To ensure equitable development for all the regions of Rwanda and to limit migration into and prevent congestion of Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, the Rwandan government has embarked on the development of secondary cities. Consequently, there is the need to provide affordable and safe buildings in the proposed secondary cities. This study investigated the feasibility of using reinforced masonry bricks (RBM) for constructing buildings in the Rwandan secondary city in Muhanga District as an alternative to using reinforced concrete (RC) presently in use in the Kigali based on the availability of clay as the raw material for the production of masonry bricks needed for RBM. Questionnaires were administered and interviews were conducted to establish the level of acceptance of RBM for constructing building in Muhanga. The comparison of the costs of construction building using RBM and RC and the other advantages of RBM over RC for constructing buildings the Rwandan secondary city in Muhanga District are presented.
STUDY ON DEVELOPING MORTAR-LESS MASONRY WORKS AS ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRU...IRJET Journal
This study aimed to develop an alternative mortar-less masonry construction method using interlocking hollow concrete blocks (IHCBs) to address the need for affordable housing. Researchers created IHCB prototypes with dimensions of 200x200x400mm and 100x200x400mm using a mix of cement, sand, gravel, and scoria aggregates. Surveys of construction professionals and experiments testing the blocks' properties were conducted. The maximum compressive strength achieved was 2.39MPa, meeting Ethiopian standards for Class C blocks. Water absorption was 16.45%, exceeding standards. IHCB construction was found to be less costly and faster than other methods. The study concluded IHCBs could provide an affordable
Development OF Low Cost Durable Precast Compound WallIRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a low-cost durable precast compound wall. It begins with an introduction discussing the benefits of precast construction over traditional methods such as reduced construction time and costs. It then discusses the materials used for precast concrete walls such as concrete, steel reinforcement, structural steel, and non-cementitious materials. The objectives of the research are to find a low-cost construction method that offers minimum time. A literature review discusses previous research on precast walls that found benefits like improved quality, reduced weight, and affordability compared to traditional brick walls. The goal is to conclude that precast walls can provide a simpler, faster and cheaper construction method.
A Study on Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw Materials using Fr...A Makwana
Materials are at the heart of all
branches of engineering. Engineers are better
engineers if they have a good understanding of the
properties of the materials which they use. The
challenge to the engineer is also made greater by
the pace at which new materials are being
developed. The most challenging issues in the
Construction industry in the last decade is price
variation of Construction raw materials. Many
researchers have been done in the last decade
however a deeper understanding is still needed to
improve the region wise price variation of
Construction raw materials by studying the market
behavior in the construction industry. The aim of
this study is to get the latest information and to
identify the key factors that affect price variation of
construction raw materials in Gujarat by study of
market behavior in the construction industry.
Data’s are collected through questionnaires and
distributed to respondents who work at various
projects in wide area in Gujarat. Respondents were
required to rate and analyse using their experience
and the factors were identified from past researches,
which affects the project performance and then the
level is measured based on their effect. The data
collected are analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS
Statistics 17.0) software which is analytical
software.
IRJET- Study on Utilization of Copper Slag in Sustainable Construction of Rig...IRJET Journal
1. The document studies the utilization of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete mixes for rigid pavements. Copper slag is currently an underutilized industrial byproduct that is often dumped in landfills.
2. The authors conducted tests to characterize the properties of copper slag and evaluated concrete mixes with 0-40% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag. Compressive and flexural strength tests were performed on the mixes.
3. Using industrial byproducts like copper slag in concrete can reduce pollution by reducing the need for landfill space. It also makes concrete pavements more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Analytical Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Partial Replacement of Nat...ijtsrd
The development of any country relies upon the transportation modes, networks and the manners by which they are being kept up with. Similar turns out to be true for second highest populated and developing country like India. For interfacing the regions and keeping up with smooth progression of traffic, the construction of new and developed roads are a must. A similar will be accomplished with the execution of the Bharatmala project. Under the plan, a large group of new roads will be set down in the country. Total road construction as per the draft of the scheme, government and the ministry will strive to complete new roads, which will add up to a 34, 800 kms. National highways account for 2 of the total road network and carry over 40 of complete traffic. Highway development in India expanded at 17.00 CAGR between FY16 FY21. In spite of pandemic and lockdown, India has developed 13,298 km of highways in FY21. In FY21, 13,298 kms of highway was developed across India. India Union Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that India holds the world record for fastest road construction. India has entered Guinness World Records by building a 2.5 km 4 lane concrete road within 24 hours. National Highways Authority of India NHAI plans to construct national highways in 2022 23 at a pace of 50 km per day.The need for sustainable bitumen highway design and construction is becoming a priority within the transportation industry. This trend is necessitated by the high diminishing rate of construction materials, pressing demand on existing landfill sites, rising dumping fees, and reduced emissions into the environment. Recycled Concrete Aggregates RCA as sustainable aggregates in Hot Mix Asphalt HMA is therefore investigated in this research article. This study examined the incorporation of various fractions of RCA at 25 , 50 , 75 and 100 replacement to fresh aggregate. Harman Singh | Shivani "Analytical Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Partial Replacement of Natural Aggregate in Bitumen Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50306.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50306/analytical-study-of-recycled-concrete-aggregate-as-partial-replacement-of-natural-aggregate-in-bitumen-concrete/harman-singh
This document discusses a study on the effect of using recycled concrete aggregates in bituminous concrete surface courses. The study aims to evaluate strength variations when recycled aggregates partially or fully replace natural aggregates in bituminous concrete. Marshall's method was used to test strength variations with different replacement levels of recycled aggregates. The results found that replacement of natural aggregates up to 20% with recycled aggregates is possible without significantly impacting strength characteristics of the bituminous concrete. However, more binder content is required.
Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concreteijtsrd
A well maintained infrastructure is a fundamental necessity for a modern society that provides great value, but ensuring that it meets all the requirements is challenging. Concrete as a construction material is in use for several decades. Concrete can withstand the severest environments and engineers are constantly trying to improve its performance with the aid of modern admixtures and waste materials with or without cementious properties. The use of waste material in concrete helps to consume these waste materials and also improves the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states.Civil structures are designed considering the target compressive strength of the concrete. Although, few other parameters such as workability, water to cement ratio, setting time of cement and surface hardness influence the performance of concrete.In the present research a series of experiments had been performed to compare the use of Steel Slag as partial replacement of cement in different proportions. Concrete mixes are modified by 5 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 of Steel Slag as replacement of cement.The main conclusions drawn are inclusion of Steel Slag increases the compressive strength up to a certain proportion and then reduces the strength. Steel powder increases the strength but reduces the workability. Comparatively higher early strength gain 3 days, 14 days, 28 days is obtained with Steel Slag concrete. Pushpa | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma "Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49129.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49129/effect-of-steel-slag-as-partial-replacement-of-cement-on-property-of-concrete/pushpa
IRJET- Study on Light Weight Characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete usin...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the use of fine pumice powder and coconut shell to produce lightweight self-compacting concrete. Concrete cubes were made with M20 grade concrete by replacing natural fine aggregate with 15% fine pumice powder and replacing natural coarse aggregate with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% coconut shell by weight. The compressive strengths of the cubes were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength decreased as the percentage of coconut shell replacement increased. Density also decreased as coconut shell replacement increased. The optimal replacement was found to be 15% coconut shell, as cubes at this replacement achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 23.25 N/mm2 while maintaining a
STUDY ON DEVELOPING MORTAR-LESS MASONRY WORKS AS ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRU...IRJET Journal
This study aimed to develop an alternative mortar-less masonry construction method using interlocking hollow concrete blocks (IHCBs) to address the need for affordable housing. Researchers created IHCB prototypes with dimensions of 200x200x400mm and 100x200x400mm using a mix of cement, sand, gravel, and scoria aggregates. Surveys of construction professionals and experiments testing the blocks' properties were conducted. The maximum compressive strength achieved was 2.39MPa, meeting Ethiopian standards for Class C blocks. Water absorption was 16.45%, exceeding standards. IHCB construction was found to be less costly and faster than other methods. The study concluded IHCBs could provide an affordable
Development OF Low Cost Durable Precast Compound WallIRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a low-cost durable precast compound wall. It begins with an introduction discussing the benefits of precast construction over traditional methods such as reduced construction time and costs. It then discusses the materials used for precast concrete walls such as concrete, steel reinforcement, structural steel, and non-cementitious materials. The objectives of the research are to find a low-cost construction method that offers minimum time. A literature review discusses previous research on precast walls that found benefits like improved quality, reduced weight, and affordability compared to traditional brick walls. The goal is to conclude that precast walls can provide a simpler, faster and cheaper construction method.
A Study on Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw Materials using Fr...A Makwana
Materials are at the heart of all
branches of engineering. Engineers are better
engineers if they have a good understanding of the
properties of the materials which they use. The
challenge to the engineer is also made greater by
the pace at which new materials are being
developed. The most challenging issues in the
Construction industry in the last decade is price
variation of Construction raw materials. Many
researchers have been done in the last decade
however a deeper understanding is still needed to
improve the region wise price variation of
Construction raw materials by studying the market
behavior in the construction industry. The aim of
this study is to get the latest information and to
identify the key factors that affect price variation of
construction raw materials in Gujarat by study of
market behavior in the construction industry.
Data’s are collected through questionnaires and
distributed to respondents who work at various
projects in wide area in Gujarat. Respondents were
required to rate and analyse using their experience
and the factors were identified from past researches,
which affects the project performance and then the
level is measured based on their effect. The data
collected are analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS
Statistics 17.0) software which is analytical
software.
IRJET- Study on Utilization of Copper Slag in Sustainable Construction of Rig...IRJET Journal
1. The document studies the utilization of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete mixes for rigid pavements. Copper slag is currently an underutilized industrial byproduct that is often dumped in landfills.
2. The authors conducted tests to characterize the properties of copper slag and evaluated concrete mixes with 0-40% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag. Compressive and flexural strength tests were performed on the mixes.
3. Using industrial byproducts like copper slag in concrete can reduce pollution by reducing the need for landfill space. It also makes concrete pavements more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Analytical Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Partial Replacement of Nat...ijtsrd
The development of any country relies upon the transportation modes, networks and the manners by which they are being kept up with. Similar turns out to be true for second highest populated and developing country like India. For interfacing the regions and keeping up with smooth progression of traffic, the construction of new and developed roads are a must. A similar will be accomplished with the execution of the Bharatmala project. Under the plan, a large group of new roads will be set down in the country. Total road construction as per the draft of the scheme, government and the ministry will strive to complete new roads, which will add up to a 34, 800 kms. National highways account for 2 of the total road network and carry over 40 of complete traffic. Highway development in India expanded at 17.00 CAGR between FY16 FY21. In spite of pandemic and lockdown, India has developed 13,298 km of highways in FY21. In FY21, 13,298 kms of highway was developed across India. India Union Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that India holds the world record for fastest road construction. India has entered Guinness World Records by building a 2.5 km 4 lane concrete road within 24 hours. National Highways Authority of India NHAI plans to construct national highways in 2022 23 at a pace of 50 km per day.The need for sustainable bitumen highway design and construction is becoming a priority within the transportation industry. This trend is necessitated by the high diminishing rate of construction materials, pressing demand on existing landfill sites, rising dumping fees, and reduced emissions into the environment. Recycled Concrete Aggregates RCA as sustainable aggregates in Hot Mix Asphalt HMA is therefore investigated in this research article. This study examined the incorporation of various fractions of RCA at 25 , 50 , 75 and 100 replacement to fresh aggregate. Harman Singh | Shivani "Analytical Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Partial Replacement of Natural Aggregate in Bitumen Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50306.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50306/analytical-study-of-recycled-concrete-aggregate-as-partial-replacement-of-natural-aggregate-in-bitumen-concrete/harman-singh
This document discusses a study on the effect of using recycled concrete aggregates in bituminous concrete surface courses. The study aims to evaluate strength variations when recycled aggregates partially or fully replace natural aggregates in bituminous concrete. Marshall's method was used to test strength variations with different replacement levels of recycled aggregates. The results found that replacement of natural aggregates up to 20% with recycled aggregates is possible without significantly impacting strength characteristics of the bituminous concrete. However, more binder content is required.
Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concreteijtsrd
A well maintained infrastructure is a fundamental necessity for a modern society that provides great value, but ensuring that it meets all the requirements is challenging. Concrete as a construction material is in use for several decades. Concrete can withstand the severest environments and engineers are constantly trying to improve its performance with the aid of modern admixtures and waste materials with or without cementious properties. The use of waste material in concrete helps to consume these waste materials and also improves the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states.Civil structures are designed considering the target compressive strength of the concrete. Although, few other parameters such as workability, water to cement ratio, setting time of cement and surface hardness influence the performance of concrete.In the present research a series of experiments had been performed to compare the use of Steel Slag as partial replacement of cement in different proportions. Concrete mixes are modified by 5 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 of Steel Slag as replacement of cement.The main conclusions drawn are inclusion of Steel Slag increases the compressive strength up to a certain proportion and then reduces the strength. Steel powder increases the strength but reduces the workability. Comparatively higher early strength gain 3 days, 14 days, 28 days is obtained with Steel Slag concrete. Pushpa | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma "Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49129.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49129/effect-of-steel-slag-as-partial-replacement-of-cement-on-property-of-concrete/pushpa
IRJET- Study on Light Weight Characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete usin...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the use of fine pumice powder and coconut shell to produce lightweight self-compacting concrete. Concrete cubes were made with M20 grade concrete by replacing natural fine aggregate with 15% fine pumice powder and replacing natural coarse aggregate with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% coconut shell by weight. The compressive strengths of the cubes were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength decreased as the percentage of coconut shell replacement increased. Density also decreased as coconut shell replacement increased. The optimal replacement was found to be 15% coconut shell, as cubes at this replacement achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 23.25 N/mm2 while maintaining a
1. The document presents a project on partially replacing coarse aggregate with jhama bricks in concrete. Jhama bricks are overburnt bricks that are cheaper and can potentially reduce the cost and weight of concrete.
