This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses research objectives, variables, hypotheses, literature reviews, and research paradigms. The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study and should be closely related to the research problem. Variables can take different values for different individuals. Literature reviews involve scanning published literature to find references related to the research topic and help justify the proposed methodology. Research paradigms provide frameworks for scientific practice based on philosophies and assumptions about knowledge.

1. Research methodology
Submited By
Hemangi Bhise
Reeti Singh
1

2. research
 Research is the systematic process of
collecting and analyzing information to
increase our understanding of the
phenomenon under study.
 It is the function of the researcher to
contribute to the understanding of the
phenomenon and to communicate that
understanding to others.

3. research objectives
 The objectives of a research
project summarize what is to be
achieved by the study.
 These objectives should be
closely related to the research
problem.



4. Why should research objectives be
developed?
 The involvement of objectives will help you to:
 Focus the study.
 Avoid the collection of data.
 Formulate the study.

5. Variable
 A characteristic that takes on
different values/conditions for
different individuals.
 e.g. age


6. Types of Variables
 Independent Variable
 Dependent Variable
 Levels of the Variable
 Intervening Variable
 Moderator Variable


7. hypothesis
 Hypothesis is a tentative
statement of the expected
relationships between two or
more variables.

8. Types of hypothesis-
 Inductive
 Deductive
 Non-directional
 Directional
 Null

9. Significance of literature
 Research is made in order to inform people about
new knowledge of discovery.
 Literature review involves scanning the pages of any
published literature like newspaper, magazine,
website, webpage, collection, paper, pamphlet and
the like where you may be able to find some
reference to the topic that is being researched.

10.  It describes how the proposed research is related
to prior research statistically.
 It shows the originality and relevance of your
research problem.
 It justifies proposed methodology.

11. Sources of literature
 There are two types of sources for literature
 that can be included in a review:
 primary and secondary.
 Primary sources: They are the origin of information
under study, fundamental documents relating to a
particular subject or idea.
Often they are first hand accounts written by a witness
or researcher at the time of an event or discovery.
 These may be accessible as physical publications, as
publications in electronic databases, or on the Internet.

12. cont
 Primary sources can include:
 Interviews, diaries, letters, journals, speeches,
autobiographies & witness statements.
 Articles containing original research, data, or
findings never before shared.
 Original hand-written manuscripts.
 Government documents and public records.
 Art, photographs, films, maps, fiction, and music
 Newspaper and magazine clippings.
 Artifacts, buildings, furniture, and clothing.

13.  Secondary sources: are documents or recordings
that relate to or discuss information originally
presented elsewhere. These, too, may be
accessible as physical objects or electronically in
databases or on the Internet.
 Secondary sources can include:
 Textbooks
 Review articles and critical analysis essays
 Biographies
 Historical films, music, and art
 Articles about people and events from the past

14. Reviewing of literature
 Literature means writing and a body of
literature refers to all the published writings
in a particular style on a particular subject.
 Literature is a collection of published
information and data relevant to a research
question.
 Literature review typically includes scholarly
journals, scholarly books, authoritative
databases and primary sources.
 Sometimes it includes newspapers, magazine,
other books films and audio, video tapes, and
other secondary resources.

15. Research paradigms
 Refers to the progress of scientific practice
based on people, philosophies and assumption
around the world and the nature of knowledge.
 Paradigms offers a framework comprising an
accepted set of theories, methods and ways
defining data.