This document provides a list of keyboard shortcuts and Linux commands. Some key shortcuts include Ctrl+Alt+Backspace to kill the X session, Ctrl+Alt+Delete to shut down from a non-graphical shell, and Alt+Tab to switch tasks. Common commands are ls to list files, cd to change directories, grep to search files, and sudo to run commands with admin privileges. System administration commands include useradd to add users, chown to change file ownership, and top to view running processes.

1. IDB-BISEW
MD. SHIHAB HOSSAIN
A simple keyboard shortcuts layout
1. [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Backspace] = kills your current X session.
2. [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Delete] = From a non-graphical shell prompt, shuts down your Red Hat
Enterprise Linux system.
3. [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Fn] = switches screens. [Ctrl]+[Alt] + one of the function keys displays
an available screen. By default, [F1] through [F6] are text-mode shell prompt screens and
[F7] is the graphical desktop screen.
4. [Alt] + [Tab] = switches tasks in a graphical desktop environment.
5. [Ctrl] + [a] = moves cursor to the beginning of a line.
6. [Ctrl] + [d] = logout of (and close) shell prompt. [Ctrl] + [e] = moves cursor to end of a
line. This works in most text editors and in the URL field in Mozilla.
7. [Ctrl] + [l] = clears the terminal
8.
9. [Ctrl] + [u] = clears the current line.
a. .
10. [Middle Mouse Button] = pastes highlighted text.
11. [Tab] = command autocomplete
12. [Up] and [Down] Arrow = shows command history.
13. clear = clears the shell prompt screen. Type this command to clear all visible data from
the shell prompt screen.
14. exit = logout. Type this at a shell prompt to logout of the current user or root account.
15. history = shows history of commands. Type this at a shell prompt to see a numbered
list of the previous 1000 commands you typed. To display a shorter list of previously
used commands, type history followed by a space and a number. For example, history
20.
16. reset = refreshes the shell prompt screen. Type this at a shell prompt to refresh the
screen if characters are unclear or appear corrupt.
17. head = showing first 10 lines
18. tail= showing last 10 lines
19. E s c + = copy the last argument of the previous command
20. C t r l + k= Clear from the cursor to the end
21. C t r l + L e f t A r row= Jump to the beginning ofthe previous word

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MD. SHIHAB HOSSAIN
Starting terminal
Application  utilities  terminal
Empty desktop right click terminal
Changing hostname
Hostnamectl set-hostname ‘’desired name’’
Command Basic
Command Option argument
Usermod -l shihab
Set local language
[root@host ~]# localctl set-locale LANG=fr_FR.utf8
yum langavailable
yum langinstall code
BashShell
[student@despktopX ~]# Super user interface
[student@despktopX ~]$ Regular user interface

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Changing Password and status
passwd
location: file / e t c / passwd
word count
wc = for counting word
Example: wc /etc/passwd
History = for getting command history
Time and date
Example: timedatectl set-time 22:31:14
timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
Manpage= for Manual
Man –k= for specific keyword
PWD= for getting information of present working directory
cd= for changing directory
cd..= for parent directory directly

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MD. SHIHAB HOSSAIN
touch= for creating file instantly
ll= for listing desired information
ls –al= for listing the current location with hidden file
cp= for copy
mv= for move/rename
rm= for remove
mkdir=making directory
cp –r= copy directory
rm –r = removing directory
grep= for specific topic query(Ex: grep “model name” /proc/cpuinfo will give
cpuinfo instantly)

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MD. SHIHAB HOSSAIN
vim= for editing text ( I for insert, v for visualmode, esc for initial mode, wq/x for
saveand quit)
gedit= For graphicaltext editing
nano= used also for editing text
pinfo= To view the file information
tar = for archiving files and folder (-c for create, -x for extract), rm –rf
‘’foldername’’ for deleting zipped
id= for getting user id
ps= for process information
uid= for getting uid number
su= for switching user
useradd= to add user
usermod= to modify user account (Ex: usermod -l shihab for lock user) –u for
unlock
groupadd= to add group
groupmod= to modify group (-n for new name, -g for GID)
groupdel= for deleting group
Password aging
Chage(-d for minimum days forcing password login,-lfor listing the currentuser
settings, -E for expired days)
Sudo= for delegating user with specific access)
File permission
r= read
w= write
x= execute
drwxr= directory read write and execute permission has been assigned
chmod=changing permission( u,g,o,a for ‘who’ +/- remarks add/remove permission,
rwx for ‘which’)

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chown= to change the userownership (ex: chown - R student foodir)
umask= for masking or unmasking the user permission by using value.( 0 for will not musk, 007 for
other permission)
kill= forkillingprocess.(ex: kill pidforkillingspecificprocessid) killall=forkillingall processwithPID
uptime= for systemuptime information
top= runninggraphical interface
systemd= systemstartupand serverprocessmanger
systemctl=Query the state of all units to verify a system startup.(Ex: systemctl --type=service)
(Ex: systemctl is - active sshd will show particular active unit - all will show all active and inactive)
Daemon
We should add ‘’d’’ after any service for daemon
EX: sudo systemctl is - enabled sshd
Mask/unmask= Masking will create a link in the configuration directories so that if the service is
started nothing will happen.
EX: systemctl mask network systemctl unmask network
ssh= for establishing remote connection
(EX: ssh 192.168.10.10 ssh remoteuser@)remotehost hostname)
systemctl restart sshd= for restarting only ssh service
ssh-keygen= for creating ssh service private key

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IP addresses
Ip addr show eth0= For getting assigned ip address on the Ethernet
ping
netstat
ip route
traceroute
‘’nmcli’’ for networking
nmcli con show= showing connection status
nmcli con show –active= showing active connection
nmcli dev status= for getting device status
nmcli dev show eth0 = specific device status
nmcli con add con - name " default " type ethernet ifname eth0= add a connection profile
nmcli con add con - name " static " ifname eth0 autoconnect no type= assigning ip address
ethernet ip4 172.25.X.10/24 gw4 172.25.X.254
nmcli con up eth0= turning on the connection profile
nmcli con reload= for reloading present connection
getent
getent hosts hostname= for testing host name resolution
yum
For updating, installing software and related repository packages

8. IDB-BISEW
MD. SHIHAB HOSSAIN