Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai is a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in 1878. The document identifies various problems affecting the historic building's integrity, including stone staining, cracks, leaks, inappropriate additions, and inadequate infrastructure. Specific issues are outlined for each floor, roof, and elevation. Degradation is occurring due to environmental factors, overuse of systems, and lack of proper maintenance. The building's heritage value is at risk without intervention to address the numerous problems documented.

1. CASE STUDY ON
CHHATRAPATI MAHARAJ
TERMINUS
NAME – SAURABH SANTOSH
WAGHMARE
ROLL NO - 212030001
FY M.TECH (CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT) 1

2. Brief Description
• Designed by - Frederick William Stevens (British Architect), Axel Haig (Swedish Architect)
• Engineer - Wilson Bell
• Year of built - 1878
• Location on Map - Latitude 18˚ 56' 37.9968' ' N
Longitude 72 ˚ 50' 9.5676 ' ' E
The site comes under ‘A’ ward of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai.
• Site mainly categorized into Inscribed site & Buffer zones
• Inscribed site - Existing state of structure is strictly regulated to preserve the natural and/or
historic environment
• Buffer zones - Area in which development actions over a certain scale are controlled to
conserve the cultural landscape and natural environment.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) which is a heritage
building in Mumbai is an outstanding example of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture in India,
blended with themes deriving from Indian traditional architecture.
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3. Buffer Zone 2 (Railway Land) - 25.6 Ha
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus - 2.85 Ha
Buffer Zone 1 (Sub precinct) –17.5 Ha
Buffer Zone 3 (The BMC Precinct) –47.11Ha
Open Spaces
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4. Criteria for Listing Heritage Building
The three key concepts need to be understood to determine whether a property is worthy of
listing.
1. Historic significance : It is the importance of a property to the history, architecture,
archaeology, engineering or culture of a community, region or nation.
2. Historic integrity : Property must be unique and have historic identity, evidenced by the
survival of physical characteristics that existed during the property's historic period.
3. Historic context : It is information about historic trends and properties grouped by an
important theme in the history of a community, region or nation during a particular period
of time.
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5. Methodology for Listing :
1. Background research : It helps in identifying historic areas, historic developments in the
area, significance of the events that may have taken place at different times, important
persons who may have shaped historical developments, cultural developments, and similar
features that may be unique to the area.
2. Field work : Field work requires lot of work to scan the heritage properties and recording
information for each property in the prescribed format. This comprises of physically
inspecting the property as well as meeting local people such as owners of the property,
talking to other residents and local ward or panchayat members, and knowledgeable
residents and representatives of institutions.
Methodology for Listing Heritage Building
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6. Current Status
The grand central staircase is
extensively used and the corner
staircases are redundant – they are
inadvertently used as solid garbage
chutes
• Building undergoes degradation due to climatic and environmental changes
• Also degraded due to over stressed services (electrical, water-supply, sanitary, rain-water
drainage, fire-fighting, air-conditioning, solid waste disposal)
• These problems can be seen through visual inspection.
The Malad stones and more particularly the
limestone on all the elevations are unevenly
stained and in places architectural features
are hidden due to incongruous additions and
alterations caused due to emergent
necessities
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7. Current Status
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8. Current Status
AC ducts add to the dead load as well as obstruct the natural
light and ventilation.
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9. Current Status
Open wiring is seen during visual inspection throughout the
building.
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10. Current Status
Unorganised & visually disturbing as
exposed pipes are seen in the main
circulation corridors and on the main
facade of the building.
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11. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
a) Distress Marble decay The columns (Star Chambers)
b) Incongruous
additions
Incorrect Parking sheds (west side)
improper temporary sheds (east
side)
c) Seepage Degradation Columns, walls, partitions, toilets,
entrance porch, lobby & above
parapet wall
d) Leakage due to
plumbing
Degradation Booking counter, toilets, corridor,
entrance
e) Flooring Inappropriate, non-uniform Everywhere
f) Arches infilled Inappropriate obstruction of light
and ventilation, defy spaces
Star Chamber, library and cash area
Typical Problems
GROUND FLOOR (Area: 5,100.00 sqm)
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12. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
g) Brick wall/full height partitions,
half height ply partition
Inappropriate, inadequate light
and ventilation, defy spaces
More in the right wing
h) Services
Electrical/telephone Dangerous
Water-supply Inappropriate
Sanitary Inappropriate
Rain water drainage Inadequate
Fire-fighting Inadequate
Solid waste disposal Improper, disorganized
Air-conditioning Improper, disorganized
Parking Unpleasant Need for relocation
Typical Problems
GROUND FLOOR (Area: 5,100.00 sqm)
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13. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
i) Cracks Short columns, parapet wall
j) Buckling Window panes of the star chamber
k) Rising damp Degradation Walls of the dining hall
l) Cast iron/Al. Grills added Inappropriate, not
maintained periodically
Cash area
m) Exhaust/A.C. units added Improper locations
n) Incongruous cladding Bad and non-functional Star Chambers, cash counter area
o) Mezzanine floors Improper, Obstruction of
light and ventilation
Office area
p) Circulation Unused – serve as garbage
chute
Corner spiral staircases, corridors
GROUND FLOOR (Area: 5,100.00 sqm)
Typical Problems
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14. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
a) Seepage Degradation
b) Leakage due to plumbing Degradation
c) Flooring Inappropriate, non-uniform
d) Arches infilled, brick wall/full height
partitions, half height ply partition
Inadequate light and ventilation,
defy spaces
e) Services
Electrical/telephone Dangerous
Water-supply Inappropriate
Sanitary Inappropriate
Rain water drainage Inadequate
FIRST FLOOR (Area: 4,600.00 sqm)
Typical Problems
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15. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
Fire-fighting Inadequate
Solid waste disposal Improper, disorganized
Air-conditioning Improper, disorganized
f)Circulation Unused – serve as garbage
chutes
Corner spiral staircases
g) Cracks Cause of weathering Short columns, parapet wall
h) Distress Cause of weathering Parapet walls, short columns
i) Incongruous additions Incorrect Rear side of the building
j) Exhaust/A.C. units added Improper Rooms adjacent to corridor
k) Lifts Improper Adjacent to staircases
FIRST FLOOR (Area: 4,600.00 sqm)
Typical Problems
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16. SECOND FLOOR (Area: 5,100.00 sqm)
Typical Problems
Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
a) Seepage Degradation Rooms, corridors
b) Leakage due to plumbing Degradation Rooms, corridors
c) Flooring Inappropriate, non-uniform Everywhere
d) Arches infilled, brick wall/full height
partitions, half height ply partition
Inadequate light and
ventilation, defy spaces
Entire floor
e) Services
Electrical/telephone Dangerous
Water-supply Inappropriate
Sanitary Inappropriate
Rain water drainage Inadequate 16

17. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
Fire-fighting Inadequate
Solid waste disposal Improper, disorganized
Air-conditioning Improper, disorganized
f) Distress Cause of weathering Parapet walls, short columns
g) Cracks Cause of weathering Short columns, parapet wall
h) Incongruous additions Unpleasant Rear part of the building
i) Exhaust/A.C. units added Improper Rooms adjacent to the
corridors
j) Lifts Improper Adjacent to the staircase
k) Pipes on floor Dangerous Rear corridor
SECOND FLOOR (Area: 5,100.00 sqm)
Typical Problems
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18. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
l) Mezzanine Unwanted storage, addition of
dead load
Left wing
m) Missing element Wrought iron spiral staircases Corridor
n) Incongruous cladding Unpleasant and non-functional Corridors, Toilets in the turrets
SECOND FLOOR (Area: 5,100.00 sqm)
Typical Problems
ATTIC FLOOR (Area: 1,630.00 sqm)
Seepage, leakage, improper use of space, unwanted storage, pumps and machines
adding to the dead weight and unused area
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19. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
a) Incongruous
additions
Unwanted storage, extra dead
load
Water tanks, A.C. Units, A.C. ducts,
water coolers, machines, pump rooms
b) Waterproofing
Domes, spires (2400.00 m2) Seepage through limestone joints,
efflorescence
Pitched roof (5010.00 m2) Leakage through tiles
Flat roof (902.00 m2) Existing waterproofing ineffective
c) Architectural
Elements
Missing and broken pinnacles,
gargoyles
d) Rainwater disposal Inadequate Choked gargoyles and down take pipes
ROOF (Area: 8,312.00 sqm)
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Typical Problems
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20. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
NORTH ELEVATION
a) Stone staining Environmental pollution Domes, spires, cornices
b) Ficus growth Large scale Walls
c) Electrical cables Dangerous Walls
d) A.C. units, plumbing Unpleasant Walls
e) Incongruous additions,
cladding
Unpleasant Ground floor
ELEVATIONS
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Typical Problems

