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1. Joints
JOINT- A place where two or more bones meet.

2. Types of Joints
There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints
The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move -
they overlap or interlock, and are held together by
a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable Joints
The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move
a little - they are held together by strong straps
called ligaments and are joined by protective pads
known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Freely Moveable Joints
At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.
They are also known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints found in the body,
e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY
STRUCTURE
Fibrous: Have no cavity and are held together by
fibrous connective tissue – e.g. the sutures of the skull
bones
Cartilaginous: Also have no cavity. There is cartilage
between the bones of the joint. May be found between
the vertebrae of the spine
Synovial: Has a fluid filled cavity surrounded by an
articular capsule. The articulating surfaces are covered in
hyaline cartilage – e.g. the hinge joint of the knee

4. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY
MOVEMENT
Fibrous or synarthrosis: Does not allow any movement,
which makes more sense when you know where in the
body they occur, as they supply protection – e.g. for the
brain
Cartilaginous or amphiarthrosis: Allows only limited
movement
Synovial or diarthrosis: Is freely moving, as much as
the shape of the articulating surface will allow.

6. JOINT / MOVEMENT TYPES
Joint type Shape of joint Movement range Body place : articulating
bones
Ball + socket ball shaped bone fits
into cup shaped socket
3 axes F/E AB/AD R C hip : femur, acetabulum of pelvis
shoulder : scapula, humerus
Hinge convex and concave
surfaces fitting together
1 axis F/E knee : femur, patella, tibia
elbow : humerus, radius, ulna
Pivot ring shaped surrounding 1 axis R spine / atlas : odontoid process of axis
a cone (turns head from side to side)
elbow : proximal ends of radius and ulna
Condyloid modified ball and socket
giving circumduction
2 axes F/E AB/AD C knuckle joints of fingers : metacarpals,
phalanges
wrist : radius, carpals
Saddle shaped like a saddle
giving circumduction
2 axes F/E AB/AD C joint at base of thumb : carpal,
metacarpal
Gliding two flat gliding surfaces a little in all directions centre of chest : clavicle, sternum
wrist : carpals
ankle : tarsals
spine : articulating surfaces of vertebrae

7. In the picture below the ball and socket joint at the hip allows the player to
get height and then the ball and socket joint at the shoulder allows him to
SLAM DUNK!!

8. Hinge joint (the elbow) in use taking a set shot

9. The knee (HINGE JOINT) is used when flexing
(bending) and extending (straightening) the leg to
kick a football

10. Spin bowling requires a
complex movement of
the wrist joint – what
type of joint?

11. Bowling underarm
involves extension
and flexion of the
shoulder – what type
of joint?

12. RELATIONSHIP of MUSCULAR SYSTEM to
SKELETAL SYSTEM
NAMES OF MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS
Example : biceps
ORIGIN (static end) : coracoid process / glenoid fossa tubercle of humerus
INSERTION (moving end) : tuberosity of radius
FASCIA
connectivetissue
example: epimysium
LIGAMENTS
attach boneto bone
example: kneejoint
cruciateligaments
TENDONS
attach muscleto bone
viaPERIOSTEUM
example: achillestendon
PERIOSTEAL
LAYERS
attach tendons to bone
MUSCULAR
ATTACHMENTS
APONEUROSIS
aflattened ribbon
shaped tendon

13. Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments: What’s the
difference?
Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Tough
Attaches bone to
muscle
Attaches bone to
bone
Flexible Sturdy Elastic
At end of bone Non elastic Stabilise
Cushions
Size changes
depending on
muscle
Made of many
fibres
Anchor Strong

14. Types of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable (synovial) joints can
be divided into six groups depending upon
how they move.
KEY
Ball & Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint

15. Joints
Synovial Joints
• The articular capsule is a fibrous tissue encasing
the joint, forming a capsule
• The synovial membrane acts as a lining to the
joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
• The articular/hyaline cartilage covers the ends of
the articulating bones
• Synovial fluid fills the joint capsule nourishes and
lubricates the articular cartilage

16. Joints
Synovial Joints
• Ligaments are white fibrous connective tissues
joining bone to bone, making the joint more stable
• Bursa is found where tendons are in contact with
bone. It forms a fluid filed sac between the tendon
and bone and helps reduce friction
• Articular discs of cartilage act as shock absorbers
• Pads of fat act as buffers to protect the bones form
wear and tear

17. Synovial Joints
Ligament
Cartilage
Ligament
Synovial
Fluid
Pelvis
Synovial
Membrane
Capsule
Femur
Hip Joint

18. Ball-and-Socket Joint
• hip
• shoulder
Condyloid Joint
•between metacarpals
and phalanges
8-9

19. Gliding Joint
• between carpals
• between tarsals
Hinge Joint
• elbow
• between phalanges
8-10

20. Pivot Joint
•between proximal
ends of radius and
ulna
Saddle Joint
•between carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
8-11

21. • ball-and-socket
• head of humerus
• glenoid cavity of
scapula
• loose joint capsule
• bursae
• ligaments prevent
displacement
• very wide range of
movement
8-15
Shoulder Joint

22. • hinge joint
• trochlea of humerus
• trochlear notch of
ulna
• gliding joint
• capitulum of
humerus
• head of radius
• flexion and extension
• many reinforcing
ligaments
• stable joint
8-17
Elbow Joint

23. • ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur
• acetabulum
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing
ligaments
• less freedom of
movement than
shoulder joint
8-19
Hip Joint

24. • largest joint
• most complex
•medial and lateral
condyles of distal end of
femur
•medial and lateral
condyles of proximal end
of tibia
•femur articulates
anteriorly with patella
• modified hinge joint
•flexion/extension/little
rotation 8-21
Knee Joint
•strengthened by many
ligaments and tendons
•menisci separate femur
and tibia
• bursae