tell" along with various structures depending on whether a statement, question, order, request or suggestion is being reported.
The document provides examples of direct and indirect speech. It includes sentences in direct speech and their equivalent conversions to indirect speech. There are multiple examples provided with the direct speech followed by the indirect speech version. The document aims to demonstrate how to properly change direct quotations into indirect reported statements, questions and commands through various examples.
- Quoted speech is exactly what the person said, while reported speech is not necessarily the exact words.
- When changing direct quotes to reported speech, verb tenses, pronouns, and references to time and place may need to be altered.
- Examples show direct quotes being changed to reported speech by modifying verbs from present to past tense, changing pronouns, and adjusting time or place references.
This document provides information on direct and indirect speech in 5 steps. It explains the key differences between direct and indirect speech, including that direct speech uses quotation marks and reports the exact words spoken, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and reports the general idea without exact words. The document then outlines 5 steps for changing direct speech to indirect speech: 1) removing quotation marks, 2) changing verb tenses, 3) changing pronouns, 4) replacing commas with connectives like "that", and 5) replacing words like "now" with words like "then". Examples are provided for each step. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of direct versus indirect speech and provides rules for changing reported verbs and pronou
The document provides a summary of grammar rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech in English. It covers changes to pronouns, tenses, time/place words, question forms, imperatives, and exclamations. Examples are provided for each grammar rule to illustrate the proper way to rewrite direct speech as indirect speech in English. Key areas covered include changing pronouns like "I" to "he/she", adjusting tenses, modifying words like "today" to "that day", using "if/whether" for yes/no questions and wh- words for wh- questions, and rewriting imperatives and exclamations as statements.
The document discusses indirect or reported speech and how it differs from direct speech. When reporting what someone said, the tenses typically change to past tense because we are referring to something said in the past. Examples are given of direct quotes and how they would change in indirect speech by changing the verb tenses. Common modal verbs like can, may, might are also discussed and how they would change form in indirect speech. Finally, practice examples are provided to change direct quotes to indirect speech.
There are two ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect (reported) speech. Direct speech uses the exact words of the speaker within quotation marks, while indirect speech reports the meaning without using the exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, there are typically changes to tense, pronouns, adverbs of time and place, and verbs depending on whether the original statement was affirmative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
5 english grammar_in_use_-_grammar_reference By Engr Inayatullah BalochEngr Inayat ullah
5 english grammar_in_use_-_grammar_reference By Engr Inayatullah Baloch from kashomre sindh pakistani studing in BS computer Engineering from BUITEMS
Quality & Excellence in Education
Balochistan University of Information Technology,
Engineering and Management Sciences Quetta balochistan
The document discusses the rules for changing direct speech into reported speech, also known as indirect speech. It covers tense changes where the tense is shifted back one step, pronoun changes, place and time changes, and the use of reporting verbs like said, told, asked. It provides examples of direct speech and the corresponding reported speech. The basic rules are that quotation marks and attribution verbs are removed, the word "that" can be added, pronouns are changed, tenses are shifted back, and places and times are adjusted.
Changing direct statements to reported statementsmprabe
The document discusses how to change direct statements to reported statements and vice versa by making changes to verb tenses, pronouns, words indicating time and place, and formatting of questions, commands, exclamations, and wishes. Direct statements use exact words and quotes, while reported statements report the information without quotes by transforming the verb forms and pronouns. The guidelines provide examples of direct versus reported statements and the types of changes needed to transform between the two statement formats.
The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. It explains that indirect speech involves changing pronouns, tenses, places, times and situations compared to what was said in direct speech. Questions and actions like orders are also transformed, such as changing yes/no questions to use if/whether and using an infinitive after order. Tenses are generally changed except for modals and statements about present or future events. WH-questions are transformed by putting the subject before the verb and changing pronouns.
This document discusses how to transform direct speech into reported or indirect speech in English. It provides examples of changing different types of statements, questions, requests and commands from direct to indirect speech. Key aspects covered include using introductory verbs, changing pronouns and verbs to the appropriate tense, and modifying words like demonstratives according to the context. Reported speech follows standard sentence structure rather than maintaining the original word order or punctuation of direct speech.
