Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system
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8304This document summarizes several components of the renin-angiotensin system and their roles in regulating blood pressure. It explains that renin is released by the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by ACE, causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH, maintaining sodium and water levels in the blood. The atrial natriuretic peptide functions to lower blood pressure as a vasodilator that prevents sodium reabsorption.
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Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated when arterial pressure decreases. Renin is released by the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), mostly in the lungs. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex and causes vasoconstriction. This increases blood volume and arterial pressure through sodium and water retention and raised peripheral resistance.
The Renin Angiotensin Andosterone System
The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves the kidneys and liver. Renin is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen from the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Aldosterone is also released, increasing blood pressure further. Common drugs that target RAAS include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, and aldosterone receptor antagonists, which are used to treat
Renin angiotensin aldosterone- Updates
The document provides an overview of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It discusses the classical components of RAAS including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin peptides, angiotensin receptors, and angiotensin converting enzyme. It also covers newer concepts such as local tissue RAAS, intracellular RAAS, receptor heterodimerization, and the roles of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin (1-7). The document highlights functions of RAAS in various organs and pathophysiological processes.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Renin angiotensin system
This document discusses drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system for treating hypertension and other conditions. It describes how ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and decreasing angiotensin II formation, while also increasing bradykinin levels. Angiotensin receptor blockers competitively block the angiotensin II receptor. Both classes lower blood pressure by vasodilation and reduced sodium retention. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and myocardial infarction. Adverse effects include hypotension, hyperkalemia, and cough with ACE inhibitors.
Ras system
This document discusses the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and drugs that inhibit it. It begins with an introduction to RAS, describing how renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then angiotensin-converting enzyme converts it to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention, increasing blood pressure. The document then covers types of RAS, clinical significance of RAS in hypertension and related diseases, and drugs that inhibit different parts of the system including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and renin inhibitors. It provides details on the synthesis and mechanisms of several ACE inhibitors and
Blood Pressure and its Regulation
Blood pressure is the multiply of cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
Blood pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Cardiac output is the multi[ply of heart rate and stroke volume.
Normal heart rate in humans is 72 beats/min.
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by heart during one beat.
Cardiac Output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
The Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is the most potent vasoconstrictor system in the body. It was discovered in the 1930s-1940s through experiments involving renal artery clamping and purification of renin. The key components of the conventional circulating RAAS include renin from the kidneys, angiotensinogen from the liver, angiotensin I and II produced via enzymatic cascades, and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II is the primary effector peptide and causes vasoconstriction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and other effects by activating AT1 receptors. Local tissue RAAS also exist and influence organ function.
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Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated when arterial pressure decreases. Renin is released by the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), mostly in the lungs. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex and causes vasoconstriction. This increases blood volume and arterial pressure through sodium and water retention and raised peripheral resistance.
The Renin Angiotensin Andosterone System
The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves the kidneys and liver. Renin is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen from the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Aldosterone is also released, increasing blood pressure further. Common drugs that target RAAS include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, and aldosterone receptor antagonists, which are used to treat
Renin angiotensin aldosterone- Updates
The document provides an overview of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It discusses the classical components of RAAS including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin peptides, angiotensin receptors, and angiotensin converting enzyme. It also covers newer concepts such as local tissue RAAS, intracellular RAAS, receptor heterodimerization, and the roles of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin (1-7). The document highlights functions of RAAS in various organs and pathophysiological processes.
Anti Diuretic Hormone(ADH).ppt
Vasopressin, also known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts to conserve water in the body by increasing the permeability of collecting tubules and ducts in the kidneys to water absorption. ADH also causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Its secretion is regulated by factors like sodium concentration, blood volume, and blood pressure in order to maintain fluid homeostasis. Disorders of ADH secretion can cause diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive urine production and thirst.
Renin angiotensin system
This document discusses drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system for treating hypertension and other conditions. It describes how ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and decreasing angiotensin II formation, while also increasing bradykinin levels. Angiotensin receptor blockers competitively block the angiotensin II receptor. Both classes lower blood pressure by vasodilation and reduced sodium retention. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and myocardial infarction. Adverse effects include hypotension, hyperkalemia, and cough with ACE inhibitors.
