This document discusses various energy sources and classifications. It describes primary energy sources as raw sources directly available in nature, like solar, wind, water, coal. Secondary energy sources are usable forms, like electricity, obtained by transforming primary sources. Intermediate sources are formed during the transformation process. Renewable sources like solar, wind can be replenished, while non-renewable sources like nuclear fuels are limited. There is growing global demand for energy due to increasing population, development, and modernization. Future energy needs may require switching from limited fossil fuels to more renewable and alternative sources.
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE GREEN ENERGY ELECTRIC POWER CONVERTER AND THIS REPORT IS PREPARED ON THE BASE OF FORMAT WHICH IS STANDARD AND THIS REPORT ALSO CONTAINS DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES WHICH IS RENEWABLE SOURCES SO THIS USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE GREEN ENERGY ELECTRIC POWER CONVERTER AND THIS REPORT IS PREPARED ON THE BASE OF FORMAT WHICH IS STANDARD AND THIS REPORT ALSO CONTAINS DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES WHICH IS RENEWABLE SOURCES SO THIS USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oilbased
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
IntroductionHeading 1 Energy SourcesHeading 2 Energy relia.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
Heading 1: Energy Sources
Heading 2: Energy reliability
Heading 3: Renewable energy
Heading 4:Non-renewable energies
Heading 5: New energy
Heading 6: Recovery techniques,
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Contemporary Engineering Issues: Energy Availability
ABSTRACT
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, that is what scientists have concluded from their researches on energy, however, energy conservation and management remains a priority issue to all nations. Posterity of energy is a growing concern, and several states, are critically considering measures that will ensure energy availability and sustainability. This has elicited researches into various energy related fields in a bid to ensure availability prioritized. This report will therefore explore matters as pertaining to energy availability. Prospects of energy sources, reliability, depletion, and recovery techniques will be a priority. Intensive research in the later named fields will be pivotal in ensuring energy is Available for use today and tomorrow, for the world needs efficient energy transformations.
Energy availability
Introduction
Advancement in civilization and science can be attributed to the availability of energy. Over the past years, energy has been the driving force behind various sectors of the economy, such as transport, manufacturing and processing, agriculture, etc. Great scientific explorations have also been enabled by the progress made in energy production systems that power space vehicles and satellites. Owing to its importance, human beings have always, both in the past and in the present times, sought for methods of exploiting energy resources to obtain maximum benefits. The increased use of coal during the industrial revolution enhanced industrial growth and mechanization in the production of goods. Coal exploitation also changed the transport sector with invention of locomotives and steam powered engines that required coal. Advancement in technology led to exploitation of petroleum, thereby replacing coal as the main source of energy. Petroleum has been widely used in power generators and as fuel for engines. Concerns have however been raised on the durability of the available energy resources since most coal and petroleum deposits are getting depleted and may not be available in the future [3]. This has led to research and development on alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and even tidal energy. In addition, the use of various forms of energy in homes, places of work and industries has undergone major transformations in a bid to minimize energy wastage and lower pollution levels arising from the production of greenhouse gasses. Scientists have also come up with methods of making the use of energy more convenient and reliable. More power stations are also being built in an attempt to meet the ever growing power demands by the human population. All these efforts are driven by the concern that the world.
Energy Sources, Origin of energy resources, Forms of energy, types of energy resources.
Farm Power, Farm Mechanization- introduction, benefits and advantages.
Renewable energy refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and virtually inexhaustible, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, providing a sustainable and clean alternative to fossil fuels for power generation and reducing carbon emissions!
Renewable energy and resources (MVGR).pptxAKHIL Battula
This presentation depicts, how renewable resources have an adverse effect on the environment. It begin with naming renewable energy resources and detail knowledge on their working. There after, slides explicit the side effects in production of renewable energy. To conclude, either the energy is source is renewable or non-renewable it always have an adverse effect on nature. So we need to develop our renewable energy resources more and more if we want to enjoy a peaceful and satisfactory life in today's energy hungry world.