The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech, noting that reported speech involves changing verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs, and reordering questions when changing direct quotes into an indirect version. Direct speech uses quotation marks to indicate someone's exact words, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and makes other grammatical changes to convey the general idea of what was said rather than a verbatim quote. Reported speech is also called indirect speech.
The document discusses reported speech, which is when someone reports what another person said without using their exact words. It explains that in reported speech, verb tenses and pronouns may change from the original statement. For example, "I want to be a footballer" would become "He said he wanted to be a footballer." The document provides examples of how to report statements, questions, orders, requests and advice in reported speech.
The document discusses reported or indirect speech, which is used to report what other people have said, thought, or believed. It explains that pronouns, verb tenses, time words, and question words may need to change when converting direct quotes into reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate these changes between direct and reported speech.
The document provides an overview of reported or indirect speech. It defines reported speech and outlines the main rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech, including tense changes, pronoun changes, and changes to time and place expressions. It also discusses reporting verbs, indirect questions, commands, requests, suggestions and offers in indirect speech, as well as exclamations. The document concludes with examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech and mixed types involving both statements and questions.
The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech. It explains that reported speech is when you tell someone else what was said previously. It covers how to change pronouns, tenses, places, times and other elements when converting a statement, question or request from direct to reported speech. Examples are provided to illustrate the typical changes that are made in reported speech, such as changing pronouns, backshifting tenses, and altering place or time expressions.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually involves changing the tense and pronouns when reporting what someone said. Some key changes when going from direct to indirect speech include changing the tense, time, and place references. Questions, orders, requests, suggestions, and reported speech about intentions are also discussed.
This document provides information about direct and indirect speech, including:
- The theory of direct and indirect speech, how statements, questions, and requests are transformed.
- Examples of direct speech being changed to indirect speech by changing pronouns, verb tenses, place/time expressions.
- Exercises for the reader to practice changing direct speech to indirect speech.
- Additional information on exceptions to the rules and sources to learn more about direct and indirect speech online.
This document provides information about direct and indirect speech, including:
- The theory of direct and indirect speech, how statements, questions, and requests are transformed.
- Examples of direct speech being changed to indirect speech by changing pronouns, verb tenses, place/time expressions.
- Exercises asking to change direct speech to indirect speech in several examples.
- Information on the origin of direct and indirect speech and how certain grammatical elements are changed in indirect speech compared to direct speech.
- Links to online resources for further information on reported/indirect speech rules and examples.
This document provides information about direct and indirect speech, including:
- The theory of direct and indirect speech, how statements, questions, and requests are transformed.
- Examples of direct speech being changed to indirect speech by changing pronouns, verb tenses, place/time expressions.
- Exercises asking to change direct speech to indirect speech in several examples.
- Information on the origin of direct and indirect speech and how certain grammatical elements are changed in indirect speech compared to direct speech.
- Links to online resources for further information on reported/indirect speech rules and examples.
The document discusses reporting questions and requests in indirect speech. It explains that when changing direct questions and requests to indirect speech, the word order changes to a statement format and pronouns and verb tenses may need to be changed. Examples are provided of changing direct yes/no questions and questions beginning with question words to indirect questions. Exercises then demonstrate reporting questions and requests indirectly and rewriting direct speech as indirect speech while changing pronouns and expressions of time and place.
This document discusses direct and reported speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while reported speech does not use quotation marks and typically involves changing verb tenses, pronouns, and other elements when reporting what someone said. The document provides numerous examples of how direct statements, questions, requests and other utterances are changed when converting them to reported speech.
The document discusses reported speech, which is when someone reports or retells what another person said. It explains that in reported speech, verb tenses change depending on when the reporting verb is, pronouns and time expressions also change, and there are different rules for reporting statements, questions, commands, and suggestions.
There are two main ways to report what someone says: direct speech and indirect or reported speech. Reported speech involves changing direct quotes into an indirect version by removing quotation marks, changing verb tenses and pronouns, and modifying words like adverbs of time and place. The document provides examples of how direct quotes are changed when converting to reported speech, including changes to verb tenses, pronouns, questions, statements and other grammatical aspects.