Ras system
This document discusses the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and drugs that inhibit it. It begins with an introduction to RAS, describing how renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then angiotensin-converting enzyme converts it to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention, increasing blood pressure. The document then covers types of RAS, clinical significance of RAS in hypertension and related diseases, and drugs that inhibit different parts of the system including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and renin inhibitors. It provides details on the synthesis and mechanisms of several ACE inhibitors and
Blood Pressure and its Regulation
Blood pressure is the multiply of cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
Blood pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Cardiac output is the multi[ply of heart rate and stroke volume.
Normal heart rate in humans is 72 beats/min.
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by heart during one beat.
Cardiac Output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
The Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is the most potent vasoconstrictor system in the body. It was discovered in the 1930s-1940s through experiments involving renal artery clamping and purification of renin. The key components of the conventional circulating RAAS include renin from the kidneys, angiotensinogen from the liver, angiotensin I and II produced via enzymatic cascades, and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II is the primary effector peptide and causes vasoconstriction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and other effects by activating AT1 receptors. Local tissue RAAS also exist and influence organ function.
Blood pressure regulation renal mechanism
The renal mechanism plays a significant role in long-term blood pressure regulation when the nervous system fails. The kidney regulates blood pressure in two ways: by regulating extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin mechanism. When blood pressure increases, the kidneys excrete more water and sodium to decrease extracellular fluid volume and blood volume, lowering pressure. Alternatively, when pressure decreases, the kidneys reabsorb more water and sodium to increase volume and restore normal pressure. The renin-angiotensin system also helps regulate pressure by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention when pressure decreases.
Blood pressure & its regulation
1. Blood pressure is regulated through short, intermediate, and long-term control mechanisms. Short-term control is achieved through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes that sense changes in blood pressure and cardiac output.
2. Intermediate control is provided by the renin-angiotensin system, which causes vasoconstriction. Long-term control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hormones like vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide that regulate blood volume and vascular tone.
3. Local control of blood pressure is achieved through the actions of vasodilators like nitric oxide and vasoconstrictors like endothelin and angiotensin
Renin angiotensin system & drugs
This Presentation tries to make understand the System which plays a role in increasing Blood Pressure-Renin Angiotensin System & How the drugs and inhibiting Enzymes prevent this BP rise...
Cardiac output
The document discusses several key terms related to cardiac output and heart function:
- Contractility refers to the heart's ability to generate force at a given muscle length.
- Preload is the heart muscle length prior to contraction and depends on ventricular filling. The most important factor for preload is venous return.
- Afterload is the tension or pressure the ventricle must contract against to pump blood out. It depends on aortic or pulmonary artery pressure.
- Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, representing the total blood volume pumped per minute.
Physiology of the kidneys
The document discusses kidney physiology, including kidney function, structure, nephron components, and regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and waste products by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary electrolytes and water. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes glomerular and tubular structures that filter blood, reabsorb essential components, and secrete waste for urine formation and excretion.
Kidney function
The kidney has four main functions:
1. Excretory - forms and excretes urine through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
2. Homeostatic - regulates blood volume, pressure, pH and electrolyte concentrations
3. Endocrine - produces hormones like erythropoietin, renin, and prostaglandins
4. Metabolic - performs gluconeogenesis during starvation and metabolizes hormones
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
The document summarizes the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. It describes two main mechanisms - tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic autoregulation. Tubuloglomerular feedback senses sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa and controls afferent and efferent arteriole diameter to maintain GFR. Myogenic autoregulation involves the vascular smooth muscle sensing changes in arterial pressure to resist vessel stretching and regulate resistance. These mechanisms help keep GFR and renal blood flow relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure, preventing extreme fluctuations in renal excretion.