Alternative Energy Essay
Alternative Energy Essay
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy Resources Essays
Alternative Energy Essay
Alternative Energy Essay
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oilbased
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
IntroductionHeading 1 Energy SourcesHeading 2 Energy relia.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
Heading 1: Energy Sources
Heading 2: Energy reliability
Heading 3: Renewable energy
Heading 4:Non-renewable energies
Heading 5: New energy
Heading 6: Recovery techniques,
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Contemporary Engineering Issues: Energy Availability
ABSTRACT
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, that is what scientists have concluded from their researches on energy, however, energy conservation and management remains a priority issue to all nations. Posterity of energy is a growing concern, and several states, are critically considering measures that will ensure energy availability and sustainability. This has elicited researches into various energy related fields in a bid to ensure availability prioritized. This report will therefore explore matters as pertaining to energy availability. Prospects of energy sources, reliability, depletion, and recovery techniques will be a priority. Intensive research in the later named fields will be pivotal in ensuring energy is Available for use today and tomorrow, for the world needs efficient energy transformations.
Energy availability
Introduction
Advancement in civilization and science can be attributed to the availability of energy. Over the past years, energy has been the driving force behind various sectors of the economy, such as transport, manufacturing and processing, agriculture, etc. Great scientific explorations have also been enabled by the progress made in energy production systems that power space vehicles and satellites. Owing to its importance, human beings have always, both in the past and in the present times, sought for methods of exploiting energy resources to obtain maximum benefits. The increased use of coal during the industrial revolution enhanced industrial growth and mechanization in the production of goods. Coal exploitation also changed the transport sector with invention of locomotives and steam powered engines that required coal. Advancement in technology led to exploitation of petroleum, thereby replacing coal as the main source of energy. Petroleum has been widely used in power generators and as fuel for engines. Concerns have however been raised on the durability of the available energy resources since most coal and petroleum deposits are getting depleted and may not be available in the future [3]. This has led to research and development on alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and even tidal energy. In addition, the use of various forms of energy in homes, places of work and industries has undergone major transformations in a bid to minimize energy wastage and lower pollution levels arising from the production of greenhouse gasses. Scientists have also come up with methods of making the use of energy more convenient and reliable. More power stations are also being built in an attempt to meet the ever growing power demands by the human population. All these efforts are driven by the concern that the world.
Energy Sources, Origin of energy resources, Forms of energy, types of energy resources.
Farm Power, Farm Mechanization- introduction, benefits and advantages.
Renewable energy refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and virtually inexhaustible, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, providing a sustainable and clean alternative to fossil fuels for power generation and reducing carbon emissions!
Renewable energy and resources (MVGR).pptxAKHIL Battula
This presentation depicts, how renewable resources have an adverse effect on the environment. It begin with naming renewable energy resources and detail knowledge on their working. There after, slides explicit the side effects in production of renewable energy. To conclude, either the energy is source is renewable or non-renewable it always have an adverse effect on nature. So we need to develop our renewable energy resources more and more if we want to enjoy a peaceful and satisfactory life in today's energy hungry world.
Alternative Energy Essay
Alternative Energy Essay
Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy Resources Essays
Alternative Energy Essay
Alternative Energy Essay
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
1
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES: The
classification of different energy sources is given in tree diagram
shown in Fig. 1.2. Primary energy is also called as raw energy.
It is the directly available form of energy.
Fig. 1.2 : Different energy resources
For example, solar energy is used for drying, cooking, wood,
water at higher level, coal etc. Thus primary energy is that
energy form available in nature which is used as it is without
changing its form. Many times it is necessary to have energy
such as electricity. Then primary energy needs to be transformed
to usable energy form which is called secondary energy. Thus,
secondary energy is the usable energy. Most commonly used
secondary energy is electricity because many applications are
based on it, electricity can be easily transported, distributed,
measured and controlled. Many times, it is not possible to
convert primary (raw) energy directly into secondary (usable)
energy. Some other forms of energy are formed while converting
primary energy into secondary energy. These different energy
forms obtained between primary and secondary sources are
2. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
2
called intermediate energy sources. Consider following
examples of energy transformations :
Renewable Energy Resources In example 1, when wood is
burnt, we get heat and light which can be used directly. It is
example of primary (raw) energy used directly. In example 2,
petrol is fossible fuel, converted to mechanical energy in
automobiles. Thus raw energy form is petrol and usable energy
is mechanical energy. This conversion involves no intermediate
energy form generated and intermediate energy source is absent.