The document discusses the rules for changing direct speech into reported or indirect speech in English. It explains that reporting verbs like "say" and "tell" are used to report statements, and that the tense of the verb may need to be changed depending on the tense of the reporting verb. It also covers how to report questions, requests, orders, exclamations, and expressions of hope or wishes. Examples are provided to illustrate how direct speech is changed into indirect speech while maintaining meaning.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report someone's exact words, while indirect speech reports the general idea without quotation marks. To change direct speech to indirect speech, the tense of the reported verb is changed according to the tense of the reporting verb, and words indicating proximity in time or place are replaced. Yes/no questions in indirect speech require "if/whether" while wh-questions do not require any additional words. The examples provided demonstrate how to properly change direct speech to indirect speech based on these rules.
The document discusses the rules and guidelines for reporting speech that was said in the past. It explains that reported speech uses reporting verbs like "say" and "tell" and often changes the tense of the original words that were spoken. The document also provides examples of how different tenses in direct speech are changed when reported, such as changing present simple to past simple.
This document provides an overview of how to change direct speech into reported or indirect speech. It discusses how to change verb tenses, pronouns, time and place expressions, and other elements when moving from direct to reported speech. Reporting verbs are categorized based on whether they are reporting statements, questions, commands, suggestions, or advice. Verb tense changes and exceptions are also outlined.
The document discusses various types of verbs in English including: transitive verbs which require an object; intransitive verbs which do not require an object; auxiliary verbs which help the main verb; regular and irregular verbs; tense forms (present, past, future); and examples of each. It also provides corrections for common verb errors.
This document provides examples and rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English grammar. It discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech, and how punctuation, tense, pronouns, place and time adverbs are changed in indirect speech. Key rules covered include: maintaining the tense of the reported verb if the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, changing the tense of the reported verb to the past tense if the reporting verb is in the past tense. Yes/no questions are changed to use "if" or "whether", while wh- questions do not require any changes. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these rules to change direct speech into the corresponding indirect speech sentences.
This document provides information on different tenses used to express future actions in English:
1. The Simple Future tense uses will/shall + verb to express future actions like "I will visit my parents tomorrow."
2. The Future Continuous tense uses will/shall + be + verb-ing to describe future actions in progress like "When she completes her PhD, she will be doing her research."
3. The Future Perfect tense uses will/shall + have + past participle to refer to actions completed in the future before another time like "I will have written the book by tomorrow."
4. The Future Perfect Continuous tense similarly expresses continuous actions completed by a future time like "By 7 o'
Brief introduction to Reported Speech for students of English. Includes a revision of tenses which usually go through "backshift" when reporting in the past tense. It also includes questions and orders in reported speech.
1. Reported Speech
(Rick Shur, Page 1 of 6)
Direct speech is speech inside quotation marks. It is used to repeat the exact words that somebody said:
My mother told me, "You have to work harder in school, or you'll fail."
While this is okay for sharing stories with friends, this is not the best way to report a conversation, either in
speech or in writing. It shows a better education to use reported speech:
My mother told me that I had to work harder or that I would fail.
Rules for Forming Reported Speech
1. When reporting a statement (not a question), we generally use that:
In short sentences, we often drop that, but in writing it is a good idea to use it all the time, even for short
sentences!
NOTE: In reported speech, we repeat that after and, but and or.
NOTE: There are no commas before or after and, but or or in reported speech.
NOTE: There are no commas before or after that!
She said that he was hungry and that he wanted to eat soon.
He told me that he had never been to France but that he wanted to go.
They promised us that they would tell the truth.
2. When reporting a question, we use if for yes/no questions or the appropriate question words (who, what,
where, when, how, why) for information questions:
NOTE: You never use that when reporting a question!
NOTE: You never use a question mark (?) when reporting a question!
He asked me if I was going to the office party. ("Are you going to the...")
He asked me when I would call him. ("When will you call me?")
He asked me how much my rent was. ("How much is your rent?")
(See Part 9 for a full explanation of reporting questions.)
3a. The following verbs must be used with an indirect object:
(There is no to before these indirect objects!)
told He told me that he was hungry.
informed We informed her that the store was closed.
reminded He reminded the staff that the meeting was at 8 PM.
2. (Reported Speech, Rick Shur, Page 2 of 6)
3b. The following verbs may be used with an indirect object, but the indirect object is optional (up to you).
(There is no to before these indirect objects!)
He asked his wife why she was so angry.