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Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
EAST ELEVATION
a) Stone staining Environmental pollution Domes, spires, cornices
b) Ficus growth Large scale Walls
c) Electrical cables Dangerous Walls
d) Leakage due to plumbing Degradation Walls
e)A.C. units, plumbing Unpleasant Walls
f) Incongruous additions Unpleasant, chemical degradation,
additional
dead loads
Water tanks
Typical Problems
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22. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
SOUTH ELEVATION
a) Stone staining Environmental pollution Domes, spires, cornices
b) Ficus growth Large scale Walls
c) Electrical cables Dangerous Walls
d) A.C. units, plumbing Unpleasant Walls
e) Incongruous additions,
cladding
Unpleasant Cast iron grills, covered
arches
f) Cracks Cause of weathering Cornices
g) Missing elements Cause of weathering Pinnacles at the roof level
h) Later Additions Addition dead load Water tanks
Typical Problems
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23. Type of Problems Cause / Effect Location/Area
WEST ELEVATION
a) Stone staining Environmental pollution Domes, spires, cornices
b) Ficus growth In plenty Walls
c) Electrical cables Dangerous Walls
d) A.C. units, plumbing Aesthetically unpleasant Walls
e) Incongruous additions Aesthetically unpleasant, dead load Water tanks
f) Leakage due to plumbing Degradation Wall
g) Missing elements Cause of weathering Missing & broken
pinnacles at the roof level
Typical Problems
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24. Conservation Plan for CSMT Heritage Building
• Building - Truly historical and irreplaceable, intelligently designed and diligently constructed.
• Inspection - Visual inspection and laboratory analysis of the building stones.
• Disintegration cause - Physical, mechanical and chemical forces of nature & the man-made
problems of improper and inadequate repair, maintenance and use. The aggressive climate
and highly polluted micro environment of the traffic-ridden Mumbai, have left their tell tales
on the building fabric in the form of broken / cracked / eroded / disfigured / chemically
degraded stones ( particularly the reactive Marble & Lime stone ), precarious stain glass,
leaking roof structure, etc.
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25. 25
• A team of conservation architects, specialist engineers, architects, material scientists, and
historians was assembled for the work.
• Duration of Survey – 8 months (during both wet and dry conditions)
• Focuses on serious, services, structural, architectural and other problems.
• Only the C.S.T. main building and the platform no 1 towards Crawford market have been
detailed for surveys although the entire complex is a heritage site. This was done due to
constraints of time etc.
• The authentic principle and technique of repair is described with respect to typical
problems. The principle of 'Repair and avoid restoring' and 'repair with honesty, using like-
materials (same materials) where possible has been advocated echoing the best traditions
of conservation. 25
Brief Methodology of Plan

26. Conservation Principles
• A comprehensive awareness of the needs and clear approach to achieve the same aura of
the old and historical, & remainders of the past / passing era, that will be of educational /
cultural / socioeconomical value to the on-coming generations is the basic prerequisite for
any conservation activity.
• Conservation primarily, is a process which leads to the prolongation of the life of the cultural
property for its utilization now and in the future. All practical alternatives should be
explored and then evaluated in the light of theory in order to find the ‘least bad’ solution,
which must respect the qualities in the historic building.
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27. Conservation Principles
Preservation:
Prolonging the life in its existing form by minimising intervention, this is the purest form of
conserving a heritage building and calls for high degree of restraint and tolerance
Redevelopment:
When in the case of extreme danger to the stability of the structure or for any other reason, the
whole building is rebuilt or extensively changed, it is termed redevelopment.
Restoration:
Technical term for authentic repairs includes specific necessary / inevitable interventions
conducted on a heritage building, covering routine to unique methods. The cleaning of buildings
is also a form of restoration and the displacement of missing decorative elements is another
Rehabilitation:
It is always desirable that the reuse shall be same as the designed use or in case of change of use
to squatting etc., to a compatible one.
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28. Proposed concept of long term conservation plan
• It is proposed that a committee of the Central Railways under the chairmanship of the General
Manager, Central Rly. could coordinate the internationally significant conservation project.
• This could be done using a special conservation fund with inputs from public, private
international sources, if needed.
Restoration proposals:
The conservation project managers, nodal agency who will co-ordinate the entire
implementation of the plan besides being QA/QC agency. The specialised works such as the
building services modernisation needs to be planned with the additional expertise of the nodal
agency
Roof - (sloping, flat terrace, ground surface), Floors, Walls, Finishings and interiors, Services such
as - (i) Electrical (ii) Water supply (iii) Sanitary/plumbing (iv) Air-conditioning (v) Fire-fighting (vi)
Landscaping and parking
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29. Proposed roof view
ROOF MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE:
Priorities -
1. Use 2. Upgrading services
3. Structural repairs
Maintenance:
1. - Removal of existing conventional
water proofing.
- Repairs to lime concrete.
- Re-doing brick-bat coba.
2. Cleaning vegetation / mossfungicide /
Weedicide treatment.
3. Cleaning ventilators
Special chajjas to ventilators.
4. Active use of roof.
-Replacing damaged tiles
-Tightness of fit of tiles
-Successive limewash to limestone 29

30. 5. Joint treatment :-
-flashing
-Capping
-Sealant
6. Water tank re-location and plumbing.
7. -Cleaning and up-grading existing External
surface runoff system
-Repairs / de-choking of Downtake pipes.
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31. 31