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants help prevent blood clotting. They are classified as those used in vivo (parenteral or oral) and those used in vitro. Parenteral anticoagulants include indirect and direct thrombin inhibitors like heparin and direct factor Xa inhibitors like fondaparinux. Oral anticoagulants include coumarin derivatives like warfarin and newer direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Anticoagulants are used to treat conditions involving blood clots like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation. Newer anticoagulants have advantages over warfarin like fewer drug and food interactions and less monitoring requirements.
Cardiovascular Drugs
This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It describes the mechanisms and clinical uses of different classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, sympatholytics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also covers drugs used for hypertensive emergencies like sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, and labetalol.
Anterior pituitary hormone analogues & inhibitors
Anterior Pituitary Hormone: Analogues & Inhibitors, Snehal S. signalling molecules. Chakorkar , Anterior gland: Posterior gland
Growth hormone (GH),
Prolactine (Prl),
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin),
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin),
Gonadotropins- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Oxytocin,
Antidiuretic hoemone (ADH, Vasopressin)
Somatotropes (GH),
Lactotropes (Prolatine).
Basophils: Gonadotropes (FSH & LH),
Thyrotropes (TSH),
Corticotrope-lipo-tropes (ACTH).
Antihypertensive drug
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
Insulin
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential for treating IDDM and sometimes needed for NIDDM. Oral hypoglycemic drugs like sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are also used to treat NIDDM by stimulating insulin secretion or improving insulin sensitivity. Both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse reaction if not used properly.
Diuretics...
1. Diuretics are drugs that cause increased excretion of water and sodium in urine. They are classified based on their mechanism and efficacy as high ceiling loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazides, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
2. Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle. Thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide act in the distal convoluted tubule. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
3. Diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cir
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Function of the liver
The document summarizes the functions and structure of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest internal organ, located on the right side below the diaphragm. The liver has important metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory and coagulation functions, including breaking down toxins, producing bile and proteins, and regulating blood flow. The liver is made up of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids that receive blood flow and allow for nutrient exchange. Damage to the liver can cause jaundice and diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
1 drugs acting on cardiovascular system
This document discusses various classes of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system including cardiotonic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, and antianginal drugs. It provides details on mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of specific drugs in these classes such as digitalis, alpha-methyl dopa, clonidine, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. The document aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacology of commonly used cardiovascular drugs through detailed explanations of their properties and effects.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone.ppt
ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that enhances the production of adrenal androgens. It is secreted in response to corticotropin-releasing factor from the hypothalamus. ACTH is a polypeptide made up of 39 amino acids that acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids and maintaining the integrity of the adrenal cortex. It also has non-adrenal actions such as mobilizing fat from tissues and stimulating melanocytes in the skin.
Renal physiology-1
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
1. The basic functions and structures of the kidney, including filtration, homeostasis, and hormone production.
2. The anatomy of the kidney, including locations of the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids and other structures.
3. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, describing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion and other processes.
4. Key physiological concepts like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance.
Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone regulate electrolyte and fluid balance. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts in the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. This helps regulate blood pressure and volume by increasing sodium levels and fluid retention. Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by potassium levels, sodium levels, extracellular fluid volume, and renin-angiotensin system to maintain electrolyte and fluid homeostasis.
RAAS.pptx
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAAS) is a complex hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and kidney function. It begins with the kidneys producing renin which acts on angiotensinogen from the liver to form angiotensin I and then angiotensin II with the help of an enzyme from the lungs. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, and stimulates aldosterone release to retain sodium and water. Dysregulation of this tightly controlled system can cause hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease, so drugs targeting RAAS components are often used to treat such conditions.
Function of the renin
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It consists mainly of the hormones renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Renin is released by the kidneys and cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme then converts angiotensin I into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and increased blood pressure. Blocking this system is important for treating hypertension and other cardiovascular
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Blood pressure regulation renal mechanism
The renal mechanism plays a significant role in long-term blood pressure regulation when the nervous system fails. The kidney regulates blood pressure in two ways: by regulating extracellular fluid volume and through the renin-angiotensin mechanism. When blood pressure increases, the kidneys excrete more water and sodium to decrease extracellular fluid volume and blood volume, lowering pressure. Alternatively, when pressure decreases, the kidneys reabsorb more water and sodium to increase volume and restore normal pressure. The renin-angiotensin system also helps regulate pressure by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin II, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention when pressure decreases.