In example 3, when coal is burnt, it gives heat which is used to
heat water to form steam, which is used by generators to finally
produce electricity. Here, coal is primary energy source, hot
water and steam form intermediate energy sources and electrical
energy (electricity) forms the secondary energy source. The
primary energy is of two types : conventional and non-
conventional. The energy sources which are in use from long
back, particularly before 1975, are called conventional. The
energy sources which are considered for its large scale use after
energy crisis (1973) are called alternative or non-conventional.
However, the demarcation between conventional and non-
conventional energy sources is not rigid. Today's non-
conventional energy sources become conventional after few
decades. The non-conventional sources are likely to have more
and more share of energy market in decades to come. The
conventional sources are further classified into recoverable and
3. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
3
non-recoverable. Some sources are recoverable, some are
partially recoverable and some are non-recoverable (coal at very
high depth). Non-conventional sources are divided into two
categories —renewable and non-renewable. Renewable sources
are also called as non-traditional energy sources. Renewable
energy sources are those which can be replenished even after
their use. For example, solar energy, wind energy, ocean tides,
ocean waves, biomass, etc. Non-renewable energy sources are
those which do not get replenished after their use. For example,
nuclear fission or nuclear fusion fuels. Non-renewable energy
sources are those which are formed very slowly in nature and
likely to be exhausted in few more decades or centuries. The
secondary energy is classified as commercial and non-
commercial depending upon the production and purpose of that
energy source. For example, electricity is commercial source of
energy, whereas heat in solar cooker is non-commercial source
of energy.
1.4 AGE OF RENEWABLES AND ALTERNATIVES:
In earlier section (1.3) we have seen the classification of energy
resources and the meaning of alternative and renewable energy
sources. Further Table 1.1 shows that most of the energy
demands of the world are fulfilled by conventional energy
sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. These conventional
sources are on the verge of extinction. The situation of energy
available and its cost became worst in 1973 during energy crisis
which compelled the world to switch over from conventional
sources to non-conventional renewable energy sources. This was
the beginning of age of renewables and alternatives. Different
forms of alternative, renewable energy resources are being
searched all over the world. There is significant research and
4. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
4
technological development in the field of these renewable
energy sources. The percentage of share of these energy sources
has increased in recent years. Some of these energy sources are
as follows :
1.Solar energy : The power plant based on solar energy converts
solar energy to thermal one and then to electrical or solar energy
to electrical energy directly by photovoltaic route. This is
discussed in detail in chapter
2. Wind energy : The power plant involves conversion of wind
energy to electrical energy using wind turbine.
3. Geothermal energy : In this case heat inside the earth is
extracted in the form of dry steam/wet steam/hot brine through
hot deep well (1.5 to 3 km). The steam is used for turbine which
gives electrical energy.
4. Ocean thermal energy : Here, heat in upper layer of ocean
water is used for driving steam turbine/gas turbine on shore in
floating plant and cold water from bottom is used as condenser.
5. Ocean wave energy : High ocean waves (2 to 4 m) drive
hydroturbine in cyclic manner to generate electricity.
6. Ocean tide energy : During high tide water is stored in high
reservoir and is released during low tide which drives turbine to
produce electricity.
7. Waste incineration : In this case, combustible waste (paper,
rags, wood, residence-waste etc.) is burnt to obtain steam which
drives the steam turbine.
8. Bio fuels : Wood, rice and wheat husk, biogas and other
biomass is burnt and the generated heat is used for steam-turbine
generator.