2. A literature review showed that others have experimented with replacing sand with jhama brick powder and found it can utilize waste materials. Replacing coarse aggregate with crushed overburnt bricks was also studied and found to achieve lower strength than regular concrete.
3. The objectives are to study the fresh and hardened properties of concrete with partial coarse aggregate replacement by jhama bricks through slump, compressive strength and split tensile strength tests at 7 and 28 days of curing and analyze the
Non structural Light weight concrete using combined mix of expanded polystyre...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on producing lightweight concrete using a combination of expanded polystyrene beads and expanded clay aggregates. The study aims to develop an optimized mix design for M20 grade lightweight concrete. Various mixes were produced by replacing coarse aggregates with different percentages of expanded clay aggregates and polystyrene beads. The mixes were then tested to evaluate properties like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption. The results showed that using fly ash and GGBS reduced water demand and shrinkage but also reduced compressive strength by 25-50%. In general, the lightweight concrete produced had a density less than 1800kg/m3 and compressive strengths up to 36.19MPa, making it a viable material for construction
STRENGTH STUDIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR THE APPLICATION IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The study tested the compressive strength, flexural strength, and sulfate resistance of concrete with varying percentages of recycled coarse aggregate (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%). The results showed that concrete with recycled aggregate achieved similar strengths as concrete with natural aggregate. However, workability decreased as the recycled aggregate content increased. The document also discusses the potential for using recycled aggregate concrete in India to reduce construction waste and conserve natural resources.
This document is a report submitted for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. It discusses self-compacting concrete (SCC), including acknowledging help from supervisors and faculty. The document contains chapters that will cover SCC literature, materials used, mix design, experimental procedures, results, further work, disadvantages, photographs, and conclusions. Tables and figures are listed that will be included to illustrate test methods and results from studying SCC.
This document provides a case study report on the study of conventional bricks. It includes 7 students who conducted the study under the guidance of a professor. The report contains an abstract, introduction on the definition and types of bricks, materials used in brick making, production processes, testing methods, pricing, market survey, and conclusions. The key information is that the report analyzes the manufacturing and properties of clay bricks, which are the most basic building material, and aims to provide information on the raw materials and production process used.
Comparative study of interlocking and sandcrete blocks for building walling s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The high cost of building materials, especially sandcrete blocks in Ghana, has made building construction products expensive and
created a housing deficit of about 1.6 million. Meanwhile, the interlocking blocks, which are made up of laterite and cement
abound could be exploited to help reduce the cost of housing construction. Especially, wall construction which is one of the major
components of the entire building process. This paper sought to explore the possibility of adopting the interlocking block wall
system as a means of making wall construction of buildings affordable in Ghana. A comparative study using interlocking blocks
system and sandcrete blocks was made. An observation of the processes were made to identify the extent to which each system
falls in line. A sample size of 45 respondents comprising 20 workers of P-A Capital Estate Housing, 5 personnel from consultancy
firms and 20 private individuals were selected for further confirmatory study with the use of convenience and purposive sampling
technique. To determine whether there were any statistically significant differences between the mean values, paired-sample t-test
at the 0.05 level of significance was done. Results showed that, the use of interlocking blocks do not only lead to elimination of a
number of non-value adding activities associated with the use of the sandcrete blocks, but also make the wall construction process
cheaper and faster. It was also discovered that the absence of mortar jointing in the interlocking system reduced the quantity of
materials, like cement and sand, required in the sandcrete wall construction process. Furthermore, there was no statistically
difference between the compressive strength of interlocking blocks and conventional sandcrete blocks. However, there were
statistically significant differences between construction cost and speed of construction using the two systems of construction.
KeyWords: walling systems, interlocking blocks, sandcrete blocks, non-value adding steps, construction speed and
cost
Laboratory Investigation on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Containing St...IEI GSC
Presentation on Laboratory Investigation on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Containing Steel Industry Waste made by Damyanti Baghada under supervision of Dr C D Modhera, SVNIT at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of G+10 RCC Building with AAC Blocks and Conventi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of seismic performance between a G+10 reinforced concrete building with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block infill walls and one with conventional clay brick infill walls. The buildings are modeled in ETABS software, with the infill walls represented using equivalent diagonal struts. Parameters like lateral displacements, steel consumption, construction cost and time are compared between the two models. Previous studies on the properties of AAC blocks and their potential to reduce cost and increase sustainability compared to clay bricks are also reviewed. The objectives of the study are to reduce construction cost and stiffening effects of infill walls on the frame under seismic loads by using AAC blocks.
Influence of Diverse Aggregates on Concrete CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses how different types of aggregates influence the characteristics of concrete. It reviews several studies that examined how aggregate shape, size, texture, and material affect the strength and workability of concrete. Angular aggregates are generally found to produce stronger, more workable concrete than rounded aggregates due to their larger surface area and better interlocking. The document also explores the use of industrial byproducts like marble powder and steel slag as alternative materials in concrete production in order to improve sustainability.
This document summarizes a project report on strengthening concrete blocks with the addition of rubber scrap and coconut shells. The report describes testing concrete blocks containing 5% rubber scrap replacing coarse aggregate. Fly ash was also added, varying from 0-20% replacing cement. The project aimed to reuse rubber waste and study the properties of rubberized concrete blocks. Testing found rubberized concrete more durable but weaker, with lower strength than ordinary concrete. Adding silica increased strength. Properties of concrete with 10-20% coarse aggregate replaced with coconut shells were also studied. Results showed lower strength but higher absorption in coconut shell concrete compared to normal concrete. The addition of fly ash and steel fibers improved mechanical properties. This study explored using waste materials like rubber and
Experimental Study on Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Recycled Aggregate Repla...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on fiber reinforced concrete with recycled aggregate replacing natural aggregate. Concrete samples were prepared with 0%, 5%, and 10% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate from demolished buildings. Polypropylene fibers of 10mm length were added in proportions of 0%, 0.1%, and 0.15% of cement weight. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and split tensile strength were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results showed that the addition of polypropylene fibers increased the strengths of concrete with recycled aggregate replacement. The highest strengths were achieved with a fiber addition of 0.15% and 5% recycled aggregate replacement.