Blood pressure & its regulation
1. Blood pressure is regulated through short, intermediate, and long-term control mechanisms. Short-term control is achieved through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes that sense changes in blood pressure and cardiac output.
2. Intermediate control is provided by the renin-angiotensin system, which causes vasoconstriction. Long-term control involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hormones like vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide that regulate blood volume and vascular tone.
3. Local control of blood pressure is achieved through the actions of vasodilators like nitric oxide and vasoconstrictors like endothelin and angiotensin
Renin angiotensin system & drugs
This Presentation tries to make understand the System which plays a role in increasing Blood Pressure-Renin Angiotensin System & How the drugs and inhibiting Enzymes prevent this BP rise...
Cardiac output
The document discusses several key terms related to cardiac output and heart function:
- Contractility refers to the heart's ability to generate force at a given muscle length.
- Preload is the heart muscle length prior to contraction and depends on ventricular filling. The most important factor for preload is venous return.
- Afterload is the tension or pressure the ventricle must contract against to pump blood out. It depends on aortic or pulmonary artery pressure.
- Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, representing the total blood volume pumped per minute.
Physiology of the kidneys
The document discusses kidney physiology, including kidney function, structure, nephron components, and regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and waste products by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary electrolytes and water. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes glomerular and tubular structures that filter blood, reabsorb essential components, and secrete waste for urine formation and excretion.
Kidney function
The kidney has four main functions:
1. Excretory - forms and excretes urine through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
2. Homeostatic - regulates blood volume, pressure, pH and electrolyte concentrations
3. Endocrine - produces hormones like erythropoietin, renin, and prostaglandins
4. Metabolic - performs gluconeogenesis during starvation and metabolizes hormones
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
The document summarizes the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. It describes two main mechanisms - tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic autoregulation. Tubuloglomerular feedback senses sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa and controls afferent and efferent arteriole diameter to maintain GFR. Myogenic autoregulation involves the vascular smooth muscle sensing changes in arterial pressure to resist vessel stretching and regulate resistance. These mechanisms help keep GFR and renal blood flow relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure, preventing extreme fluctuations in renal excretion.
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants help prevent blood clotting. They are classified as those used in vivo (parenteral or oral) and those used in vitro. Parenteral anticoagulants include indirect and direct thrombin inhibitors like heparin and direct factor Xa inhibitors like fondaparinux. Oral anticoagulants include coumarin derivatives like warfarin and newer direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Anticoagulants are used to treat conditions involving blood clots like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation. Newer anticoagulants have advantages over warfarin like fewer drug and food interactions and less monitoring requirements.
Cardiovascular Drugs
This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It describes the mechanisms and clinical uses of different classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, sympatholytics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also covers drugs used for hypertensive emergencies like sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, and labetalol.
Anterior pituitary hormone analogues & inhibitors
Anterior Pituitary Hormone: Analogues & Inhibitors, Snehal S. signalling molecules. Chakorkar , Anterior gland: Posterior gland
Growth hormone (GH),
Prolactine (Prl),
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin),
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin),
Gonadotropins- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Oxytocin,
Antidiuretic hoemone (ADH, Vasopressin)
Somatotropes (GH),
Lactotropes (Prolatine).
Basophils: Gonadotropes (FSH & LH),
Thyrotropes (TSH),
Corticotrope-lipo-tropes (ACTH).
Antihypertensive drug
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
Insulin
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential for treating IDDM and sometimes needed for NIDDM. Oral hypoglycemic drugs like sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are also used to treat NIDDM by stimulating insulin secretion or improving insulin sensitivity. Both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse reaction if not used properly.
Diuretics...
