This document discusses revascularization/regeneration procedures performed on immature molars. It defines regenerative endodontics as biologically based procedures to replace damaged pulp and root structures. The objectives of regenerative endodontics are to regenerate pulp-like tissue, dentin, and root structures. Stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors are key elements in dental tissue engineering and regeneration procedures. The document also discusses the use of triantibiotic pastes containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline to disinfect immature teeth and enable revascularization.

1. Revascularization/ Regeneration
Performed in immature Molars :
Case Reports
Sonmez IS, Akbay OA, Erkmen AM; J Clin Pediatr Dent;2013;37(3):231-234

2. Regenerative endodontic procedures can be defined as biologically based
procedures designed to replace damaged structures, including dentin and
root structures, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex.
Definition of tissue engineering
LANGER & VACANTI stated that it is “ an interdisciplinary field that
applies the principle of engineering and life sciences towards the
development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve
tissue function.”
Langer R Vacanti JP ;Tissue engineering, Science 1993:260(5110).920-6
What is Regenerative
Endodontics…?

3. The objectives of regenerative endodontic procedure, are to
Regenerate pulp like tissue, ideally. The pulp -dentin complex
Regenerate damaged coronal dentin, such as following a caries exposure
Regenerate resorbed root, cervical or apical dentin.
OBJECTIVE

4. What Is a Stem Cell?
 Unspecialized cells
 Give rise to more than 250
specialized cells in the body
 Serve as the body’s repair system
– Renew itself
– Replenish other cells

5. Stem Cells
A stem cell is commonly defined as a cell that has the ability to continuously
divide and produce progeny cells that differentiate (develop) into various other
types of cells or tissues
The plasticity of the stem cell defines its ability to produce cells of different tissues

6. Two Major Types of SC
Mature Stem Cells Early Stem Cells
Adult (includes umbilical cord &
placenta)
Embryonic; blastocystic
Cells obtained from specific mature
body tissues, umbilical cord, placenta
Cells obtained from inner cell mass of
a blastocyst
Multipotent —
Give rise to multiple but limited cell
types
Pluripotent —
Flexible, give rise to
any cell type in the body

7. TYPES OF DENTAL STEM CELLS
 Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)
 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
 Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous
teeth (SHEDs)
 Periodontal Ligament (PDLSCs)
 Dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs)
 Apical papilla (SCAPs)
 Bone Marrow derived mesenchymal stem
cells (BMSC)
 Epithelial Stem Cells from developing
molars (EpSC)
DPSCs: multipotency, high proliferation rates and accessibility

8. Key elements of dental tissue
engineering
scaffold
Stem cells
Growth factors

9. Scaffolds
 Cell attachment & migration
 Permit delivery of growth factors
 Enable influx of oxygen
 Porosity is critical
 Should not be toxic
 Ceramics, natural or synthetic
polymers

10. SCAFFOLDS
collagen
Hydroxyapatite 3D hydrogel
Porous ceramics

11. Growth factors (GF)
 Soluble proteins
 Signaling molecules for cells
 Cell division, tissue differentiation
 Regulate odontogenesis
Bone morphogenic GF
Transforming GF
Fibroblast GF

15. The key elements of tissue engineering and dentin regeneration
Nakashima M. Bone morphogenetic proteins in dentin regeneration for potential use in endodontic therapy. Cytokine growth factor Rev. 2005;16(3):369-76
/Growth factors
The scaffold provides a 3D environment for
cells to attach and grow,
(Therefore mimicking the in vivo
condition)
collagen, gelatin, dextran and fibronectin.
Polylactic acid (PLA),
Polyglycolic acid (PGA),
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA

16.  Laino and co-workers isolated a selected
subpopulation of DPSCs called; Stromal bone
producing dental pulp stem cells (SBP-DPSCs)
which roughly represent 10% of dental pulp cells
 These cells display a great capability of self-
expanding and differentiating in pre-osteoblasts;
which are able to self-maintain and renew for long
time.
Laino, G., D'Aquino, R., Graziano, A., Lanza, V., Carinci, F., Naro, F., Pirozzi, G., & Papaccio, G. (2005). A new population of human adult
dental pulp stem cells: a useful source of living autologous fibrous bone tissue (LAB). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol.20,
No.8, (August 2005), pp.1394-1402,

17. Dentin-pulp complex formation with optimal orientation for clinical application of regenerative therapy.
The pulp stem cells are transduced with BMP gene and attached to a defined scaffold to differentiate into
odontoblasts. The tubular dentin-pulp complex can be transplanted on the exposed or amputated pulp in
the cavity.

18. An Overview of Potential Technologies for regenerative
Endodontics
These techniques are
Root canal revascularization via blood clotting,
Postnatal stem cell therapy,
Pulp implantation,
Scaffold implantation,
Injectable scaffold delivery,
Three-dimensional cell printing,
Gene delivery.

19. Developmental approaches for regenerative
endodontic techniques
Murray P, Garcia-Godoy F, Hargreaves K. Regenerative Endodontics: A Review of Current Status and a Call for Action. Journal Of
Endodontics;2007; 33(4): 377-390

22. Ikeda et al. (2009)
Reported a successful fully functioning tooth replacement in an adult mouse achieved
through the transplantation of bioengineered tooth germ into the alveolar bone in the
lost tooth region.