OR He asked why she was so angry.
asked We asked [her] where her husband was.
answered He answered [me] that he couldn't help.
promised She promised [him] that she would stay.
3c. The following verbs need to before the indirect object. For any verb that needs to before the indirect object, the
indirect object is optional:
He said to me that he was the chief of police.
OR He said that he was the chief of police.
said He said [to his wife] that he was hungry.
explained We explained [to her] why we had been late.
exclaimed She exclaimed [to the boy] that she was furious.
complained They complained [to us] that the room was too cold.
4. In English we report commands, orders, requests and suggestions to other people in a five-part format:
1 2 3 4 5
Somebody somebody else
She told her daughter to eat.
We asked them to help us.
The officer ordered me not to run.
He advised the student not to quit.
Mr. and Mrs. Jones wanted their son to study.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
told
ordered
asked
to
or
not to
do
something
(a verb in the
base form)
3. (Reported Speech, Rick Shur, Page 3 of 6)
5. If the direct speech was in the present tense, the reported speech must be in the past tense:
She said, "I am an actress, and I also sing."
She said that she was an actress and that she also sang.
6. If the direct speech was in the past tense, the reported speech must be in the past perfect
(the "past before a past" form, had + past participle):
He said, "I was scared when I fell down the stairs."
He said that he had been scared when he had fallen down the stairs.
7. Some x-words change from direct to reported speech:
can/could I asked him, "Can I see your sister?"
I asked him if I could see his sister.
shall/should She asked, "Shall I call you later?"
She asked if she should call me later.
will/would He told them, "I'll help you tomorrow."
He told them that he would help them the following day.
may/might She said, "I may study tonight."
She said that she might study that night.
must/had to He said, "I must see a doctor soon."
He said that he had to see a doctor soon.
8. Some verbs and verb combinations have no change in the reported form. Don't change the past perfect (had
+ p.p.), the unreal (present or past), or any combination with could, should, would, or might.
past perfect He said, "My father had already died before I graduated."
He said that his father had already died before he had graduated.
present He said, "I would help the homeless if I were mayor."
unreal He said that he would help the homeless if he were mayor.
past She said, "I would have given the answer if I had known it."
unreal She said that she would have given the answer if she had known it.
could I said, "I could run faster when I was young."
I said that I could run faster when he had been young.
4. (Reported Speech, Rick Shur, Page 4 of 6)
should He said, "You should get married."
He said that I should get married.
should have She said, "I should have worn a better dress yesterday."
She said that she should have worn a better dress the day before.
might I said, "I might go to the Statue of Liberty."
I said that I might go to the Statue of Liberty.
Rules for Reporting Questions
9a. The normal form for asking a direct question is [W] X S V:
(question word) (auxiliary) (subject) {verb) [a base form, ing form, or past participle]
[W] X S V
1. Where is your father working these days?
2. Are they going to the picnic?
3. Why do you talk so much?
4. Does your brother eat meat?
5. How much did that book cost?
6. Have you seen my textbook?
9b. In reported speech, a question is reported with the order W S [X] V.
1. A question with is changes to was.
2. A question with are changes to was/were.
3. A question with do changes to the simple past.
4. A question with does changes to the simple past.
5. A question with did changes to the past perfect (had + past participle).
6. The present perfect also changes to the past perfect.
7. The question word (under the W) is if for all yes/no (XSV) questions.
8. There are no commas and no question marks in reported questions.
9c. Here are the reported speech forms of the questions in 9a (above):
W S [X] V
1. He asked me where my father was working those days.
2. He asked me if they were going to the picnic.
3. He asked me why I talked so much.
4. He asked me if my brother ate meat.
5. He asked me how much that book had cost.
6. He asked me if I had seen his textbook.
Expressions That Change in Reported Speech
5. (Reported Speech, Rick Shur, Page 5 of 6)
10. Certain expressions must change in the reported form of speech:
The word now does not have to change, but it can change to then. Most native English speakers don't change now.
He said, "I was sick yesterday, but now I'm all right."
He said that he had been sick the day before but that now he was all right.
He said that he had been sick the day before but that then he was all right.