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Using sustainable wall systems can benefit the environment and local economy by employing ecological and locally available materials. Examples discussed include straw bale walls and 3D printed walls. Case studies highlight projects in Kuala Lumpur and Dubai that utilized green building techniques like vertical gardens and 3D printing. New advances like 3D printing, interlocking bricks, and hempcrete can provide more efficient, speedy and sustainable wall construction.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Nano Concrete with Nano Silica and M-SandIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation on the use of nano silica and manufactured sand (M-sand) in concrete. Researchers partially replaced cement with nano silica at percentages of 3%, 3.5%, and 10% for an M20 concrete mix. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the nano silica concrete mixes at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed that nano silica was able to increase compressive strength up to a point, but higher replacements over 3% resulted in reduced properties. The 3% nano silica mix produced the highest strength and lowest permeability. Overall, the addition of nano silica and use of M-sand improved the performance
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Nano Silica in the C...ijtsrd
The main objective of this work is to study the mechanical strength and durability of the concrete when the particular cement dosage in concrete in replaced with Nano silica powder. However it is expected that the use of Nano-silica in concrete improve the strength properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop the concrete using Nano sized particles as a partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the various structural properties of concrete like compressive strength and tensile strength. It is expected that the final outcome of the project will have an overall beneficial effect on the utility of Nano-silica concrete in the field of civil engineering construction work. Rahul K | Andavan S"Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Nano Silica in the Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7032.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/7032/experimental-study-on-partial-replacement-of-cement--with-nano-silica-in-the-concrete/rahul-k
Flexural Behavior of Fibrous Reinforced Cement Concrete Blended With Fly Ash ...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses high strength concrete that is reinforced with fibers. It provides background on concrete composites and describes how high strength concrete is achieved through methods like using a lower water-cement ratio or supplementary cementitious materials. The document focuses on fiber reinforced concrete and the benefits fibers provide, such as improved strength and crack resistance. It also discusses different types of fibers like steel fibers and their properties. Blended cements and use of pozzolanic materials like metakaolin and fly ash are described as ways to further improve concrete strength and durability.
IRJET - Durability of Concrete with Differential Concrete Mix DesignIRJET Journal
The document discusses the durability of concrete with different concrete mix designs. It presents research on how water absorption, density, and sorptivity coefficient are affected by varying the water-cement ratio, slump, and compressive strength in concrete mixes. Seventy-two concrete cubes were prepared with six different mix designs - three mixes varied the slump and water-cement ratio at a constant compressive strength, while three other mixes varied the compressive strength and water-cement ratio at a constant slump. The cubes were tested to determine their rate of water absorption, density, and sorptivity coefficient at various time intervals over 28 days. The results showed that the sorptivity coefficient and rate of water absorption
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Effective Use of Sawdust and Waste Glass Powder in Establishing a Sustainable...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the effective use of sawdust and waste glass powder in establishing a sustainable foamed concrete brick. Foamed concrete is lightweight and offers benefits like thermal insulation and material savings due to its porous structure. Sawdust from timber processing and waste glass powder can be used in foamed concrete to improve its mechanical and physical properties. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the characteristics and properties of foamed concrete bricks containing sawdust and glass powder and to produce a sustainable brick for construction. Several studies on foamed concrete properties and the effects of additives like fly ash are summarized.
Concrete Made with Dune Sand Overview of Fresh, Mechanical and Durability Pro...Shakerqaidi
This document provides an overview of a review article that examines the use of dune sand as an alternative material for concrete production. The review considers the physical and chemical properties of dune sand, including its small particle size, high silica content, and poor grading. It also evaluates the effects of using dune sand on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of concrete, such as slump, compressive strength, cracking behavior, density, water absorption, and sulfate resistance. The review finds that dune sand can be used in concrete up to 40% without negatively impacting strength or durability. It identifies knowledge gaps around the complete substitution of dune sand and provides recommendations for future research.
A Comprehensive Review on Data Security and Threats for Data Management in Cl...AJASTJournal
The cloud is a network of virtual computers that are linked together and may exhibit and offer computational capabilities continuously depending on certain Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that have been agreed between the parties to a contract between the clients and the internet provider. Cloud computing has several benefits, including endless computational resources, cheap cost, security controls, hypervisor protection, instantaneous elasticity, high throughput, and fault-tolerant solutions with increased performance. Since cloud computing is a comparatively recent computing model, there exists a lot of uncertainty about how well confidentiality of all levels, including host, network, data levels, and implementation, can be achieved. As a result, there still are important obstacles to cloud computing adoption. These constraints include security issues concerning privacy, compliance, and legal issues. When databases and software applications are moved from the cloud to large data centers, data management becomes a major challenge. Numerous security issues may develop while using cloud computing, including issues with privacy and control, virtualization and accessibility issues, confidentiality, management of credentials and identities, authentication of responding devices, and authenticity. In this paper, an effort is made to offer a comprehensive review of data security and threats in cloud computing.
A Comprehensive Review on Data Security and Threats for Data Management in Cl...AJASTJournal
The cloud is a network of virtual computers that are linked together and may exhibit and offer computational capabilities continuously depending on certain Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that have been agreed between the parties to a contract between the clients and the internet provider. Cloud computing has several benefits, including endless computational resources, cheap cost, security controls, hypervisor protection, instantaneous elasticity, high throughput, and fault-tolerant solutions with increased performance. Since cloud computing is a comparatively recent computing model, there exists a lot of uncertainty about how well confidentiality of all levels, including host, network, data levels, and implementation, can be achieved. As a result, there still are important obstacles to cloud computing adoption. These constraints include security issues concerning privacy, compliance, and legal issues. When databases and software applications are moved from the cloud to large data centers, data management becomes a major challenge. Numerous security issues may develop while using cloud computing, including issues with privacy and control, virtualization and accessibility issues, confidentiality, management of credentials and identities, authentication of responding devices, and authenticity. In this paper, an effort is made to offer a comprehensive review of data security and threats in cloud computing.
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2. A literature review showed that others have experimented with replacing sand with jhama brick powder and found it can utilize waste materials. Replacing coarse aggregate with crushed overburnt bricks was also studied and found to achieve lower strength than regular concrete.
3. The objectives are to study the fresh and hardened properties of concrete with partial coarse aggregate replacement by jhama bricks through slump, compressive strength and split tensile strength tests at 7 and 28 days of curing and analyze the
Non structural Light weight concrete using combined mix of expanded polystyre...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on producing lightweight concrete using a combination of expanded polystyrene beads and expanded clay aggregates. The study aims to develop an optimized mix design for M20 grade lightweight concrete. Various mixes were produced by replacing coarse aggregates with different percentages of expanded clay aggregates and polystyrene beads. The mixes were then tested to evaluate properties like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption. The results showed that using fly ash and GGBS reduced water demand and shrinkage but also reduced compressive strength by 25-50%. In general, the lightweight concrete produced had a density less than 1800kg/m3 and compressive strengths up to 36.19MPa, making it a viable material for construction
STRENGTH STUDIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE FOR THE APPLICATION IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The study tested the compressive strength, flexural strength, and sulfate resistance of concrete with varying percentages of recycled coarse aggregate (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%). The results showed that concrete with recycled aggregate achieved similar strengths as concrete with natural aggregate. However, workability decreased as the recycled aggregate content increased. The document also discusses the potential for using recycled aggregate concrete in India to reduce construction waste and conserve natural resources.
This document is a report submitted for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. It discusses self-compacting concrete (SCC), including acknowledging help from supervisors and faculty. The document contains chapters that will cover SCC literature, materials used, mix design, experimental procedures, results, further work, disadvantages, photographs, and conclusions. Tables and figures are listed that will be included to illustrate test methods and results from studying SCC.