23. REVASCULARIZATION
 Revascularization is the procedure to
reestablish the vitality in a nonvital tooth
to allow repair and regeneration of
tissues.

24.  A novel concept of revascularization of
immature non vital, infected teeth was
recently introduced by Ostby in 1961, and
in 1966
 Rule and Winter documented root
development and apical barrier formation in
cases of pulpal necrosis in children

25. MECHANISM OF
REVASCULARIZATION
 A bacteria-free canal is a prerequisite for
tissue regeneration, but tissue will not grow
into an empty space Rather, a scaffold is
required.
 Induction of blood clot from periapical
region acts as this scaffold for the growth of
new tissue.

26.  In reimplanted and autotransplanted teeth necrotic pulp,
if free of infection, provides a matrix into which the
cells from the periapical tissues could grow and
reestablish pulp vascularity, slowly replacing the
necrotic tissue.
 Some authors have suggested the use of ciprofloxacin
and metronidazole paste , Ca(OH)2 paste , along with
minimal instrumentation, aggressive, copious irrigation
with sodium hypochlorite chlorhexidine, or povidone-
iodine to control the infection.

27. 3MIX-MP
 The use of antibiotic in endodontics was first reported in 1951 by
Grossman which was known as polyantibiotic paste (PBSC). PBSC is
a mixture of penicillin, bacitracin, streptomycin and caprylate sodium.
 PBSC is a mixture of penicillin, bacitracin, streptomycin and caprylate
sodium.
 Penicillin was used for targeting against Gram-positive organisms,
bacitracin for penicillin-resistant strains, streptomycin for Gram-
negative organisms and caprylate sodium to target yeasts .
 Recently triantibiotic paste containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole
and minocycline has been introduced for lesion sterilization and repair
SatoT. Hosbino E.Uematsu H. Noda T. ; In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility to combinations of drugs on hacteria from carious and endodontic
lesions of human deciduous teeth. Oral Microhiol lnununol 1993;8;172-6

28. RATIONALE
 Metronidazole is selectively toxic to
anaerobic microorganisms
 Minocycline exhibit broad spectrum of
activity against gram positive and gram
negative microorganisms
 Ciprofloxacin exhibits very potent activity
against gram negative bacteria

29. COMPOSITION
According to Hoshino et al
 Antibiotic (3Mix) – ratio 1:1:1
- Ciprofloxacin 200mg, Metronidazole 500mg, Minocycline 100mg
 Carrier (MP) – ratio 1:1
- Macrogol ointment, Propylene glycol
3Mix is incorporated into MP using the following
 1:5 (MP:3Mix)
 1:7(standard mix)
II According to Takushige T et al
 The drugs are powdered and mixed in a ratio of 1:3:3 (3 Mix) and
added either with macrogol propylene glycol (3 Mix-MP) or a
canal sealer (3 Mix-sealer).

30. VEHICLE/CARRIER
 The ideal or optimum vehicle for delivery of antibiotics in root
canal should have ability to facilitate better diffusion of
medicament through dentinal tubules and anatomical aberrations
like fins, isthmuses and blocked canals. Therefore diffusion of
antibiotic into cementum and periradicular tissue may be
advantageous.
 Cruz EV et al investigated the penetration effect of propylene glycol
into root dentine. The area and the depth of penetration of propylene
glycol was significantly greater than distilled water into root dentine.
 In an in vitro study the antimicrobial action of ciprofloxacin,
metronidazole and polyethylene glycol & other vehicle were assessed
against 23 strains & concluded that the vehicle polyethylene glycol
showed antimicrobial effect and the ciprofloxacin/polyethylene glycol
association was most effective one.
Cruz EV Kota K, HuqueJ, Iwaku M, Hoshino E Penetration of propylene glycol through
dentine. Int Endod J 2002; 35,330-6

31. References
 Skoglund A, Tronstad L. Pulpal changes in replanted and autotransplanted immature teeth of
dogs. J Endod 1981;7: 309–16.
 Skoglund A, Tronstad L, Wallenius K. A microangiographic study of vascular changes in
replanted and autotransplanted teeth of young dogs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
1978;45:17–28.
 Mesaros SV, Trope M. Revascularization of traumatized teeth assessed by laser Doppler
flowmetry: case report. Endod Dent Traumatol 1997;13:24–30.
 Andreasen FM, Yu Z, Thomsen BL, Anderson PK. Occurrence nof pulp canal obliteration
after luxation injuries in the permanent dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987;3:103–15.
 Das S, Das AK, Murphy RA. Experimental apexigenesis in baboons. Endod Dent Traumatol
1997;13:31–5.
 Das S. Apexification in a nonvital tooth by control of infection. J Am Dent Assoc
1980;100:880–1.
 Hoshino E, Kurihara-Ando N, Sato I, Uematsu H, Sato M, Kota K, et al. In-vitro antibacterial
susceptibility of bacteria taken from infected root dentine to a mixture of ciprofloxacin,
metronidazole and minocycline. Int Endod J 1996;29:125–30.