9. Fuel-cell : Chemicals can be used as fuels to produce
electricity upto few kW to MW.
5. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
5
10. Nuclear energy : There are two ways of using nuclear
energy -nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In nuclear fission,
heavy nuclei of radioactive atoms such as uranium and
plutonium fissile material are bombarded with slow neutrons to
form (fragments) two lighter nuclei with enormous amount of
release of heat energy and 2 to 3 neutrons. Some fertile materials
can be converted into fissile materials and then used for fission.
When the fission is controlled, then it is effectively used for
energy production. This is done in nuclear reactor. Further, fast
breeder reactors are more suitable.
In nuclear fusion, two lighter nuclei (hydrogen) combine at very
high temperature to form heavy nucleus (helium) which gives
very high amount of energy released. Compared to nuclear
fission, nuclear fusion gives very large amount of energy
released.
This energy is likely to serve as major energy source in future.
11. Magneto-Hydro Dynamics (MHD) : Here, hot gases are
seeded to form ionised gases which are passed through magnetic
field perpendicular to the current. This is direct conversion of
heat to electricity.
It has been mentioned before that there is an ever growing rate
of demands for secondary usable energy all over the world.the
main source of the energy are conventional (like hydroelectric
power , petrolium oil, natural gas,coal etc.) But natural reserve
of the primary energy resources of these are limited and likely
to be exhausted soon in few decades or centuries to come and
the problem will be grave.
Another difficulty is that the price of the resoursc are hiking
very fast. The world awoke in the respect after 1973 petrolium
price rise.Many of the countries have short supply of the reserves
6. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
6
of the resources, hence they are compelled to import them at
high price and their economy is threatened.
Therefore all over the world serious attempts are made to
find new alternative sources of energy and more attention is
focussed on obtaining energy from renewable sources (like solar
radiation, tide waves, wind etc.) at low cost. Technologies are
being developed and improved. But renewable energy resources
are as a rule electrical energy routes i.e. the energy from these
resources has to be first transformed into electrical energy, then
it could be transported, distributed and used. Therefore, it is very
costly.
Another difficulty is the low efficiency of conversion into
electrical energy. But most of the renewable energy available is
very cheap. Another alternative is nuclear energy. Though
enormous amount of energy could be derived (as heat) in nuclear
plants, care has to be taken to protect from hazardous gamma
radiations and get away with radioactive ash. Biomass energy
also is a good alternative. It can be used for generation of fuel
gas and electrical energy.
The following table gives a brief account of alternative and
renewable resources in use or likely to be used on large scale in
near future.
Table 1.2 : Alternative and Renewable Power Plants
No. Source Power Plant
1 Solar energy (i)Solar-thermal steam power plant. (ii)
Solar-photovoltaic cell power plant.
2 Wind Wind-turbine generator plant.
3 Geothermal
energy
Geothermal steam power plant.
7. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
7
4 Ocean thermal
energy
Ocean thermal energy power plant.
5 Ocean wave
(high waves)
Ocean waves driving hydro-turbine
generators.
6 Ocean tide Hydro-turbine generators are operated
by water reservoirs by high and low
tides.
7 Waste
incineration
Combustible waste is burnt and used as
fuel generate steam for electric power
generator.
8 Bio-fuels Wood, husk of rice and wheat is burnt,
bio-gases are burnt to operate steam
operated electric power generators.
9 Fuel cells power Chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
10 Nuclear energy Nuclear fission and fusion power
plants.
11 Magneto-hydro
energy
Hot gases and strong magnetic field
used energy in the power plant.
All these resources are used to generate electric power first.