1. Diuretics are drugs that cause increased excretion of water and sodium in urine. They are classified based on their mechanism and efficacy as high ceiling loop diuretics, medium efficacy thiazides, weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
2. Loop diuretics like furosemide inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle. Thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide act in the distal convoluted tubule. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
3. Diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cir
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Functions,Secretion and Regulation of Bile
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
Function of the liver
The document summarizes the functions and structure of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest internal organ, located on the right side below the diaphragm. The liver has important metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory and coagulation functions, including breaking down toxins, producing bile and proteins, and regulating blood flow. The liver is made up of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids that receive blood flow and allow for nutrient exchange. Damage to the liver can cause jaundice and diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
1 drugs acting on cardiovascular system
This document discusses various classes of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system including cardiotonic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, and antianginal drugs. It provides details on mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of specific drugs in these classes such as digitalis, alpha-methyl dopa, clonidine, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. The document aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacology of commonly used cardiovascular drugs through detailed explanations of their properties and effects.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone.ppt
ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that enhances the production of adrenal androgens. It is secreted in response to corticotropin-releasing factor from the hypothalamus. ACTH is a polypeptide made up of 39 amino acids that acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids and maintaining the integrity of the adrenal cortex. It also has non-adrenal actions such as mobilizing fat from tissues and stimulating melanocytes in the skin.
Renal physiology-1
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
1. The basic functions and structures of the kidney, including filtration, homeostasis, and hormone production.
2. The anatomy of the kidney, including locations of the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids and other structures.
3. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, describing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion and other processes.
4. Key physiological concepts like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance.
Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone regulate electrolyte and fluid balance. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts in the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. This helps regulate blood pressure and volume by increasing sodium levels and fluid retention. Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by potassium levels, sodium levels, extracellular fluid volume, and renin-angiotensin system to maintain electrolyte and fluid homeostasis.
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RAAS.pptx
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAAS) is a complex hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and kidney function. It begins with the kidneys producing renin which acts on angiotensinogen from the liver to form angiotensin I and then angiotensin II with the help of an enzyme from the lungs. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, and stimulates aldosterone release to retain sodium and water. Dysregulation of this tightly controlled system can cause hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease, so drugs targeting RAAS components are often used to treat such conditions.
Function of the renin
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It consists mainly of the hormones renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Renin is released by the kidneys and cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme then converts angiotensin I into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and increased blood pressure. Blocking this system is important for treating hypertension and other cardiovascular
role of kidney in blood pressure regulation
The kidneys play an important role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system. The kidneys release renin when blood pressure drops, which triggers a chain of events. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and then angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and salt and water retention in the kidneys by directly acting on the kidneys and stimulating aldosterone secretion, both of which increase blood pressure. Thus, the renin-angiotensin system helps maintain blood pressure within a normal range.
Humoral control
The document discusses humoral control of blood flow through various vasoactive substances. It describes vasoconstrictors like norepinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin, and endothelin that constrict blood vessels. It also discusses vasodilators like bradykinin, histamine, and atrial natriuretic peptide that dilate blood vessels. It provides details on how substances like vasopressin, aldosterone, and angiotensin II regulate blood pressure and fluid balance through actions in the kidneys and blood vessels. The role of the vasopressin-aquaporin 2 pathway in water balance disorders is also summarized.
Hormonal Mechanism for Rapid.ppt
This document outlines three hormonal mechanisms that can rapidly control arterial pressure:
1. Adrenaline and Nor-adrenaline secreted from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation. Nor-adrenaline causes vasoconstriction increasing blood pressure, while adrenaline increases heart rate.
2. The Renin Angiotensin System where low blood pressure triggers the kidneys to release renin which converts angiotensin I and then II. Angiotensin II causes rapid vasoconstriction and increased norepinephrine release, both of which raise blood pressure.
