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Vertebral Column.ppt
1. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
β’ Location:
β’ Forms the vertical axis of the skeleton
β’ General Structure:
β’ Composed of vertebrae
β’ Vertenrae are separated by masses of fibrocartilage called
intervertebral discs
β’ Each intervertebral disc is connected to one another by ligaments
β’ Functions:
β’ Supports the head and trunk
β’ Protects the spinal cord, which passes through the vertebral canal
(formed by openings in the vertebrae)
2. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
β’ Number of bones in an infant skeleton:
β’ 33 bones
β’ Number of bones in an adult skeleton:
β’ 26 bones
β’ Five bones are fused into the sacrum
β’ Four bones are fused to form the coccyx (tailbone)
3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
β’ Curvatures:
β’ Thoracic curvature
β’ Concave anteriorly
β’ Primary curve
β’ Sacral curvature
β’ Concave anteriorly
β’ Primary curve
β’ Cervical curvature
β’ Convex anteriorly
β’ Secondary curve
β’ Develops when a baby begins to hold up its head
β’ Lumbar curvature
β’ Convex anteriorly
β’ Secondary curvature
β’ Develops when a child begins to stand
4. TYPICAL VERTERBRA
β’ Body
β’ Drum-shaped
β’ Forms the thick, anterior portion of the
bone
β’ Longitudinal rows of bodies support
the weight of the head and trunk
5. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Intervertebral discs
β’ Separate adjacent vertebrae
β’ Fastened to the roughened upper and lower surfaces of
the vertebral bodies
β’ Soften forces (such as from walking and jumping) that
might fracture the vertebrae or injure the brain
6. TYPICAL VERTEBRA
β’ Anterior longitudinal ligaments
β’ Join adjacent vertebrae on the anterior surface
β’ Posterior longitudinal ligaments
β’ Join adjacent vertebrae on the posterior surface
8. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Vertebral Arch
β’ Surrounds the vertebral foramen
β’ Formed by:
β’ Pedicles
β’ Two short stalks that project posteriorly from each vertebral body to form the sides of
the vertebral foramen
β’ Spinous process
β’ Posterior projection formed by the fusion of two plates called laminae
β’ Serves as an attachment for various ligament sand muscles
9. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Transverse process
β’ Projects laterally and posteriorly between the pedicles and
laminae
β’ Serves as an attachment for various ligament sand muscles
10. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Superior articulating process
β’ Projects upward from each vertebral arch
β’ Has cartilage-covered facets by which each vertebrae is joined to the one above it
β’ Inferior articulating process
β’ Projects downward from each vertebral arch
β’ Has cartilage-covered facets by which each vertebrae is joined to the one above it
11. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Intervertebral foramina
β’ Formed by aligning notches on the lower surfaces of the
vertebral pedicles
β’ Provide passageways for spinal nerves that pass between
adjacent vertebrae and connect to the spinal cord
12. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Seven vertebrae that form the neck
β’ Smallest of the vertebrae
β’ Have the densest bone tissues
13. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ Special features:
β’ Transverse processes have transverse foramina, which serve as passageways for
arteries leading to the brain
β’ Spinous processes of the 2nd through 6th cervical vertebrae are forked (bifid) to
provide attachments for muscles
β’ Spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra is longer and called the vertebra
prominens
14. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
β’ 1st cervical vertebra is called the atlas and
supports the head
β’ Hardly has a body or spine
β’ Appears as a bony ring with two transverse
processes
β’ Has two kidney-shaped facets on its superior surface
that articulate with the occipital condyles
β’ 2nd cervical vertebra is called the axis
β’ Has a toothlike process called the dens, or odontoid
process that projects upward and into the ring of the
atlas
β’ As the head turns from side to side the atlas
pivots around the dens
15. THORACIC VERTEBRAE
β’ 12 vertebrae below the cervical vertebrae
β’ Special features:
β’ Transverse processes project posteriorly at sharp angles
β’ Spinous processes are long and pointed and slope downward
β’ Bodies have facets on each side that articulate with ribs
β’ Beginning with the third thoracic vertebra, each vertebra increases in size to bear
the increasing load of body weight
16. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
β’ 5 vertebrae in the small of the back
β’ Special Features
β’ Have larger and stronger bodies than vertebrae above them as they have to
support more weight
β’ Have thinner transverse processes that project laterally
β’ Have short thick spinous processes that project posteriorly and nearly horizontally
17. SACRUM
β’ Consists of 5 vertebrae that gradually fuse together
between the ages of 18 and 30
β’ Forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity
18. SACRUM
β’ Special Features:
β’ Spinous processes are fused to form a ridge of tubercules called the median sacral
crest
β’ Joined to the coxae of the pelvis at its auricular surfaces by fibrocartilage of the
sacroiliac joints
β’ The upper anterior margin of the sacrum (or the first sacral vertebra) is called the sacral
promontory
β’ Posterior sacral foramina are located to the sides of the tubercules and allow nerves
and blood vessels to pass through
β’ Vertebral foramina of the sacral vertebrae form the sacral canal which opens at the tip
of the sacrum (called the sacral hiatus)
β’ Opening exists because the laminae of the last sacral vertebrae are not fused
β’ Four pairs of anterior sacral foramina are located on the ventral surface and allow
passageways for nerves and blood vessels
19. COCCYX
β’ Tailbone
β’ Usually consists of 4 vertebrae that fuse by the 25th year.
β’ Cushions the force of sitting
β’ Attached to the margins of the sacral hiatus by ligaments
20. THORACIC CAGE
β’ Includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum,
and the costal cartilages (attach ribs to sternum)
β’ Functions:
β’ Support the shoulder girdle and upper limbs
β’ Protect the viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
β’ Play a role in breathing
21. RIBS
β’ Usual number is 24 (one pair attached to each of
the 12 thoracic vertebrae)
β’ Some people can develop extra ribs associated with the
cervical or lumbar vertbrae
β’ True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)
β’ First seven rib pairs
β’ Join the sternum directly by costal cartilage
β’ False ribs (vertebrochondral ribs)
β’ Remaining five pairs
β’ Cartilages of the upper three pairs of false ribs join the
cartilage of the 7th rib
β’ The last two pairs have no attachment to the sternum, so
they are called floating ribs (or vertebral ribs)
22. RIBS
β’ A typical rib has a long slender shaft which curves
around the chest and slope downward
β’ An enlarged head is located at the posterior end
and articulates with a facet on the body of its own
vertebra and the next highest vertebra
β’ Neck of the rib is flattened, lateral to the head,
where ligaments attach
β’ A tubercle that is close to the head of the rib
articulates with the transverse process of the
vertebra
23. RIBS
β’ Costal cartilages are composed of hyaline cartilage
and are attached to the anterior ends of the ribs (and
contour in line with them toward the sternum)
24. STERNUM
β’ Breastbone
β’ Flat elongated bone located along the midline in the
anterior portion of the thoracic cage
β’ Develops in three parts:
β’ An upper manubrium
β’ The manubrium usually remains as a separate bone until middle
age or later when it fuses to the body of the sternum
β’ A middle body
β’ A lower xyphiod process that projects downward
β’ The xiphoid process begins as a piece of cartilage, slowly ossifies,
and fuses to the body of the sternum by middle age
β’ The sides of the manubrium and the body are notched
where they articulate with costal cartilage
β’ The manubrium also articulates with the clavicles by facets
on its superior border
