This paper is Peace research and source criticism; using historical methodology to information gathering. The methods of historical research was covered in this study and questions asked in source criticism

1. PEACE RESEARCH AS SOURCE
CRITICISM; USING HISTORICAL
METHODOLOGY TO
INFORMATION GATHERING
PRESENTED BY
ADEBAYO TOSIN: 12/SMS10/001

2. HISTORY OF PEACE RESEARCH
 Peace research as a discipline encompasses a number of different
approaches for obtaining empirical information which serve as a basis for
analyzing various research topics
 The term Peace research has now been used for more than half of a
century.
 The scientific study of peace and conflict did not kick start until after the
second world war until the threat of nuclear warfare.
 Peace research is gotten from several fields of study such as; sociology,
psychology, mathematics, political science and international relation
 Peace research has caused heated dsicussions among scholars

3. Peace Research
 Peace research as a discipline encompasses a number of
different approaches for obtaining empirical information
which serve as a basis for analyzing various research topics the
term Peace research has now been used for more than half of
a century. Peace has not well known but has had scientists and
scholars working on war, international conflict, and, however,
such as Lewis Fry Richardson, Quincy Wright, Karl Deutsch,
and Harold Guetzkow.

4. Peace Research and War
 Peace research has been criticized for being excessively focused on war. The
concept of peace has been under discussion in peace research from its start.
Many advocate a broad concept of peace while others hold that peace
research should focus on the traditional agenda of physical violence between
groups and how it can be reduced.
 The early days of peace research had issues on it being majorly dominated by
the study of major power war, and paid less attention to aspects such as to
broader aspects like violence in society more generally and problems of
injustice, exploitation, and oppression.
 the coordinator of the peace studies program at the University of Tromsø,
charged that peace research in the Nordic countries had degenerated into
violence research. Counting the number of conflicts, as in the Uppsala Conflict
Data Program, smacks of ‘necrophilia’.

5. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Making use of historical methodologies in peace research is not new.
Peace research and Institutes have made use of historical method to
gather data
 The end of cold war was not an end to peace research rather its beginning.
pressing issues such as; small arms and international arms trade, even the
military industrial complex.
 The peace research methodology had to do with unearthing
documentation, finding information in archives and in public sources, and
making complications not found elsewhere, institutes such as SIPRI and
BICC recited researchers with deep insight into military technology and
science considered with nuclear, chemical and biochemical sciences.

6. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Historical methodology is the process by which historians gather evidence
and formulate ideas about the past. It is the framework through which an
account of the past is constructed.
 Historical research is also seen as comprises the techniques and guidelines
by which historians use primary sources and other evidence, including the
evidence of archaeology, to research and then to write histories in the
form of accounts of the past.
 Historical research is the process of sytematically examining an account of
what has happened in the past. (Kumar, 2013)

7. FORMS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Historical research can take several forms which are; primary sources,
secondary sources and oral sources.
 Primary sources : These are the sources the researcher relies on the most.
Such as film footage, archival documents official documents and things
found in the mesuem.
 Secondary sources this included ; Books and magazines, encyclopedia
 Oral sources ; consists of stories that are not written down but passed on
verbally, usually from an eyewitness to succeeding generations
 oral history as it is also called, is sometimes considered a primary source,
although there is debate as to where it theoretically fits as a source. In a lot
of ways, it is in a class of its own

8. PEACE RESEACH AND SOUCRE
CITICISM
 Making use of historical methodologies in peace research is not new.
Peace research and Institutes have made use of historical method to
gather data
 The end of cold war was not and end to peace research rather its
beginning. pressing issues such as; small arms and international arms
trade, even the military industrial complex.
 The peace research methodology had to do with unearthing
documentation, finding information in archives and in public sources, and
making complications not found elsewhere, institutes such as SIPRI and
BICC recited researchers with deep insight into military technology and
science considered with nuclear, chemical and biochemical sciences.

9. PEACE RESEACH AS SOUCRE CITICISM
 Source criticism provides criteria and guidelines for identifying and
evaluating authenticity, uncertainty and bias in sources
 In evaluating an information source, i.e. a document, a person, a speech, a
fingerprint, a photo, an observation or anything used in order to obtain
knowledge. There are several methods that can be used
 Questions are asked on its validity, reliability, and relevance

10. IMPROVE IMFORMATION GATHERING
 Dr. Lynn Sims, adjunct history professor at John Tyler Community College,
notes two ways of looking at a set of data. The research can be criticized
into ; Internal and External socem refer it to as criticism others evaluation.
 External criticism applies "science to a document." It involves such
physical and technical tests as dating of paper a document is written on,
but it also involves a knowledge of when certain things existed or were
possible, e.g. when zip codes were invented (Tyler, 2014)

11. EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 Some times called “higher criticism”
 External criticism is a process by which historians determine whether a
source is authentic by checking the validity of the source
 Questions Meaning and trustworthiness of the content of the
documents
 External criticism applies "science to a document." It involves such
physical and technical tests as dating of paper a document is written
on, but it also involves a knowledge of when certain things existed or
were possible, e.g. when zip codes were invented (Tyler, 2014)

12. IMPROVE IMFORMATION GATHERING
External Criticism
 Stundets conducting historical research can use hands on approach and
ask questions such as;
 What type of source is it
 Who is the intended audience
 Who authored the document
 Is the a third party or belligerent in ta conflict situation when was the
document produced
 Does the source contain a signature, stamp or other piece of information
that can sever to validate it
 Is the source an original or copy
 Is the source is in its original language or has it been translated

13. IMPROVE IMFORMATION GATHERING
External Criticism
 These questions covers matters under external criticism
 1. Who the author is, what’s his name, personality, character, and
position.
 2. What were his general qualifications- alertness, character and bias
 3. What were his special qualifications and disqualifications a reporter
of the matters he treated
 a) How was he interested in the event
 b) How was he situated for observation and facts?
 c) Had is general knowledge for learning and reporting events

14. IMPROVE IMFORMATION GATHERING
External Criticism
 4) How soon after the events was the document written for what
purpose the century of composition may be sufficient; for another,
the very hour may be essential.
 5. Who was the document written, from memory, after consultation
with others after checking the facts, or by combining earlier trial
drafts?
 6. How is the document relator to other documents?
 a) Its original source; wholly or impact
 b) If the latter, what parts are original; what borrowed; whence
How credible are borrowed materials.
 c) How and how is accurately is the borrowing done
 d) How is the borrowed material changed?

15. IMPROVE IMFORMATION GATHERING
Internal Criticism
 Sometimes called “lower criticism”
 It is a more difficult task
 This involves analysis the contents of the document itself, its wording and
reliability of the information as well as trying to identify biases
 Internal criticism looks within the data itself to try to determine truth--facts
and "reasonable" interpretation. It includes looking at the apparent or
possible motives of the person providing the data.
 Questions authorship and textual circumstances such as time place and
purpose
 Internal criticism looks at the reliability of an authenticated source after it
has been subjected to external criticism.

16. IMPROVE IMFORMATION GATHERING
Internal Criticism
 Did the person who wrote the source witness the event him or her self, or
idid he/she relate information from third party
 Does the source contain its original wording or has it been chaged by a
thirld party
 If the text has been translated, are there any words that have different
meaning in the orginal language of its translation
 Did the author represent a particular agency, organization and institution
 Did the author have a particular agenda when making statement , and
how can it affect the wording in presentaion of data How does fact rthta
are represented in the document relate to other pieces of information
from outside

17. IMPROVE INOFRMATION GATHERING
 Kristine Hoglund, Magnus Oberg gave two evaluation methods of
historical research to help improve information gathering which are
External and Internal evaluation
 To improve information gathering researchers has to ascertain where it
came from, where it came from, when it was made was made, with what
purpose.
 A source written the same or close to the time of the even can be
considered reliable.

18. QUESTIONS ASKED IN SOURCE
CRITICISM
 Source criticism (or information evaluation) is the process of evaluating the
qualities of an information source, such as its validity, reliability, and relevance
to the subject under investigation.
 Gilbert J Garraghan divides source criticism into six inquiries:
1. When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
2. Where was it produced (localization)?
3. By whom was it produced (authorship)?
4. From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)?
5. In what original form was it produced (integrity)?
6. What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?

19. QUESTIONS ASKED IN SOURCE
CRITICSM
 The first four are known as higher criticism; the fifth, lower criticism; and,
together, external criticism. The sixth and final inquiry about a source is
called internal criticism. Together, this inquiry is known as source criticism.
 R. J. Shafer on external criticism: "It sometimes is said that its function is
negative, merely saving us from using false evidence; whereas internal
criticism has the positive function of telling us how to use authenticated
evidence

20. CONCLUSION
 Peace research has been well criticized since it focuses on wars, and
violence although the reason for this was due to the period of its onset
since the World was experiencing plethora of conflict and the World Wars,
scholars aimed at understanding the cause. Peace studies has begun to
take grounds since it look at the more positive side in the society. In
improving information gathering while making use of historical research
using your primary and secondary sources evaluating the information,
asking questions that are asked in internal and external criticism will go a
long way in making sure ones research will be more valid and reliable.