3. The Vasopressin System where vasopressin is secreted from the pituitary gland, stimulating
Circulatory shock is the decreased blood flow throughout the body. D.pdf
Circulatory shock is the decreased blood flow throughout the body. During hypotensive
conditions, the cardiac output decreases, and fails to supply all the body organs. Nervous system
with pituitary gland is going to release hormones to stimulate the activity of homeostasis by
kidneys
If the blood pressure of vascular system falls below the normal levels, a hormone called
erythropoietin (EPO) is released from the endocrine cells (endocrine system) of the kidney and
renin is released from the juxtra glomerular apparatus of the kidney. The activation of renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) causes the secretion of aldosterone and anti diuretic hormone (ADH),
which together causes increased thirst and fluid intake that in turn causes increase in blood
volume and pressure via high absorption rate of fluids in the digestive tract (digestive system).
Activation of RAS also causes increased red cell production that contributes for increasing the
blood volume.
Angiostensin converting enzyme is going to convert angiotentin I into angiotensin II & this is
going to stimulate aldosterone to increase blood volume by increasing renal tubular reabsorption.
If teh respiratory system is unable to eliminate higher bicarbonate through the CO2 may lead to
high blood acidity with low pH after sever muscular activity then homeostasis is attained due to
high conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II result in eliminating of high bicarbonate
through renal system
Aldosterone specifically increases sodium and water reabsorption from renal tubules and
eliminates potassium finally increases venous return to improve blood pressure. Therefore,
aldosterone is main manager of renal sodium ion concentration.
Erythropoietin released -----> renin released --------> increased red blood cell production ------->
aldosterone secreted from adrenal cortex due to activation of adrenal receptors---> vesicular
release of hormonal protein---> vesicular release--> K+ eliminates & sodium input takes place --
---------> ADH secreted -----------> Increased fluid intake and retention ---------> rising blood
pressure
Synthesis of hormone ---> storage of hormone in membrane vesicles --> vesicular release of
hormone --> hormone circulation through blood stream ---> diffusion across target cell plasma
membrane --> binding of hormone to receptor (because aldosretone is a steroidal
mieralocorticoid acts on nuclear receptors of cells in the distal tubule and the collecting duct\'s
principal cells in neuron) ---> receptor activation ---> target cell response to hormone
Explanation:
Considerable rise in peripheral resistance followed by activation of vasoconstriction finally result
in increase in blood pressure.
The posterior pituitary: It is composed of predominantly neuronal projections associated with
axons of magnocellular neurosecretory cells. These projections are extending from posterior
pituitary into hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and these neuronal cells secrete
neurohypop.
Kidney127
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood. Urine is composed of water and waste products like urea and passes from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. Hormones and the nervous system help regulate urine production to maintain fluid balance and blood pressure within tight limits.
kidney.pptx
The document discusses the role of the kidney and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating blood pressure and hypertension. The kidney controls blood pressure by regulating salt, water, and electrolyte balance. The RAAS is activated when blood pressure drops, causing the release of renin and a chain of hormones that ultimately increase water retention and vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure. Dysregulation of the RAAS can lead to chronic high blood pressure.
General physiology - regulation of ECF
The document discusses physiology of body fluids, including:
1. Body fluids are divided into intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and transcellular fluid compartments. Extracellular fluid makes up about 40% of body weight and is regulated through osmoregulation.
2. Osmoregulation maintains stable concentrations of electrolytes and fluid volumes through negative feedback mechanisms that sense changes in extracellular fluid osmolarity and regulate the addition or subtraction of free water.
3. Several hormones and physiological systems help regulate fluid balance, including vasopressin, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, and osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus that
Lect 26 9th oct angiotensin system
The document discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in controlling arterial blood pressure. It describes how:
1) Renin is released by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, and activates the renin-angiotensin system.
2) This system raises blood pressure through vasoconstriction and increasing salt and water retention in the kidneys.
3) Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor produced via this system that causes long-term increases in blood pressure by increasing extracellular fluid volume.
Functions of kidney
The kidneys perform several important functions:
1) They excrete wastes and toxins from the blood in the form of urine, removing substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
2) They help regulate blood pressure, pH, ion composition, glucose levels, and fluid balance by filtering the blood and adjusting urine output.