India's plans : New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE)
schemes under the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy, India
has planned to harness energy in the 9th plan (1998-2003) as :
Small hydro -20 MW Solar systems,
Solar system,PV, Thermal -100 MW
Biomass - 250 MW
Wind farms -2000 MW
Agricultural waste -250 MW
1.5 ENERGY DEMANDS:
8. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
8
Real history of civilization of mankind starts from the
caveman (Before 10 lac years). With civilization, the
population of the world also has grown enormously. It has
grown from a few lac to around 400 crores. Discoveries,
inventions in the field of science have evolved tremendous
development in technologies and it has brought about
industrialisation and needs of man are growing limitlessly with
the availability of luxuries. (A number of luxuries have now
become necessities ). The life style of man has changed and is
changing every day. A common man always requires
secondary (usable) energy in the form of fuels (coal, diesel,
petrol, kerosene, natural gas, chemicals, firewood....), electrical
power, chemicals (for processes, cleaning, washing,
charging....), renewables (solar heat, biogas, wind, ....). He has
to purchase most of it. (only solar heat, wind energy are free
of cost).
Energy is required to grow food i.e. for agriculture. For
agriculture electric power, fuel, chemicals etc. are required.
Energy is required for social purposes (as electric power, fuel),
for municipalities (for supplying water by pipelines and electric
pumps, fuel (diesel, petrol etc.), for industries which transform
primary energy into usable one, for transportation; for military
(defense), research laboratories. Energy consumed in urban area
is much more than in rural area. Increased field of
communication by transport, by roads, air, water, by railways,
cars, aero planes, even rockets (for launching communication
satellites) requires large amount of energy. So is true for growing
industries of iron, steel, plastics, oil processing, clothing, fabrics,
cement, chemicals, food products, building material, medicines,
luxury items. Industries require mainly electric power, fuels and
water.
9. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
9
Therefore there is ever-growing demand for energy. Some
figures make the things clear. In the age of cave man per head
(capita) energy consumption was about 3 kWh. per day. In the
beginning of the 21st
century it has grown to 410 kWh per day.
The world's primary energy demand per year in 1972 was 270 x
1018J while in 2020 it is expected to grow to 840 x 1018
J. per
year.
[Of course, per capita consumption of energy in developed
countries is much more (about 200 x 109
J) than in developing
countries (about 50 x 109
J). India's share is only 8.5 x 109
J per
head].
Presently energy is being produced from both conventional and
non-conventional sources. Energy sources such as coal and
lignite, oil, natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind, biomass, etc. are
used to produce secondary energy. The energy produced is used
all over the world and so also in India in different sectors and in
different forms.
But the demand of energy is higher than production. For
instance, Table 1.3 gives sector-wise consumption of electricity
in India during 2013-14. The demand for energy is increasing
rapidly due to growing population, industrialization,
transportation, commercialization. The increase in energy
demand after 1950 is shown in Fig. 1.2.
10. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
10
Fig. 1.2 : Increasing energy demand of primary sources .
From Fig. 1.2 it is seen that there is growing demand of
energy in last few decades. The energy demand of the world has
continued to increase at an annual growth rate of 3 to 4%. This
seems to increase further in future. The reasons for this can be
stated as follows :
1. Increasing per capita consumption with increasing standard of
living. Further, this consumption is higher in developed
countries than in developing and underdeveloped countries.
Also, this consumption is higher in urban areas than in rural
areas.
2. Increasing population — Rapidly increasing population takes
away the increased production of energy.
3. Transportation, commercialization and mechanization are
also responsible for increased energy demand.
This trend of increased demand will continue and production
will decrease. There are estimates about fossil fuels which are as
follows :
11. V.S. Patil/B.SC.III/Physics/2021-22/Notes
11
(i) The rate of oil production in the world will reach its peak in
2015, then it will decline gradually. Most of the oil reserves are
likely to be consumed by the end of this century. The oil
provides 30% of world's need for energy. It is the fuel used in
world's transportation system.
(ii) The peak in natural gas production will come in 2025, about
10 years after peak in oil production.
(iii) As oil and natural gas become scarcer after 2025, a greater
burden will fall on coal. It is estimated that production of coal
will touch a maximum in 2050. This shows that in future one has
to switchover from fossil fuels to other non-conventional
renewable energy sources. Also the nuclear energy is one of the
options for energy in future.