This document provides a case study report on the study of conventional bricks. It includes 7 students who conducted the study under the guidance of a professor. The report contains an abstract, introduction on the definition and types of bricks, materials used in brick making, production processes, testing methods, pricing, market survey, and conclusions. The key information is that the report analyzes the manufacturing and properties of clay bricks, which are the most basic building material, and aims to provide information on the raw materials and production process used.
Comparative study of interlocking and sandcrete blocks for building walling s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The high cost of building materials, especially sandcrete blocks in Ghana, has made building construction products expensive and
created a housing deficit of about 1.6 million. Meanwhile, the interlocking blocks, which are made up of laterite and cement
abound could be exploited to help reduce the cost of housing construction. Especially, wall construction which is one of the major
components of the entire building process. This paper sought to explore the possibility of adopting the interlocking block wall
system as a means of making wall construction of buildings affordable in Ghana. A comparative study using interlocking blocks
system and sandcrete blocks was made. An observation of the processes were made to identify the extent to which each system
falls in line. A sample size of 45 respondents comprising 20 workers of P-A Capital Estate Housing, 5 personnel from consultancy
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technique. To determine whether there were any statistically significant differences between the mean values, paired-sample t-test
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materials, like cement and sand, required in the sandcrete wall construction process. Furthermore, there was no statistically
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KeyWords: walling systems, interlocking blocks, sandcrete blocks, non-value adding steps, construction speed and
cost
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This document presents a comparative analysis of seismic performance between a G+10 reinforced concrete building with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block infill walls and one with conventional clay brick infill walls. The buildings are modeled in ETABS software, with the infill walls represented using equivalent diagonal struts. Parameters like lateral displacements, steel consumption, construction cost and time are compared between the two models. Previous studies on the properties of AAC blocks and their potential to reduce cost and increase sustainability compared to clay bricks are also reviewed. The objectives of the study are to reduce construction cost and stiffening effects of infill walls on the frame under seismic loads by using AAC blocks.
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Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
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temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
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coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
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Using sustainable wall systems can benefit the environment and local economy by employing ecological and locally available materials. Examples discussed include straw bale walls and 3D printed walls. Case studies highlight projects in Kuala Lumpur and Dubai that utilized green building techniques like vertical gardens and 3D printing. New advances like 3D printing, interlocking bricks, and hempcrete can provide more efficient, speedy and sustainable wall construction.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Nano Concrete with Nano Silica and M-SandIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation on the use of nano silica and manufactured sand (M-sand) in concrete. Researchers partially replaced cement with nano silica at percentages of 3%, 3.5%, and 10% for an M20 concrete mix. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the nano silica concrete mixes at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed that nano silica was able to increase compressive strength up to a point, but higher replacements over 3% resulted in reduced properties. The 3% nano silica mix produced the highest strength and lowest permeability. Overall, the addition of nano silica and use of M-sand improved the performance
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The main objective of this work is to study the mechanical strength and durability of the concrete when the particular cement dosage in concrete in replaced with Nano silica powder. However it is expected that the use of Nano-silica in concrete improve the strength properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop the concrete using Nano sized particles as a partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the various structural properties of concrete like compressive strength and tensile strength. It is expected that the final outcome of the project will have an overall beneficial effect on the utility of Nano-silica concrete in the field of civil engineering construction work. Rahul K | Andavan S"Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Nano Silica in the Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7032.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/7032/experimental-study-on-partial-replacement-of-cement--with-nano-silica-in-the-concrete/rahul-k
Flexural Behavior of Fibrous Reinforced Cement Concrete Blended With Fly Ash ...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses high strength concrete that is reinforced with fibers. It provides background on concrete composites and describes how high strength concrete is achieved through methods like using a lower water-cement ratio or supplementary cementitious materials. The document focuses on fiber reinforced concrete and the benefits fibers provide, such as improved strength and crack resistance. It also discusses different types of fibers like steel fibers and their properties. Blended cements and use of pozzolanic materials like metakaolin and fly ash are described as ways to further improve concrete strength and durability.
IRJET - Durability of Concrete with Differential Concrete Mix DesignIRJET Journal
The document discusses the durability of concrete with different concrete mix designs. It presents research on how water absorption, density, and sorptivity coefficient are affected by varying the water-cement ratio, slump, and compressive strength in concrete mixes. Seventy-two concrete cubes were prepared with six different mix designs - three mixes varied the slump and water-cement ratio at a constant compressive strength, while three other mixes varied the compressive strength and water-cement ratio at a constant slump. The cubes were tested to determine their rate of water absorption, density, and sorptivity coefficient at various time intervals over 28 days. The results showed that the sorptivity coefficient and rate of water absorption
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Effective Use of Sawdust and Waste Glass Powder in Establishing a Sustainable...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the effective use of sawdust and waste glass powder in establishing a sustainable foamed concrete brick. Foamed concrete is lightweight and offers benefits like thermal insulation and material savings due to its porous structure. Sawdust from timber processing and waste glass powder can be used in foamed concrete to improve its mechanical and physical properties. The objectives of the study are to evaluate the characteristics and properties of foamed concrete bricks containing sawdust and glass powder and to produce a sustainable brick for construction. Several studies on foamed concrete properties and the effects of additives like fly ash are summarized.
Concrete Made with Dune Sand Overview of Fresh, Mechanical and Durability Pro...Shakerqaidi
This document provides an overview of a review article that examines the use of dune sand as an alternative material for concrete production. The review considers the physical and chemical properties of dune sand, including its small particle size, high silica content, and poor grading. It also evaluates the effects of using dune sand on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of concrete, such as slump, compressive strength, cracking behavior, density, water absorption, and sulfate resistance. The review finds that dune sand can be used in concrete up to 40% without negatively impacting strength or durability. It identifies knowledge gaps around the complete substitution of dune sand and provides recommendations for future research.
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The cloud is a network of virtual computers that are linked together and may exhibit and offer computational capabilities continuously depending on certain Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that have been agreed between the parties to a contract between the clients and the internet provider. Cloud computing has several benefits, including endless computational resources, cheap cost, security controls, hypervisor protection, instantaneous elasticity, high throughput, and fault-tolerant solutions with increased performance. Since cloud computing is a comparatively recent computing model, there exists a lot of uncertainty about how well confidentiality of all levels, including host, network, data levels, and implementation, can be achieved. As a result, there still are important obstacles to cloud computing adoption. These constraints include security issues concerning privacy, compliance, and legal issues. When databases and software applications are moved from the cloud to large data centers, data management becomes a major challenge. Numerous security issues may develop while using cloud computing, including issues with privacy and control, virtualization and accessibility issues, confidentiality, management of credentials and identities, authentication of responding devices, and authenticity. In this paper, an effort is made to offer a comprehensive review of data security and threats in cloud computing.