3) The kidneys also produce hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol that influence red blood cell production and calcium absorption.
functionsofkidney-170820131950 (1).pdf
The kidneys perform several important functions:
1) They excrete wastes and toxins from the blood in the form of urine, removing substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
2) They help regulate blood pressure, pH, ion composition, glucose levels, and fluid balance by filtering the blood and adjusting urine output.
3) The kidneys also produce hormones like erythropoietin and calcitriol that influence red blood cell production and calcium absorption.
BLOOD PRESSURE AND REGULATION (RAAS).pptx
Blood Pressure Basics
Measured by Force of Blood on Artery Walls
Measured in Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure:
Volume of Water in Body
Salt Content of Body
Condition of Kidneys, Nervous System and Blood Vessels (Arteries and Veins)
Levels of Various Hormones in Body (adrenal hormones eg.aldosterone)
Definition of Blood pressure:
The Bp is the pressure of the blood within the arteries.
OR
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
OR
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that helps to push blood through the body.
Arteries take blood away from the heart.
Arterial Pressure is the force exerted by the blood upon the walls of the arteries.
Veins bring blood to the heart.
Venous Pressure is the force exerted by the blood upon the wall of the veins.
Systole over Diastole
Blood Pressure = Systolic Pressure over Diastolic Pressure
120/80 mmHg (Healthy Measurement)
Blood Pressure is Highest(120) During Systole (Ventricles Contract and send blood out)
Blood Pressure is Lowest (80) pressure During Diastole( Ventricles Relax and Refill )
Systolic blood pressure measures the amount of pressure that blood exerts on vessels while the heart is beating(systole).
The optimal systolic blood pressure is 120 mmHg.
Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the vessels between heartbeats(diastole). The optimal diastolic blood pressure is 80 mmHg.
FACTORS AFFECTING BP
Age, race, family history, overweight, alcoholism.high intake of sodium. Less potassium, chronic diseases, stress etc.
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
SHORT-TERM NEURAL CONTROL
Neural or nervous system regulating of blood pressure is achieved through the role of cardiovascular centers and baroreceptor stimulation.
Autonomic nervous system: the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, blood pressure modulation.
Sympathetic nervous system: under stress raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels.
Parasympathetic: inhibits or opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Baroreceptor: a nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure in the blood vessels .
Norepinephrine: Epinephrine increases arterial pressure.
SHORT-TERM CHEMICAL CONTROL
Blood pressure is controlled chemically through dilation or constriction of the blood vessels by vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.
Constriction or dilation of blood vessels alters resistance, increasing or decreasing blood pressure respectively.
vasodilation: The dilation (widening) of a blood vessel. Ex:Nitroglycerin,hydralazine
vasoconstriction: The constriction (narrowing) of a blood vessel.epinephrine ,dopamine.
The Classical RAS Pathway Works
The important members of the classical RAS pathway are:
Renin
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1)
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
This document discusses aldosterone, a steroid hormone that regulates electrolyte and fluid balance. It is synthesized in the adrenal cortex and works by increasing sodium absorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys, salivary glands, and gastrointestinal tract. Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by angiotensin II through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system controls blood pressure by stimulating aldosterone release in response to decreases in blood volume or pressure. Aldosterone antagonists and ACE inhibitors are used to treat hypertension by blocking the effects of aldosterone or inhibiting angiotensin II formation, respectively.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System- Drugs Overview.
hi everyone., Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system explained in a lucid manner to understand the concept in a better way.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS).pptx
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance. While the baroreceptor reflex responds short term to decreased arterial pressure, the RAAS is responsible for acute and chronic alterations. The classical understanding of RAAS is that it comprises three significant compounds: renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. These three compounds elevate arterial pressure in response to decreased renal blood pressure, salt delivery to the distal convoluted tubule, and beta-agonism.
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life.
The interactions of various aqueous solutions, solutions in which water is the solvent, are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in our body.
Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.