On the following, and last, page of this handout, there is a dialogue. Try to report the conversation.
this that
these those
here there
tomorrow the following day or
the next day
next month the following month or
the next month
today that day
tonight that night
this afternoon that afternoon
yesterday the day before or
the previous day
last year the year before or
the previous year
last night the night before or
the previous night
6. (Reported Speech, Rick Shur, Page 6 of 6)
Dad's Not Coming Home for Dinner
Instructions: Change the dialog to the reported form. Tell what each person did and said.
Mrs. Cantor: (comes into the living room) What are you doing, Andy?
Andy: (looks up) I'm fixing my radio.
Mrs. Cantor: Where's your sister?
Andy: She's in the kitchen making a sandwich.
Mrs. Cantor: (runs into the kitchen) Dolores!
Don't eat anything before dinner!
Dolores: (quickly swallows a piece of cake) Mom, I'm starving!
Mrs. Cantor: Have some cheese, but don't eat the cake.
Dolores: There isn't any cheese left. I ate it yesterday.
Mrs. Cantor: (speaks angrily) Go to the store and buy some more because
I'm making lasagna tonight.
Dolores: Okay, I will. I'll go when I finish my homework.
Andy: (enters the kitchen) Mom, when's Dad coming home?
Dolores: He's working late tonight, remember?
Mrs. Cantor: I completely forgot!
Andy: Don't worry, Mom. He doesn't like your lasagna anyway.
Reported Speech Verbs
ask- to get information or to make a request for someone to do something (He asked her...)
beg- to ask strongly and emotionally for someone to do something (She begged him...)
tell- to give information or to give a command (He told us....)
order- to give somebody a strong command (She ordered them....)
answer- to respond (We answered [him]...)
respond- to answer (He responded [to her]...)
remind- to tell somebody something that he or she might have forgotten (He reminded me...)
exclaim- to state information with great emotion (not used for giving commands) (He exclaimed [to her]...)
explain- to state information that will help somebody understand something (She explained [to him]...)
Reported Speech Action Verbs (These verbs are often used to report short exchanges.)
thank- He thanked her. (He said thank you to her.)
greet- She greeted him. (She said hello to him.)
agree- He agreed. (He said that somebody was right or that he would do what somebody wanted.)
refuse- She refused. (She said that she wouldn't obey somebody or that she wouldn't do somebody a favor.)
7. (Reported Speech, Rick Shur, Page 6 of 6)
Dad's Not Coming Home for Dinner
Instructions: Change the dialog to the reported form. Tell what each person did and said.
Mrs. Cantor: (comes into the living room) What are you doing, Andy?
Andy: (looks up) I'm fixing my radio.
Mrs. Cantor: Where's your sister?
Andy: She's in the kitchen making a sandwich.
Mrs. Cantor: (runs into the kitchen) Dolores!
Don't eat anything before dinner!
Dolores: (quickly swallows a piece of cake) Mom, I'm starving!
Mrs. Cantor: Have some cheese, but don't eat the cake.
Dolores: There isn't any cheese left. I ate it yesterday.
Mrs. Cantor: (speaks angrily) Go to the store and buy some more because
I'm making lasagna tonight.
Dolores: Okay, I will. I'll go when I finish my homework.
Andy: (enters the kitchen) Mom, when's Dad coming home?
Dolores: He's working late tonight, remember?
Mrs. Cantor: I completely forgot!
Andy: Don't worry, Mom. He doesn't like your lasagna anyway.
Reported Speech Verbs
ask- to get information or to make a request for someone to do something (He asked her...)
beg- to ask strongly and emotionally for someone to do something (She begged him...)
tell- to give information or to give a command (He told us....)
order- to give somebody a strong command (She ordered them....)
answer- to respond (We answered [him]...)
respond- to answer (He responded [to her]...)
remind- to tell somebody something that he or she might have forgotten (He reminded me...)
exclaim- to state information with great emotion (not used for giving commands) (He exclaimed [to her]...)
explain- to state information that will help somebody understand something (She explained [to him]...)
Reported Speech Action Verbs (These verbs are often used to report short exchanges.)
thank- He thanked her. (He said thank you to her.)
greet- She greeted him. (She said hello to him.)
agree- He agreed. (He said that somebody was right or that he would do what somebody wanted.)
refuse- She refused. (She said that she wouldn't obey somebody or that she wouldn't do somebody a favor.)