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The paper presents an installation comprising four fine bubble generators each with a circular perforated plate with ∅ 0.2 mm orifices. There is a water tank inside the installation in which compressed air is introduced. The installation is designed so as to ensure the monitoring of the following parameters: 1 - The size of the air bubbles; 2 - The appearance of bubble coalescence; 3 - Increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration in water; 4 - The amount of pressure loss that occurs when air passes through the bubble generator; 5 - The efficiency of the aeration process; 6 - Efficacity of the aeration process; 7 - Air consumption; 8 - Electricity consumption; 9 - Air temperature; 10 - Water temperature; 11 - Compressed air pressure; 12 - Hydrostatic load (H).
Innovative Fluid Machine that Can Operate both as a Turbine and as a PumpAJASTJournal
The Integrated turbine electric generator (ITEG) machine has been designed by Stefano Farné and Vito Lavanga and it is the subject of a registered patent that has also received WIPO positive research reports. ITEG allows to integrate a fluid dynamic machine and an electric motor into a single device, making it versatile and allowing a wide range of use both as a pump, giving prevalence to a fluid, and as a turbine, generating electric power. Thanks to the extreme simplicity of installation and to the low maintenance request, since it is gearless, ITEG can be more convenient than traditional machines, both for hydroelectric energy production and for pumping purposes. The present paper shows the various aspects of the design of this innovative machine, presents the literature review examined in terms of scientific articles and patents and illustrates the mathematical model that allows ITEG sizing and the simulation of its operation.
Design of Circularly Polarized Transmit array Antenna using Low-Profile Dual-...AJASTJournal
A low-profile dual-linearly-polarized unit cell in X-band, and its capability is demonstrated by a circularly polarized transmit array. The unit cell comprises three metallic layers etched on two dielectric slabs without air gap. Cross strips are inserted in cross slots on the top and bottom layers, and the T-slot structure is etched on the middle layer. The proposed unit cell has high isolation between the dual polarizations, and its total thickness of the unit cell is only 1 mm. Prototype of a 341-element transmit array, the incoming incident linearly polarized wave is transformed into the outgoing circularly polarized wave, is simulated. The measured results show that the proposed transmit array realizes 3.5% (9.8-10.15 GHz), axial ratio bandwidth and 4% (9.7-10.1 GHz) 1-dB gain bandwidth. The measured peak gain at 10 GHz is 21.9 dBi, with the aperture efficiency of 36%.
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Background: Estimation of stature plays a very important role in personal identification and medico legal examination in activities like mass disaster, bomb explosive, air crash, terror etc. For the purpose of identification, it becomes quite easy when whole of the body is available but in cases where the only the fragments of body found, it becomes extreme difficult to continue with the process of identification. Aim: The aim of this study is to find regression equation through hand various measurements particularly in Kashmiri Pandit’s with pure trait residing in territory of Jammu, India. Subject and Method: For this study, 126 females and 144 males with age groups 20-45 years were taken. Length of both the hand was done with the help of vernier caliper from bracelet crease to the tip of middle finger, length of index and ring finger was measured from proximal flexion to their respective tips while the hand breadth was taken with vernier caliper from meta carpel radiale to meta carpel ulnar. The total height of the individual was measured with anthropometric scale and all these measurements were done after informed consent. Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS-16 using basic statistics -linear regression, multiple regression and t-test. Results: Significant co-relations between stature and entire hand dimensions were established except the hand breadth. The highest co relation with the stature was observed with hand length and ring finger than the other variables. Linear and multiple regression were calculated separately for males and females. Conclusion: The present study has provided with regression equations from various hand parameters that can be applied for stature estimation only in Kashmiri Pandit population only.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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In this work, the feasibility of using RBM for constructing the buildings of the secondary cities in Rwanda based
on the availability of clay as the raw material for the production of the bricks, the principal material for the
construction of RBM is presented. Among others, the specific objectives were: to identify the key requirements for
a modern city, to review the properties of reinforced brick masonry, and to conduct a structural comparison
between Reinforced Brick Masonry and Reinforced Concrete structures with regards to their strength and
affordability.
A significant change in the use of RBM came after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake when it was realized that
unreinforced structures were susceptible to major damage from earthquakes and that RBM could be used to save
lives. Since that time codes were developed that promoted the use of reinforced structures, and reinforced brick
masonry construction has been adopted as standard practice for various types of structures in many areas (Hugo,
1933). RBM walls have shown high performance regarding the flexural capacity and ductility which was 5-16
times higher than non-strengthened walls (Triwiyonoa et al., 2015). The quality control of RBM construction is
performed by checking the strength of the individual materials, e.g. brick, mortar, and grout prior to or during
construction (Technical Notes 17A, 1997). That control has shown an increased resistance to tensile and shear
stresses, and this allows better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength. Experimental test and
numerical analysis showed that the presence of the bars allows control of the cracks phenomenon, keeping the
structure in the desired safety condition (Churilov & Dumova-Jovanoska, 2012).
The comparative analysis on reinforced and unreinforced brick masonry walls established the shear strength of
0.23MPa for reinforced masonry and 0.174 MPa for unreinforced masonry respectively (Kumar, 2019). In their
experimental study of reinforced brick masonry structures, Sakthivel et al. (2016) demonstrated by relevant test,
that the average collapse load of the reinforced brick masonry was 2.63 times more than ordinary brick masonry.
Also, a comparative study on prospect of constructing reinforced brick masonry (RBM) structures in Bangladesh,
after comparative analysis with unreinforced brick masonry (URM) have confirmed the higher performance of the
former, especially regarding the compression, tensile strengths as well as seismic performance (Islam et al., 2016).
Finally, the study about comparison of costs for brick and reinforced structures, applied to building up to two
floors and span up to 7 m showed that with the use of conventional bricks the cost was reduced at 22% and 62% for
external and internal wall respectively (Saheyl, 2013). In Rwanda, the clay brick materials are mostly used for
single detached private houses as their strength performance characteristics were still limited (Mbereyaho et al.,
2014). Therefore, in the cities, concrete structures were still dominating and with that, the cost of housing has been
constantly increasing. There has been different initiatives to promote the brick masonry housing as one of
affordable solutions for medium-income earners, and modern brick construction systems have been introduced, in
form of multiplexes, Swiss Cube System, etc. for limited building height (Wyss and Dieye, 2017). The increase of
urbanization in Rwanda, especially by implementing the secondary cities, currently one of the Rwanda
development strategies, would require not only most performing materials, but also economically reasonable to
allow an equitable access to the buildings. The use of local materials not only would speedy the implementation,
but also make building more affordable (Mbereyaho, 2014). The objective of this study was the assessment of
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RBM structures for story buildings, as well as the comparative analysis between those structures and RC structures
in order to establish their application potentials in the ongoing country urbanization.
░ 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted by reviewing the literature and analyzing the worldwide application of RBM material,
visiting the site with purpose to investigate on the local master plan requirements, and assess the level of row
material availability, before assessing its performance once applied to construction of a reinforced brick
multi-storey building. As a limitation, this study did not check the performance characteristics of individual RBM
walls, and it may be an area for further study. But, available data from previous studies could be used as reference.
2.1. Materials
The materials utilized for this study are presented in the following sections.
Clay and clay brick
The clay bricks shown in Fig.1 utilized for the work were prepared and fired at site in Muhanga shown in Fig.1.