32. 32

33. WALLS
Due to leaking the plaster is in poor condition at many places, especially in the toilet
areas & verandas of the second floor. The plaster in these places needs to be chipped
off and repaired with a matching (1:3 lime putty, river sand) site prepared and stored lime
mortar in two layers. A bonding agent is useful for adhering new and old materials
STONE WEATHERING
• For limestone lime washing is recommended where major weathering of rocks are seen.
• Stone pointing should be done where ever joints are seen open.
• Stone cleaning 1 in 10 years should be done. And spot cleaning is preferred to total cleaning
• Minor surface consolidations can be done on stone cracks
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34. FLOORS
The conservation needs require that all the tiles used should
be uniform and shall blend with the architecture of the
building. The choice will be made by the relevant
appropriate authority through the nodal agency proposed.
PAINTING DEFECTS
Paints Peeling off due to improper surface preparation
• Whitewashing to be done annually In the month of
October. In utility areas i.e. Toilets, kitchen
• Repairs of plaster should be done with lime mortar, if
necessary with the help of organic polymer binder.
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35. TIMBER
Damaged timber to be removed and replaced with matching recycled timber General guidelines
• Anti-termite and wood preservative treatment, varnish and paint system - to be applied once a
year.
• Flat oil paint/lead based paint to be applied to the exterior wood.
METALS
• All metal surfaces should be painted with metal paints once in three years.
• Use of mild steel should be avoided in this building for corrosion instead non-ferrous plastic
metals are to be used like stainless steel, galvanised iron, copper.
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36. 36
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• Restoration and checking of earth-pits at substation and preventing leakages in the substation.
• Correcting the defects in the L.T. distribution panels.
• Replacing old wiring. It is strongly recommended that instead of doing a patchwork, total
electrical system for the whole building should be designed and implemented.
• Open wiring in corridors should be placed in box type channel throughout the building.
• Optionally, installation of capacitor-bank and Power Factor Monitoring Equipment to improve
P.F. of installation and save energy.
• Following tests for the installations safety should be carried out at the earliest:
a) Insulation resistance test
b) Earth Continuity test
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37. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• The whole of the water supply to the plumbing apparatus is required to be redesigned and the
distribution should be done through 2 centralised overhead tanks and a well designed terrace
loop system using non corrosive pipes having ultra violet rays stabilising properties.
• Internal water supply: Internal water supply inside the toilets also need total restoration as the
pipes used for feeding the apparatuses are very old. The piping should be concealed as
exposed piping is always subject to tempering and damage. The internal plumbing
should be either of 99.9% percent pure copper pipes of 0.9 mm thickness and of
bendable quality, minimising joints and avoiding the tempering.
• Vertical external drainage system: Vent, rainwater pipes etc. are also very old and
needs replacements in some cases.
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38. 38
PLUMBING AND SANITATION
• The present plumbing pattern is not only unorganised, but is also visually disturbing as
exposed pipes are seen in the main circulation corridors and on the main facade of the
building. Some pipes are seen to be running along the floor on the second floor where the
toilets are situated in the centre of space.
• Detailed plumbing plan has to be prepared for the building with a thorough mapping of all the
water outlets, rainwater discharge pipes and other plumbing fixtures. It is observed that the
position of the water tanks all along the flat areas of the terrace causes excess dead load,
hence showing distress in the timber joists on the second floor. These should ideally be
accommodated within one overhead tank fulfilling the water requirements for the entire
building.
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39. AIR CONDITIONING
A.C. Window units shall be replaced by split A.C. units
in the long run as the AC window units may impact
load and obstruct natural air and light from
environment
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
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41. ICOMOS RECOMMENDATION
ICOMOS(International Council on Monuments and Sites) is a non-governmental international
organisation dedicated to the conservation of the world's monuments and sites.
• ICOMOS strongly recommends that restoration be undertaken by appropriately trained and
qualified firms and specialists.
• ICOMOS stresses the importance for the State Party to make every effort to guarantee its
integrity for the future.
• ICOMOS welcomes the proposal to extend the buffer zone to cover the entire precinct area
which in itself forms a fine example of the development in the 19th century Bombay.
RECOMMENDATION
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42. CRITERIA: C (ii) (iv)
• Criterion (ii): Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) exhibits an important
interchange of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture, and from Indian
traditional buildings. It became a symbol for Mumbai as a major mercantile port city on the
Indian Subcontinent within the British Commonwealth.
• Criterion (iv): Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is an outstanding example of late 19th century
railway architecture in the British Commonwealth, characterized by Victorian Gothic Revival
and traditional Indian features, as well as its advanced structural and technical solutions.
-By ICOMOS, March 2004
DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE:
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43. • WHC UNESCO - World Heritage Scanned Nomination
• https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/945rev.pdf
• Handbook of Conservation of Heritage Buildings
https://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/ConservationHertbuildings.pdf
Reference
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44. THANK YOU
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