EFFECTS OF EXCESS SALT DIET ON ANGITENSINOGEN SECRETIONS IN THE KIDNEY OVER TIME
Abstract
Background: Salt is an important component for normal function of cells. However, we consume more than 10 times the salt that is required. This high salt content affects the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that regulates blood pressure (BP) and water content of our body. Angiotensinogen is an oligopeptide hormone precursor serving as a substrate for renin in the formation of angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in BP. We hypothesized that angiotensinogen secretions increases in the kidney and urine with intake of high salt diet.
Methods: Dahl salt sensitive (SS) and salt resistant (SR) male rats (8 weeks old) were fed with high salt (HS) and low salt (LS) diet along with or without aldosterone (ALDO); aldosterone antagonist, eplerenone (EPL); and NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (APC) for 21 days. Urine samples and kidney were collected; total proteins isolated, and quantified using the microassay procedure and analyzed by western blot for angiotensinogen.
Results: Angiotensinogen was detected in the kidney samples of Dahl SS rat when fed either low or high salt diet, whereas angiotensinogen was detected in kidney samples of Dahl SR rats when fed with high salt diets. Angiotensinogen was not detected in urine samples.
Conclusions: In conclusion, consuming a high salt diet increases Angiotensinogen that lead to an increase in angiotensin II which may cause an increase in BP.
Acknowledgements: Vivien Thomas Summer Research Program, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Chieh yinkuosigmaxi2013
Abstract
Background: Salt is an important component for normal function of cells. However, we consume more than 10 times the salt that is required. This high salt content affects the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that regulates blood pressure (BP) and water content of our body. Angiotensinogen is an oligopeptide hormone precursor serving as a substrate for renin in the formation of angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in BP. We hypothesized that angiotensinogen secretions increases in the kidney and urine with intake of high salt diet.
Methods: Dahl salt sensitive (SS) and salt resistant (SR) male rats (8 weeks old) were fed with high salt (HS) and low salt (LS) diet along with or without aldosterone (ALDO); aldosterone antagonist, eplerenone (EPL); and NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (APC) for 21 days. Urine samples and kidney were collected; total proteins isolated, and quantified using the microassay procedure and analyzed by western blot for angiotensinogen.
Results: Angiotensinogen was detected in the kidney samples of Dahl SS rat when fed either low or high salt diet, whereas angiotensinogen was detected in kidney samples of Dahl SR rats when fed with high salt diets. Angiotensinogen was not detected in urine samples.
Conclusions: In conclusion, consuming a high salt diet increases Angiotensinogen that lead to an increase in angiotensin II which may cause an increase in BP.
Acknowledgements: Vivien Thomas Summer Research Program, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Excretory system mmp presentation
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. They maintain homeostasis by regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood in the cortex and reabsorb useful substances in the medulla before urine is emptied to the bladder. The kidneys also release hormones like erythropoietin, renin, and calcitriol to regulate blood pressure and red blood cell production. Kidney function is vital for fluid balance, electrolyte regulation, and acid-base homeostasis in the body.
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3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptx
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EFFECTS OF EXCESS SALT DIET ON ANGITENSINOGEN SECRETIONS IN THE KIDNEY OVER TIME
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Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system
- 1. Prepared by NSANZIMANA VEDASTE UR-CMHS, BLS Department
- 3. Angiotensin Any of several polypeptides that narrow blood vessels and thus regulate arterial pressure Renin A circulating enzyme released by mammalian kidneys that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I that plays a role in maintaining blood pressure Aquaporin Any of a class of proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells
- 5. Renin, a hormone produced the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys, converts angiotensinogen (which is made in the liver) to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), increasing blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction of the blood vessels.
- 6. Angiotensin II causes the release of aldosterone which is produced by the adrenal cortex; it functions to maintain both sodium and water levels (osmotic balance) in the blood. Angiotensin II also causes the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which functions to conserve water in the body when volume is low; it does this by inserting aquaporins in the collecting duct of the nephron to promote water reabsorption. .
- 7. The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is another hormone that is produced to function as a vasodilator and lower blood pressure by preventing sodium reabsorption
- 8. Thank you