The wet sieve analysis and Atterberg limit and the Plastic limit tests were conducted on the clay. The compressive
strength and water absorption tests were conducted on the bricks.
Steel reinforcing bars
Reinforcement steel bars were added in reinforced concrete structures and reinforced brick masonry structures to
strengthen the structures under tensions. Used reinforcement steel were locally manufactured and found in local
markets.
Mortar
Bricks are bedded in and jointed with mortar. A good mortar spreads easily, remains plastic while bricks are being
laid to provide good bond between bricks and mortar. In reinforced bricks housing a cement mortar is preferable
than other type of mortars.
Figure 1. One site of clay and respective manufactured brick
2.2. Methods description
Interviews
The questionnaire was administered and interview was conducted get information on the level of application and
acceptance of reinforced brick as a construction material and respective building structure in the targeted area.
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Based on the clay availability, Muhanga was selected for this interview, and the population sample of 54 people
was selected to participate in the study. This sample was composed of 11 local government authorities, 34
engineers and technicians in the field, and 9 ordinary residents. Their feedback was carefully analyzed, and
respective results are presented in section 4.1. The questionnaire enabled the participant to state their preferred
types and size of buildings, types of building materials, , knowledge on the performance of local materials used for
building construction, and the advantages and disadvantages of Reinforced brick construction in the Muhanga.
Different tests
Different test has been carried out in order to confirm the adequacy of local clay and respective brick. The
following are key tests conducted: Atterberg limit test, the Plastic limit test, water absorption test on bricks, wet
sieve analysis, and compressive strength test. The standard procedures were used for all mentioned tests and
results are presented in section 3.
Cost analysis of the RBM construction
The cost estimation was conducted on the RC and RBM structures, based on design results and, finally a
comparative analysis was performed. The selection of the type and level of selected structure was based on the
outcomes from the interview, while the selection of foundation type was based on the bearing capacity.
Briefly the cost estimation of the two building structures was performed as per following steps:
o Selection of the building level and type based on outcomes from survey and interviews.
o Architectural design of selected building for both RC and RBM structures.
o Structural design for the two structures with purpose to calculate the materials required, for both concrete and
steel reinforcement, as well as the number of bricks per m3
masonry.
o Cost estimation using unit cost methods.
░ 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Results from interview
The bar chart in Fig.2 shows the building usage types needed in Muhanga. As shown in the figure, all building
usage types are needed in Muhanga. The building usage type required most in Muhanga is the residential building
with 58% of the total building needs of Muhanga.
Figure 2. Types of needed building in the area
21%
13%
4%
4%
58%
Types of building needed chart
Residential building
Commercial
building
Health centers and
schools
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The bar chart in Fig.3 shows the preferred building storey in Muhanga. It is that 5 to 10 storey buildings are
preferred most in Muhanga, with 50% preference compared with 37% and 13% preferences for 1 to 5 and 10 to 5
storey buildings.
Figure 3. Preferred level of the building in the targeted area
The bar chart in Fig.4 shows the preferred materials for building in Muhanga. The bar chart in Fig.4 shows that
buildings constructed with reinforced brick masonry are preferred most in Muhanga with 71% preference,
compared with buildings constructed with reinforced concrete and ordinary or unreinforced burnt brick with 21%
and 8% preferences respectively. The respondents in Muhanga indicated no preferences for buildings constructed
with steel and timber.
Figure 4. Material preference
Tables 1 and 2 present the advantages and disadvantages of constructing buildings in Muhanga using RBM
compared to using RC. As shown in Table 1, constructing buildings in Muhanga using RBM is 75% faster and
70.8% cheaper than constructing building using RC. As shown in Table 2, the most important disadvantage of
reinforced brick material in construction were the material mass (90.6%) and the limited number of skilled
personnel (87.5%).
As for summary on the interview outcomes, regarding the application of reinforced bricks masonry in the targeted
area, it can be concluded that local people understand the advantages in using this material for residential housing.
There was a concern related to unit mass of the reinforced bricks material, and the limited skilled personal against
its application. For the unit mass, the application of hollow bricks as well as the housing level up to 10 stories may
be recommended (Hackmayer et al., 2013). Regarding current skills gap in the field, the situation was changing
with increased number of very competent graduates from the relevant field of education and engineers already
working in the field.
37%
50%
13%
0%
Number of building stories
1 up to 5
5 up to 10
10 up to 15
Above
21%
71%
0%
8%
0% Reinforced concrete
Reinforced brick
Steel
Ordinary burnt brick
Timber
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Table 1. Advantages of reinforced masonry brick buildings
S/N Criteria Percentages (%)
1. High strength 66.7
2. Relative low cost 70.8
3. Speed in construction 75
4. Aesthetical 83.3
Table 2. Disadvantages of reinforced masonry brick buildings bricks
S/N Checked factor Percentages (%)
1. Skilled personnel 87.5
2. Mass 91.6
3. Relative high cost 83.3
4. Any other (specify) 4.2
3.2. Materials testing Results
3.2.1 Atterberg tests results
The liquid limit test results are presented in table 3.
Table 3. Liquid limit determination
Sample no. 1 2 3 4
No. of drops (N) 17 19 21 24
MC=Mass of empty, clean can+lid (grams) 45.3 45.1 45.1 44
MCMS=Mass of can, lid and moist soil (grams) 62.8 62.9 58.6 56
MCDS=Mass of can, lid and dry soil (grams) 58.4 59.2 55.2 52.7
MS=Mass of soil solids (grams) 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.3
MW= Mass of pore water (grams) 13.1 14.1 10.1 8.7
W= water content, w% 33.6 26.2 33.7 37.9
The results above show that the liquid limit of this clay was around 40%,
The plastic limit test results are presented in table 4.
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Table 4. Plastic limit determination
Sample no. 1 2 3
MC=Mass of empty, clean can+lid (grams) 45.4 46 44.1
MCMS=Mass of can, lid and moist soil (grams) 59.1 58.2 62
MCDS=Mass of can, lid and dry soil (grams) 57.3 56.1 59.1
MS=Mass of soil solids (grams) 1.8 2.1 2.9
MW= Mass of pore water (grams) 11.9 10.1 15
W= water content, w in% 15.1 20.81 19.3
Finally, the plastic limit is determined by calculating the average water or moisture content of sample, as follows.
Plastic limit= (15.1+20.81+19.3)%/3=18.4%
Plasticity index (IP) = liquid limit (WL) - Plastic limit (Wp)
Ip=WL-WP Ip= 40-18.4 =21.6%
The determination process of shrinkage limit is presented in table 5.
Table 5. Shrinkage limit determination
S/N Shrinkage Dish No. 1 2 3
1. Mass of the container, Wc 62 60.5 59
2. Mass of container+ Wet soil pat in grm, Wws 108.7 107.3 106.52
3. Mass of wet soil pat, W1=Wws-Wc 46.7 46.8 47.52
4. Mass of container+ Dry soil pat in grm, Wds 99.26 98 97.4
5. Mass of oven dry soil pat, W2 37.26 37.5 38.4
6. Mass of water in grm, Ww=W1-W2 9.44 9.3 9.12
7. Moisture content (%), W=(Ww/W2)*100 25.33 24.8 23.75
8. Mass of mercury filling the shrinkage dish W3 274.28 274.28 274.28
9. Density of mercury 13.53 13.53 13.53
10. Volume of wet soil pat (V1) in cm3
3.45 3.46 3.5
11. Volume of dry pat (V2) in cm3
2.75 2.77 2.84
Water content of soil, mass of dry soil volume of wet and dry soil is the average of the three results from table 17
above,
Water content (W) = (25.33+24.8+23.75)/3=24.6%
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Mass of dry soil (W2) = (37.26+37.5+38.4)/3=37.72 grm
Volume of wet soil (V1) = (3.45+3.46+3.5)/3 =3.47 cm3
Volume of dry soil (V2) = (2.75+2.77+2.84)/3=2.78 cm3
Shrinkage limit%, Wsl = (24.6%-((3.47-2.78)/37.72)*1)*100 = 22.77%
Shrinkage ratio, R =37.72/1*2.78=13.57
3.2.2. Water absorption test result
A brick with water absorption of less than 20% provides better resistance to damage by freezing. The water
absorption by bricks increases with increase in pores. Table 6 presents the determination of brick water absorption.
Table 6. Brick water absorption test determination
Number of bricks Weight of bricks before (M1) Weight of bricks after (M2)
1 1701.1 1932.5
2 1633.6 1859.5
3 1769.6 2005.1
The above results showing 13.57% absorption confirm that the brick was good in quality as it is less than 20%.
3.2.3. Sieve analysis test results
Table 7 below presents the result of sieve analysis test and the respective chart is given in Fig 5.
Table 7. Sieve analysis results
IS sieve size
(mm)
Weight retained
in each sieve (gm)
Percentage
retained on each
sieve
Cumulative%
retained on each
sieve
% Finer
2.36 23.8 3.5 3.5 96.5
1.18 41.7 6.1 9.6 90.4
0.600 91.3 13.5 23.1 76.9
0.425 115.2 17 40.1 59.9
0.300 112.4 16.6 56.7 43.3
0.150 201.1 29.6 86.3 13.7
0.075 91.7 13.5 99.8 0.2
Pan 1.5 0.2 100 0
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Figure 5. Wet sieve analysis
As conclusion about soil test results, it was established that in Muhanga there is a lot of clay. The wet sieve
analysis test shows that the type of clay found there is silt clay. Finally, the Atterberg limit test shows that the
liquid, plastic and shrinkage of clay found in Muhanga has property for making a good brick used in reinforced
brick construction.
3.2.4. Compressive strength test results
Table 8 presents the results from compression test of different type of brick.
Table 8. Compression test results
S/N Type of brick Load (KN)
Length (L)
(cm)
Width (W)
(cm)
Height (H)
(cm)
Strength
(MPa)
1.
Brick form low
performing clay
119.67 19.2 9 4.7 6.83
2. Muhanga Brick 241.685 20.4 9.5 6.7 12.41
3. Ruliba Brick 150.154 20.5 5.3 9.67 13.82
From the table above, it can be seen that the compression strength for the clay brick from the targeted area was
12.41 MPa. This result was in line with standards and other previous study results. Here it can be noted that even
the low strength of 6.83MPa, still offers possibility of the application for simple housing (Mbereyaho et al., 2014).
On the other side, Muhanga bricks showed even better performance, and its use in RBM will increase that
performance and therefore extend its application to middle story buildings.
After getting the positive feedback from respondents regarding the acceptability of RBM in local construction, and
key clay bricks strength results, it was relevant to assess the product affordability.
3.2.5. Results on cost analysis of the RBM construction
As stated earlier in section 2, the cost estimation was conducted on the RC and RBM structure, based on design
results and, finally a comparative analysis was performed. Based on the outcomes from the interview, a five story
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
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building with two structures, different by materials has been used for this analysis. The conducted soil mechanics
test results, showed that the bearing capacity was 230 kPa which was admissible for the given structure. The
consideration of this bearing capacity in foundation design established that the isolated footing supported by ring
beams was the best option for the proposed building structure.
The perspective views of the two structures are given under Fig.6 and Fig.7 respectively for Reinforced Brick and
Reinforced Concrete Building.
Figure 6. Reinforced brick building Figure 7. Reinforced concrete building
The fig.8 shows the top view or plan of proposed building structure.
Figure 8. Top view of proposed building
Design considerations and materials referred to ACI 530/ASCE/TMS 402 [16].
After the structures design, the cost estimation of reinforced brick house and reinforced concrete house were
conducted using the unit cost methods. The total estimated cost for the reinforced brick building structure was
1,066,167,788 Rwf. The cost estimation for reinforced concrete house is established at 1,296,471,076 Rwf. This
shows a cost benefit of around 17.8% with the application of RBM in construction. This result goes in line with
some earlier published results (Islam et al., 2016; Saheyl et al., 2013). The RBM structure can be used in all
Rwanda areas, and be an answer not only for the affordable housing but also for housing in earthquake zone of the
country (Triwiyonoa et al., 2015).
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░ 4. CONCLUSION
The general objective of the study was to establish the acceptability level of RBM in local construction, while
appreciating its performance, in order to establish its potentials for housing promotion in Rwanda secondary cities.
The adopted methodology comprised of clay site identification, determination of clay properties and soil bearing
capacity, brick compressive strength test, design of RBM and RC residential building structures as well as their
respective cost estimation.
The study confirmed that clay was still available in abundance, especially in the targeted secondary city area of
Muhanga, and this clay met standards requirements for good bricks that can be used in RBM housing. The
compressive strength tests confirmed the adequacy of using the targeted clay brick in RBM masonry. The cost
estimation of both the structures showed that the building cost for RBM housing was 17.8% less than the cost of
RC housing.
The study results showed that RBM structure can be used in any city in the country where clay was available, as a
strong and affordable solution, especially for middle rise buildings. The influence of soil bearing capacity in
selecting the building importance level may be considered as one of potential further studies. Also, while the study
promotes the use of RBM in construction, a study related to the environment conservation of clay sites would be
another important research scope.
░ 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors sincerely acknowledge the technical support from the University of Rwanda, College of Science and
Technology leadership, especially regarding the provision of laboratory facilities during the study. Also, the
leadership of Muhanga district, experts and local people, for their contribution in form of provided administrative
and technical information. Any other individual or institution that contributed in one or other ways for the
successful completion of this work is also acknowledged.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional, or personal interests.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they consented to the publication of this research work.
Availability of data and material
The authors are willing to share the data and material according to relevant needs.
12. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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ISSN: 2581-5059 18
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░ Cite this article
Leopold, M., Adewole, K.K., Rachel, M., Juscare, M. & Justine, I. Reinforced Brick Masonry in
Urbanization of Rwanda Secondary Cities. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(4),
07–19 (2022).
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